家庭自测血压的可靠性

目的 通过对3种血压测量方法 进行比较,为家庭自测血压用于临床和科研积累经验和科学数据.方法 利用"代用盐对高血压患者及其家庭成员降压效果随机双盲对照试验研究"中收集的同一研究对象(n=220)不同方法 获得血压(门诊血压、家庭自测血压和动态血压)测量数据,以动态血压数据作为参照,比较家庭血压及门诊血压与动态血压的一致性.干预前,217人3种血压测量方法 数据均合格;干预结束时,189人3种血压测量方法 数据均合格;将干预前和干预结束时测量合格的数据合并分析(n=406).利用Bland-Altman对3种测量方法 测得的血压水平进行组内一致性检验,并进行Person相关性分析;利用McNemar卡方检验比较3种方法 的个体内一致率.结果 门诊血压、动态血压和家庭自测血压3种方法 测得的血压水平(收缩压/舒张压)分别为(149.5±16.4)/(87.2±9.5)、(137.8±17.1)/(83.2±10.3)和(138.0±14.2)/(82.4±9.3)mm Hg.家庭血压与动态血压的相关性优于门诊血压与动态血压的相关性,相关系数(收缩压/舒张压)分别为(0.55/0.62)和(0.36/0.46).以动态血压为参照,家庭自测血压水平与动态血压(收缩压/舒张压)差异无统计学意义(-0.2/-0.7 mm Hg,P＞0.05),而门诊血压水平显著高于动态血压水平(11.7/4.0 mm Hg,P＜0.05);家庭自测血压的收缩压个体内差异显著优于门诊血压(≤|5| mm Hg为28.3% vs 16.5%,P＜0.05;≤|10| mm Hg为49.7% vs 33.5%,P＜0.05),舒张压个体差异略高于门诊血压,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与动态血压测量值相比,家庭自测血压比门诊血压更准确.     

家庭自测血压的可靠性

目的通过对3种血压测量方法进行比较，为家庭自测血压用于临床和科研积累经验和科学数据。方法利用“代用盐对高血压患者及其家庭成员降压效果随机双盲对照试验研究”中收集的同一研究对象（n=220）不同方法获得血压（门诊血压、家庭自测血压和动态血压）测量数据，以动态血压数据作为参照，比较家庭血压及门诊血压与动态血压的一致性。干预前，217人3种血压测量方法数据均合格；干预结束时，189人3种血压测量方法数据均合格；将干预前和干预结束时测量合格的数据合并分析（n=406）。利用Bland-Altman对3种测量方法测得的血压水平进行组内一致性检验，并进行Person相关性分析；利用McNemar卡方检验比较3种方法的个体内一致率。结果门诊血压、动态血压和家庭自测血压3种方法测得的血压水平（收缩压／舒张压）分别为（149，5±16．4）／（87．2±9，5）、（137．8±17．1）／（83．2±10．3）和（138．O±14，2）／（82．4±9．3）mmHg。家庭血压与动态血压的相关性优于门诊血压与动态血压的相关性，相关系数（收缩压／舒张压）分别为（0.55／0.62）和（0.36／0.46）。以动态血压为参照，家庭自测血压水平与动态血压（收缩压／舒张压）差异无统计学意义（-0.2／-0.7mmHg，P〉0.05），而门诊血压水平显著高于动态血压水平（11．7／4．0mmHg，P〈0.05）；家庭自测血压的收缩压个体内差异显著优于门诊血压（≤｜5｜mmHg为28．3％vs16．5％，P〈0.05；≤｜10｜mmHg为49．7％vs33．5％，P〈0.05），舒张压个体差异略高于门诊血压，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论与动态血压测量值相比，家庭自测血压比门诊血压更准确。     

Self Blood Pressure Measurement at Home

Forty-six untreated patients measured their blood pressure at home for three weeks using an A and D, UA 751 automatic device, and were examined three times at the outpatient clinic. Home blood pressure was significantly lower than clinic blood pressure, even at the third visit when the correlations between clinic and home values were the most significant. The differences between clinic and home values had a gaussian distribution. The variance analysis of home blood pressure values showed that 67 % of the variance was attributable to the between-subject component, 2 % to the day effect, 15 % to the time of the day effect and 16 % to the residual (the measurement error). The standard deviation of the difference between two five-day periods of self blood pressure monitoring at home (5.4 and 4.1mm Hg) was much lower than what has been reported for clinic measurements or 24-hour ambulatory monitoring.     

Ambulatory or Home Measurement of Blood Pressure?

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and home blood pressure (HBPM) monitoring have been shown to be superior to conventional measurement of blood pressure in terms of reproducibility, relationship to the impact of high blood pressure on target organs, and the prediction of cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, these 2 techniques have yet to find their place in the diagnosis of hypertension and during evaluation of the efficacy of antihypertensive treatment. Although these 2 methods do not give identical results in approximately 20% of cases, their diagnostic performance and prognostic value are quite comparable. Although ABPM remains a valuable tool in clinical research, its utilization in routine clinical practice is limited by cost and availability. HBPM is increasingly employed for informed and well-managed patients, and it can help to improve control of the patient's blood pressure. Physicians involved in the management of hypertensive patients should be aware of its value in order to assist patients in their care.     

Home Blood Pressure Recording

Blood pressure is an inherently variable phenomenon. In addition to this the level rises in the clinical setting; a response which is extremely variable. Problems therefore arise in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Studies have shown that blood pressure can reliably be measured at home either with a stationary or ambulatory apparatus. The readings which are reproducible are generally lower than those obtained in the clinic. Ambulatory recordings are a more reliable guide to prognosis and to the response to hypotensive agents. Home recordings should therefore be more widely used in diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.     

A Home Blood Pressure Monitor Equipped With a Graphic Function Facilitates Faster Blood Pressure Control than the Conventional Home Blood Pressure Monitor

In this study, we evaluated whether antihypertensive therapy using a home blood pressure monitor (HBPM) equipped with a graphic display of weekly and monthly averaged blood pressure (BP) can obtain better BP control than the conventional HBPM. Sixty-five hypertensive outpatients who had HBP >135/85 mm Hg were enrolled by 8 doctors in 2 different hospitals. The patients were randomly assigned either a graph-equipped HBPM (graph-equipped HBPM group; n=33) or an HBPM without the graph function (conventional HBPM group; n=32). The patients were treated with antihypertensive medications targeting HBP <135/85 mm Hg. After 2 months, the home systolic BP level was lower in the graph-equipped HBPM group than in the conventional HBPM group (141.3±15.4 vs 147.7±10.8 mm Hg; P<.05); its reduction was significantly larger in the former group (11.9 vs 5.6 mm Hg; P<.05). Using an HBP device with a graphic display could accelerate the achievement of BP control.     

Home Blood Pressure Monitoring in Clinical Practice: A Review

Home blood pressure monitoring is a convenient and inexpensive technique to monitor blood pressure in hypertensive patients. There are convincing data that home blood pressure monitoring is a good predictor of future cardiovascular risk, perhaps better than office blood pressure. Home blood pressure measurement can be standardized using validated instruments and systematic protocols; normative criteria have established home blood pressure >135/85 mm Hg as hypertensive. Home blood pressure monitoring has been shown to improve compliance and blood pressure control, and to reduce health care costs. Ongoing studies are evaluating management of hypertension based on home blood pressure readings compared with traditional office-based readings. Home blood pressure monitoring is particularly useful for evaluation of white coat hypertension and masked hypertension. In this article, we discuss the methodology for measuring blood pressure at home, its comparison to the other measurement techniques, the advantages and disadvantages, cost benefit analyses, and ongoing clinical trials to help define the role of home blood pressure monitoring in the clinical management of hypertension.     

To What Extent Can We Trust Home Blood Pressure Measurement? A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Increasingly, patients measure and record their home blood pressure. However, the accuracy with which they report their readings to their physicians is largely unknown. The authors assessed the accuracy and quality of self-reported home blood pressure values in an ambulatory managed care population. Forty-eight hypertensive outpatients were randomly allocated to either receive information about the storage capabilities of a home blood pressure measuring device or not to receive such information. All patients were asked to record the measurement results in a logbook twice daily over a 7-day period. The main outcome measure was the difference in the number of fictional or manipulated reports per group and the difference in missing values. The combined parameter "manipulated or fictional registrations" occurred significantly less frequently in the informed group than in the noninformed group. (10/728 vs. 29/616; relative risk, 0.292; 95% confidence interval, 0.15–0.57; Pearson X2=13.15; p<0.0001). Informed patients had fewer missing registrations than the noninformed (13/728 vs. 41/616 measurements; relative risk, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.15–0.47; Pearson X2=20.5; p<0.0001). The mean of the fictional data did not differ systematically from the mean of the correctly reported individual blood pressure values. There was no trend to over- or underestimate blood pressure values in the noninformed group. With this study design, it was possible to identify manipulation of home blood pressure values for the first time. Accuracy and interpretation of home blood pressure measurement may be increased by using devices with a memory function.     

宁波市1162人的血压调查报告

目的　了解宁波市城乡高血压患病情况及影响因素。方法　随机抽取城市、农村各 2个点进行血压、血糖、血脂、体重指数及病史等项目检测。结果　宁波市高血压总患病粗率为 34 77% ,标化患病率为19 98% (按照 1982年全国人口普查统计数据标化 ,下同 )。城市高血压患病率 35 4 4 % ,标化患病率为18 0 5 % ,农村高血压患病率为 34 12 % ,标化患病率为 2 1 4 9% ;6 0岁以上老年人高血压患病率为 6 2 72 % ,标化患病率为 6 0 17% ,单纯收缩期高血压占老年患病人数的 5 1 4 2 % ;高血压知晓率 5 0 0 % ,治疗率 4 3 1% ,控制率 8 9% ;体重指数≥ 2 4 ;高血压患病率明显增高 ;高血压患者中 12 92 %血糖异常 ,5 3 2 3%血脂异常 ,7 4 9%尿酸异常。结论　宁波市城乡高血压患病率呈快速增长趋势 ,与其生活方式的改变、体重超重、饮酒、摄钠过多及家族史等因素有关。高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率不理想 ,尤其是农村 ,必须尽快采取干预措施。     

家庭血压监测的临床应用

血压测量是诊断高血压病的基本手段,目前主要有三种方法评价血压：诊所偶测血压、动态血压监测和家庭血压监测。家庭血压监测方便、经济,已有大量数据表明：与诊所偶测血压相比,家庭血压监测是评估心血管疾病风险的一个更好的预测因子。同时它能改善高血压患者的治疗依从性,有利于血压控制,监测降压药物疗效,减少医疗费用。另外对鉴别白大衣高血压和隐性高血压也很有帮助。     

Home Blood Pressure Monitoring: Primary Role in Hypertension Management

Two main sleep disturbances, namely obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and sleep deprivation, have gained growing interest in the field of hypertension research. This fact is supported not only by evidence that both disturbances are quite common in modern societies but also that OSA and sleep deprivation are associated with several pathways that may contribute to a predisposition to hypertension or even exacerbate blood pressure levels in hypertensive patients. In the present review, we will discuss current evidence supporting a potential role of these sleep disturbances in the resistant hypertension scenario.     

Home Blood Pressure as a Predictor of Future Blood Pressure Stability in Borderline Hypertension: The Tecumseh Study

We evaluated time-related blood pressure trends in the Tecumseh study participants, none of whom received antihypertensive treatment. At baseline the blood pressures were measured in the field clinic and by self measurement at home (twice daily for 7 days). After a mean of 3.2 ± 0.42 years, the clinic and home pressure readings were repeated. Nine hundred forty-six subjects had clinic and home blood pressure readings at baseline. Of these 735 (380 men, 355 women; average age, 32 years) also completed the second examination. Blood pressure, morphometric data, and biochemical measures at the first examination were used as predictors of future clinic blood pressures.Five hundred ninety-six subjects were normotensive on both examinations (81%). Of 79 subjects (10.7%) with clinic hypertension (>140 mg Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic) at baseline, 38 remained hypertensive (“sustained hypertension”) and 41 became normotensive (“transient hypertension”) after 3 years. Another 60 normotensives at baseline (10.4%) became hypertensive on second examination (“de novo hypertensives”; incidence; 8.1%).The home blood pressure readings on both examinations were reproducible. The three hypertensive groups had elevated home blood pressure, were overweight, had dyslipidemia, and higher insulin values. Only the home blood pressure proved predictive of subsequent blood pressure trends. A home blood pressure of 128 and 83 mm Hg or higher detected “sustained” hypertension with a 48% sensitivity and 93% specificity. Readings of 120 and 80 mm Hg or lower predicted future normotension with a 45% sensitivity and a 91% specificity.We conclude that self determination of the blood pressure at home is useful in the management of borderline hypertension. An algorithm for the management of these patients is proposed.     

Pharmacists' Awareness and Attitude Toward Blood Pressure Measurement at Home and in the Pharmacy in Japan

The aim of this study is to investigate the status of Japanese pharmacists' awareness and attitude toward blood pressure (BP) measurement at home (HBP) and in the pharmacy. Of the 708 community pharmacists and the 117 hospital pharmacists, more than 90% of pharmacists answered that HBP was equally important to or more important than clinic BP, 71.9% (community) and 48.7% (hospital) recommended HBP measurement to the hypertensive patients, and about 15% correctly recognized the reference values of HBP hypertension. Among community pharmacists, 54.0% answered that BP-measuring devices were available in their pharmacy. More aggressive promotion of HBP measurement among pharmacists is warranted.     

Practical Aspects of Home and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

Out-of-office blood pressure (BP) monitoring is becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis and management of hypertension. Home BP and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) are the two forms of monitoring BP in the out-of-office environment. Home BP monitoring is easy to perform, inexpensive, and engages patients in the care of their hypertension. Although ABPM is expensive and not widely available, it remains the gold standard for diagnosing hypertension. Observational studies show that both home BP and ABPM are stronger predictors of hypertension-related outcomes than office BP monitoring. There are no clinical trials showing their superiority over office BP monitoring in guiding the treatment of hypertension, but the consistency of observational data make a compelling case for their preferential use in clinical practice.