联合手术方法治疗顽固性癫痫的探讨

目的研究将几种手术方式联合应用治疗顽固性癫痫的疗效。方法对53例顽固性癫痫患者进行联合手术治疗。局部致痫灶切除术＋多处软膜下横纤维切断术（MST）11例，局部致痫灶切涂术＋皮层热灼术19例，局部致痫灶切除术＋胼胝体前部切开术＋颞前叶及海马切除术＋MST23例，手术中进行皮层及深部电极监测。结果术后随访2～3年，Ⅰ级优20例（37．7％），Ⅱ级良24例（45.3％），Ⅲ级可6例（11．3％），Ⅳ级差2例（3．8％），Ⅴ级无效1例（1．9％），术后神经功能均保存完好。结论联合手术方法治疗顽固性癫痫是一种安全有效的方法。     

术中皮层脑电图监测下行继发性癫痫病变扩大切除术36例

目的:探讨术中皮层脑电图及深部电极脑电图监测下治疗继发性癫痫的外科手术治疗效果。方法:36例继发性癫痫患者,术中通过皮层脑电图及深部电极脑电图定位癫痫灶进行显微手术切除病变后,再根据皮层脑电图进行扩大切除或热灼,术后常规应用抗癫痫药物。结果:全部患者切除病变前均可记录到癫痫波,病变及癫痫灶完全切除后,30例均未再发现癫痫波,3例功能区胶质瘤患者虽经多次皮层热灼,仍可见有偶发棘波,3例颞叶海绵状血管瘤未加海马及杏仁核切除,病变切除后反复热灼仍可见少量棘波。术后疗效评价,Ⅰ级27例,Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级3例,总有效者33例,有效率达91.67%。结论:应用术中皮层脑电图及深部电极脑电图监测下切除引起癫痫的病变并同期切除和(或)热灼癫痫灶是一种治疗继发性癫痫极为有效的方法,对于颞叶继发性癫痫应考虑同时进行前颞叶切除。     

视频脑电图与皮层脑电图在顽固性癫痫手术中的比较分析

目的探讨顽固性癫痫外科术前与术中癫痫病灶定位的异同及手术方式的选择。方法 2002年7月2009年10月收治复杂、部分发作的顽固性癫痫78例。术前癫痫病灶定位主要采用头MRI及24h视频脑电图检查,癫痫病灶局限于颞叶31例,颞叶、额叶47例。术中行24导皮层脑电图监测进一步定位癫痫病灶,并在其指导下联合多种癫痫术式完成手术。结果术前视频脑电图检查定位癫痫病灶与术中皮层脑电图监测定位具有高度一致性,但后者定位范围较前者有扩大。结论术中皮层脑电图监测证实并进一步精确定位癫痫病灶范围,以及在指导手术切除癫痫病灶范围,癫痫术式选择方面具有重要意义。     

难治性癫痫的显微手术治疗

【目的】探讨难治性癫痫的外科治疗。【方法】167例难治性癫痫患者，男性51例，女性16例，经常规抗癫痫治疗1年仍不能控制癫痫症状。术前均经脑电地形囤检查发现癫痫波，术中皮层或深部电极证实癫痫波位置一致，术中在显微镜下分别采取癫痫病灶切除．海马、杏仁核切除。横纤维切断，皮层电灼等方法治疗。【结果】依据国内癫痫手术疗效标准，随访1个月至8年，36例患者完全得以控制．优良24例，良好5例．无效2例。【结论】对于难治性癫痫的治疗，选择适当的手术指征和适应的手术方法，可以取得明显的效果。     

癫痫手术术中皮层脑电监测的护理

目的 总结术中皮层脑电监测的护理经验.方法 术中使用皮层电极对病灶及相应部位皮层脑电监测,确定癫痫灶的位置及范围,显微镜下行癫痫灶切除,切除后再次进行皮层脑电图监测.结果 本组34例在监测中均有痫样放电,患者术后8～12 d恢复顺利,无并发症.结论 术中皮层脑电监测对癫痫的手术治疗十分重要,对于术前定位的病例,可进一步...     

多种手术方法联合应用治疗外伤后癫癎临床分析

目的评价多种手术方法联合使用治疗外伤后癫痫的效果。方法外伤后癫痫患者21例，根据术前致病灶的初步定位和术中皮层脑电及深部电极的监测结果，分别采用以下5种不同的术式：①瘢痫及周围皮层切除7例；②瘢痫及周围皮层切除 多软膜下横切术8例；③前颞叶、杏仁核．海马切除4例；④神经导航下选择性杏仁核-海马切除1例；⑤胼胝体前部切开 多软膜下横切术 皮层热灼1例。结果术后随访3个月至10年，疗效满意9例(42．9％)，显著改善7例(33．3％)，良好3例(14．3％)，效差1例(4．8％)，无改善1例(4．8％)。术后无死亡病例，有8例出现暂时性的功能障碍，但均在4周内恢复正常、结论多种手术方法联合治疗外伤后癫痫安全有效。     

功能区外伤性癫痫的手术治疗

目的 探讨功能区外伤性癫痫的手术治疗方法.方法 经术前评估,19例难治性功能区外伤性癫痫患者在皮层脑电图监测下行致痫灶多处软膜下横纤维切断术,并根据需要辅以胼胝体前部切开术、前颞叶切除术、选择性杏仁核-海马切除术等.结果 患者的癫痫发作明显改善,按照Engel分级,19例手术患者,Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级7例,Ⅲ级2例,无Ⅳ级患者.结论 认真术前评估、术中皮层脑电图监测下行多处软膜下横纤维切断术是外科治疗功能区外伤性癫痫获得良好效果的关键环节.     

皮层脑电图监测在难治性癫痫手术中的应用与护理

癫痫是一组由于短暂大脑功能失常导致的临床综合征,其发作具有突然性、短暂性与反复性,患病率为0.35％～0.48％[1].难治性癫痫又称顽固性癫痫,指无中枢神经神经系统进行性疾病或占位性疾病,但临床迁延,经2年以上正规抗癫痫治疗,单独或合用主要抗癫痫药,并达到病人能耐受最大剂量,血药浓度达到有效范围,仍不能控制,且影响日常生活的癫痫发作[2].随着医疗水平的不断提高,难治性癫痫的治疗逐渐发展为皮层脑电图监测下的手术治疗.术中皮层脑电图监测是指在手术中应用皮层电极监测大脑一定区域的异常癫痫放电活动,用以辅助定位致痫灶从而指导手术切除的方法[3],取得了满意的疗效.以往的癫痫手术治疗由于致痫灶的定位准确度较低造成严重的术后并发症,从而加大了术后护理的难度与力度.如今致痫灶的准确定位切除,降低了手术后护理的难度与风险.现将其临床应用与护理综述如下.     

皮层脑电图监测下切除伴有癫痫的幕上脑膜瘤

目的 探讨皮层脑电图监测下幕上脑膜瘤伴有癫痫的手术疗效.方法 我们于2004年9月至2008年1月对32例幕上脑膜瘤伴有癫痫的患者行手术治疗.所有患者术前行常规脑电图和头颅磁共振检查,手术均在皮层脑电图监测下进行,术中根据皮层脑电图监测结果,8例加行残留致痫灶切除,12例加行皮层热灼术.术后规律服用抗癫痫药物,至少1年.结果 Simpson Ⅰ级切除26例,Simpson Ⅱ级切除6例.术后随访1年以上,疗效满意,30例无癫痫发作,2例偶有癫痫发作.结论 皮层脑电图监测下切除肿瘤及周围致痫灶,必要时行皮层热灼术可提高本病的手术疗效.     

顽固性癫痫57例围术期的护理

目的探讨57例顽固性癫痫患者围术期护理要点。方法重庆三峡中心医院2008-02-2010-10收治顽固性癫痫57例,均在皮层脑电图监测下行癫痫病灶切除术。围术期加强心理护理及健康知识宣教,监测神志、瞳孔、生命体征变化,保持呼吸道通畅,预防并发症,提高服药依从性。结果术后随访1~2 a,癫痫复发5例,其余愈后良好。结论癫痫纳入科学的管理和治疗,建立良好的护患关系,提高服药依从性,是提高手术成功率的关键。     

Review of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Epilepsy

PurposeDespite the availability of numerous pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic antiseizure therapies, a fraction of patients with epilepsy remain refractory to current treatment options, underscoring the need for novel drugs and neuromodulatory therapies. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), coupled with either electromyography or electroencephalography, enables rapid measurement of the cortical excitation/inhibition ratio, which is pathologically shifted toward excess excitability in patients with epilepsy. In this review, we summarize: (1) TMS protocols that have been deployed to identify promising compounds in the antiepilepsy drug (AED)-development pipeline, and (2) the therapeutic potential of TMS in the treatment of drug-resistant seizures.MethodsA focused literature review of the use of TMS in epilepsy, using a PubMed search, was performed. Over 70 articles were included that pertained to: (1) the use of TMS-EMG and TMS-EEG in elucidating the mechanisms of action of AEDs and in discovering potential new AEDs; and (2) the use of repetitive TMS in the treatment of seizures.FindingsStudies from the literature have reported that AEDs alter TMS-derived metrics, typically by leading to a net increase in cortical inhibition with successful therapy. Preclinical TMS work in rodent models of epilepsy has led to the development of novel antiseizure drug compounds. Clinical translational studies of TMS have been used to determine guidelines on the dosages of other agents in the AED pipeline in preparation for clinical trials. Several studies have described the use of therapeutic repetitive TMS in both the ictal and interictal states of epilepsy, with inconsistent results.ImplicationsTMS has diagnostic and therapeutic potential in epilepsy. TMS-derived markers can enable early-stage measures of AED target engagement, and can facilitate studies of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of AEDs. TMS may also be used in the early prediction of the efficacy of different AEDs in treating patients, and in direct neuromodulation of epileptic networks. From the therapeutics perspective, despite favorable results in some trials, the optimization of treatment paradigms and the determination of ideal candidates for TMS are still needed. Finally, preclinical experiments of TMS have provided mechanistic insight into its effects on the excitation/inhibition ratio, and may facilitate rational drug–device coupling paradigms. Overall, the capacity of TMS in both the modulation and measurement of changes in cortical excitability highlights its unique role in advancing antiepilepsy therapeutics     

Epilepsy surgery

If the first two or three antiepileptic drugs used do not control epilepsy, there is little chance that subsequent medications will be effective. In individuals with refractory focal epilepsy, neurosurgery can have a 60-70% chance of bringing long-term remission and these cases should be referred to a specialised centre for evaluation. The standard evaluation includes clinical review, brain imaging with magnetic resonance imaging, recording of seizures with prolonged scalp electroencephalography (EEG) and video, neuropsychological and psychiatric assessments. The aim is to establish converging evidence that there is a single epileptic focus and that the rest of the brain is functioning normally. In some individuals further evaluation with functional imaging and intracranial EEG recordings may be necessary. The most commonly performed resective operation is an anterior temporal lobe resection to remove a sclerotic hippocampus, followed by lesionectomies and neocortical resections. Palliative manoeuvres, to reduce seizure frequency and severity include corpus callosotomy, subpial transection and vagal nerve stimulation.     

Epilepsy surgery of extra-temporal epilepsy

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic diseases. Although in the vast majority of patients the epilepsy can be controlled by antiepileptic drugs, seizures remain medically refractory in about 30 to 40% of patients with focal epilepsy. In the latter patients, epilepsy surgery is an important therapeutic option. Epilepsy surgery in temporal lobe epilepsy has proven to achieve good seizure outcome. In extratemporal lobe epilepsy, however, both presurgical evaluation and surgical techniques are more challenging and, hereby, the results have been less favourable. In the last years, improved presurgical evaluations and sophisticated surgical techniques yielded to better seizure outcome. In this review, we discuss the diagnostic procedures and seizure outcome in extratemporal lobe surgery.     

皮层脑电图监测切除伴发癫痫的颅内病变

目的:探讨皮层脑电图(CEEG)监测下切除伴癫痫症状的颅内病变手术效果。方法:23例患者,其中胶质瘤9例,动静脉畸形2例,脑膜瘤6例,蛛网膜囊肿6例。术中行CEEG监测,先切除病变再行CEEG监测,如仍有棘慢波则提示仍存在痫灶,时非功能区则予以切除,对功能区则用低功率电灼该处皮层,直至棘波和慢波消失。结果:23例患者切除病变前均可通过CEEG捕捉到痫波,病变及痫灶完全切除或热灼后,术后常规脑电图检查全部病例均未发现癫痫波。出院后随访12～23个月,22例痊愈,1例尚有部分性发作,但发作频率明显减少,间隔时间延长,口服抗癫痫药可控制。结论:术中CEEG监测可明确致痫灶位置,对提高手术疗效有一定价值。     

三步法定位并多术式联用显微外科手术治疗难治性癫痫

目的探讨难治性癫痫致痫灶定位和手术治疗方法。方法对81例难治性癫痫患者综合运用临床症状学、神经电生理、高场强MRI、PET/CT、术前及术中皮层及深部电极等三步法定位致痫灶,单纯病灶切除、病灶切除加胼胝体切开、病灶切除加软膜下横切、病灶切除加单脑回灰白质联合切除等多术式联用切除致痫灶和/或阻断传导通路。结果三步法致痫灶定侧准确率100%。多术式联用治疗后,满意31例,显著改善17例,良好16例,效差14例,无改善3例,总有效率79.0%。结论三步法可以对致痫灶精确定位,多术式联合处理致痫灶或/和传导通路可以取得良好的疗效。     

3-Tesla MRI and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Magnetic resonance imagine (MRI) is the essential tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of epileptic patients due to the possibility of it identifying the epileptogenic substrate and the decisive value for the selection of surgical candidates in cases of refractory epilepsy. Because the main role of MRI in epilepsy relates to the detection of a structural injury, the quality of the image clearly determines the results. In structural studies, it can contribute to detecting small hippocampal alterations that may be missed with conventional techniques, and it is a more reliable tool for detecting small focal cortical dysplasias (FCD), which constitute the most frequent cause of dual injury. 3-Tesla MRI also provides relevant information in functional studies. Its advantages rely on the rise in signal-to-noise ratio and its higher T2 contrast, and also, in the case of MR spectroscopy, on its higher chemical shift, which in general increases both the quality and the rapidity of acquisition. Finally, epilepsy is one of the main indications for obtaining cerebral activation maps, usually using the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) technique, which is one of the techniques that most benefits from the magnetic field increase.     

难治性局灶性癫痫的多学科团队模式诊疗策略

目的:探讨难治性局灶性癫痫的多学科团队模式(multidisciplinary team,MDT)诊疗策略.方法:介绍1例药物难治性颞叶癫痫,头皮脑电图监测示患者双侧颞区不同步放电,常规磁共振序列扫描未见明显异常,初步评估为患者病灶位置和侧向性不明.进行MDT讨论和后续进一步术前评估,明确患者致痫灶和治疗方法.结果:患...     

难治性癫痫外科治疗的艰难历程

本文简介难治性癫痫的一些特征和治疗效果,并简述了伽玛刀治疗的可行性。伽玛刀治疗难治性癫痫有其实用价值,尤其对小的、深在的病灶更为适合。     

双侧颞叶海马病变致药物难治性癫的外科治疗

目的探讨双侧颞叶海马病变致药物难治性癫的外科手术治疗方法及效果。方法 5例MRI显示双侧颞叶病变的患者,临床症状、核磁共振成像（MRI）、长程视频脑电监测（V-EEG）及正电子发射断层显像-计算机断层显像（PET-CT）等检查均不能定位起源病灶,行MRI引导立体定向下双侧海马深部电极置入术,对术后V-EEG,综合分析结果,确定起源病灶侧别后行手术治疗。结果术后随访半年以上,按照Engel的疗效判断标准：Ⅰ级4例（行起源侧前颞叶海马杏仁核切除术）,Ⅱ级1例（行起源侧海马神经调控治疗）。结论对双侧颞叶海马病变致药物难治性癫,通过立体定向下双侧海马深部电极置入术及术后长程V-EEG方法,综合分析结果能较准确确定癫起源灶,同时也能成功指导外科手术。