应用阴茎皮瓣结合颊黏膜游离移植治疗阴茎段尿道狭窄

目的总结应用阴茎皮瓣结合颊黏膜游离移植治疗阴茎段尿道狭窄的临床效果。方法2006年3月-2007年12月,收治6例尿道下裂修复术后阴茎段尿道狭窄患者。年龄3～26岁,均为阴茎型尿道下裂,于修复术后2～10个月出现排尿困难。采用阴茎皮肤脱套形成的阴茎皮瓣结合大小为2cm×1cm～4cm×1cm的自体全厚颊黏膜游离移植方法治疗,术后保留高弹硅胶尿道支架管2～3周。结果5例术后切口Ⅰ期愈合,无并发症发生,术后排尿满意;1例术后3d切口出现轻度感染,予冲洗引流等处理2周后愈合,术后1个月尿线变细,经约2个月尿道扩张后,正常排尿。患者均获随访,随访时间6～10个月。患者自述排尿正常,尿流成线,尿线较粗,排尿后膀胱无明显尿液残余。结论阴茎皮瓣结合颊黏膜游离移植是一期治疗阴茎段较短范围尿道狭窄的可行方法之一。     

股薄肌在阴茎再造和尿道缺损再造中的研究进展

阴茎作为男性主要生殖器官,一旦损伤会给患者造成极大的心理和生理障碍。而股薄肌具有临近阴茎、转移灵活、血供丰富且恒定、位置隐蔽、切取后不影响大腿功能、游离移植可携带神经等一系列优点。首先股薄肌皮瓣能进行组织缺损修复再造,如阴茎再造、尿道缺损、尿道狭窄和尿道再造的修复。其次,股薄肌移植保留肌肉收缩功能还能进行肌肉功能的修复再造,如阴茎的勃起功能的修复再造、尿道括约肌功能的修复。本文就股薄肌皮瓣在阴茎和尿道组织缺损中修复再造的应用,以及股薄肌保留肌肉功能进行动态功能修复这两个方面的应用进行综述。     

冻干无细胞膀胱黏膜下基质修复兔尿道缺损

目的　探讨冻干无细胞膀胱黏膜下基质修复尿道缺损的效果。方法　应用反复冻融-酶法及冷冻干燥技术制备冻干无细胞人体膀胱黏膜下基质。 18只新西兰白兔建立尿道中段部分缺损模型 ,尿道缺损面积约 1 0cm× 0 5cm。其中 14只兔作为实验组 ,以冻干无细胞膀胱黏膜下基质修补尿道缺损 ,术后 1、2、3、4、8、12、2 4周分别取 2只行逆行性尿道造影 ,观察尿道情况 ,并采取尿道组织进行大体、组织学及超微结构观察 ;4只兔作为对照组 ,未采用任何材料修补尿道缺损 ,直接缝合尿道海绵体包膜、皮下组织及阴茎皮肤 ,术后 2、4周分别取 2只行逆行性尿道造影 ,采取尿道组织进行大体观察。结果　实验组 14只兔均未发现明显的尿道狭窄。冻干无细胞膀胱黏膜下基质组织相容性良好 ,移植后无细胞膀胱黏膜下基质内有细胞长入 ,新生血管形成 ,术后 2周无细胞膀胱黏膜下基质移植区完全上皮化。随着移植时间的延长 ,移植区胶原纤维排列由紊乱趋于规则。结论　冻干无细胞膀胱黏膜下基质能够诱导尿道黏膜细胞迁徙、生长和上皮化 ,初步认为可以作为尿道缺损修复材料。     

口腔黏膜微粒在尿道和阴道重建中的应用

目的 探讨口腔黏膜微粒在尿道和阴道重建中的应用方法.方法 自2004年始,我们采用明胶海绵承托黏膜游离移植加硅胶模具支撑的方法,将口腔黏膜微粒应用于尿道重建12例和阴道重建14例,共治疗26例患者.同期选取相同例数同种类型的患者作为对照组,采取常用的手术方法进行治疗(尿道下裂采用口腔黏膜耦合包皮瓣的方法重建尿道,阴道缺失采用多孔全厚皮片游离移植的方法进行阴道重建).结果 实验组26例患者中24例均取得良好的临床效果,2例用于进行尿道重建的患者出现了并发症,1例出现了尿瘘,1例出现了尿道外口狭窄,均经二次手术治愈.对照组14例阴道再造患者中13例患者顺利治愈,1例因剥离阴道腔穴时出现直肠瘘,未能完成再造手术;对照组12例尿道下裂患者中11例治愈,1例出现轻微尿瘘,6个月后再次手术治愈.结论 口腔黏膜微粒是补充黏膜缺损的良好材料,成活容易、生长迅速,术后收缩较小,可以应用于部分尿道重建和阴道重建等被覆黏膜结构器官的再造.     

口腔黏膜游离移植尿道再造术患者的围术期护理

对8例尿道缺损患者行口腔黏膜游离移植尿道再造术,8例患者一期术后移植黏膜均存活,无皮片坏死、感染等并发症,术后1个月、3个月复查见移植黏膜存活良好;术后6个月来院行二期手术,术后拔出导尿管,小便通畅,未见尿漏、感染、移植黏膜坏死等并发症。术后回访3～18个月,尿道通畅,无分叉及狭窄。提出术前加强心理护理、口腔护理、会阴部准备;术后注意饮食护理、排便的护理;密切观察口腔伤口并加强口腔护理,做好会阴护理、并发症治疗及出院指导,可保证治疗效果,提高患者术后生活质量。     

犬舌黏膜与颊黏膜组合移植重建尿道的实验研究

目的 探讨犬舌黏膜与颊黏膜组合移植替代尿道的可行性和有效性. 方法杂种雌犬7只,平均体质量13 kg,剥离尿道黏膜4 cm×1 cm,取2 cm×1 cm舌侧面黏膜和颊黏膜各1条,拼接后移植至尿道内,恢复尿道黏膜的连续性.术后留置硅胶导尿管1周,拔除尿管后观察排尿情况.1.5～12.0个月后行逆行尿道造影检测实验犬尿道通畅情况,并用10 F尿管证实有无狭窄.随后处死实验犬,测定移植物长度并行病理组织学检查,观察舌黏膜与颊黏膜组合移植至尿道后组织学改变情况. 结果7只实验犬均存活,排尿通畅6只,发生尿道狭窄1只;无尿瘘.移植手术前后舌黏膜和颊黏膜拼接长度分别为(4.00±0.15)和(3.75±0.23)cm,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).排尿通畅犬移植黏膜存活良好;舌黏膜与颊黏膜交界处愈合良好,无狭窄发生;光镜下见鳞状上皮呈连续分布,拼接移植黏膜的鳞状上皮与尿道的移行上皮区分明显,移植黏膜的鳞状上:皮有渐被尿道移行上皮替代的趋势.结论 犬舌黏膜和颊黏膜组合移植可替代尿道黏膜并恢复尿道的连续性.     

尿道、阴茎

应用多种腔内技术治疗长段尿道狭窄；经会阴改良直针吻合法治疗外伤性复杂性后尿道狭窄；复杂性尿道狭窄和尿道闭锁的腔内治疗体会；小肠黏膜下层修复尿道的实验研究；尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗儿童尿道下裂……[编者按]     

应用口腔黏膜再造尿道远期观察研究

目的观察口腔黏膜再造尿道的远期外观与结构变化,以及与正常尿道黏膜的差异.明确口腔黏膜用作再造尿道材料的优缺点,以及与尿道下裂术后并发症是否有相关性.探讨用口腔黏膜作再造尿道材料的可行性.方法随访应用口腔黏膜再造尿道患者的远期形态与功能.应用尿道镜观察应用口腔黏膜再造尿道的远期外观.应用光学显微镜观察取自口腔黏膜再造尿道内壁的标本,同时对比观察正常口腔黏膜和尿道黏膜标本.结果应用口腔黏膜再造尿道,远期外形良好,排尿功能正常.再造尿道壁大体外观接近正常,但组织结构仍为典型口腔黏膜.结论应用口腔黏膜再造尿道,远期形态、功能均接近正常尿道,但组织结构没有改变.口腔黏膜是良好的再造尿道组织材料.     

Amputation of the penis due to electrical burn--role of prefabricated urethra in penile reconstruction

Amputation of the penis due to electrical burns is not rare in India. There are many methods of penile reconstruction and same is true for urethral reconstruction. We describe the use of prefabricated radial fascial urethra with good results in such patients.     

唇黏膜的组织形态学特点及其临床意义的探讨

目的通过唇红黏膜和唇口腔黏膜组织形态学的对比研究,探讨唇裂整复术中唇黏膜修复的基本原则。方法选择56例单侧唇裂患者,年龄在1.5个月至10岁。术前拍摄唇部放大实像,记录形态学特征。切取唇裂手术中修剪掉的唇红及唇黏膜,石蜡包埋,HE染色,连续切片后对比观察。56例患者中,10例采用传统修复方法,46例采用健患侧唇黏膜红线连续的修复方法。结果唇红黏膜色泽较暗红、干燥,且具有无数条垂直于红唇缘走行的黏膜纹。唇口腔黏膜则色泽粉红、湿润,较为平整。唇红黏膜与唇口腔黏膜交界处存在一条较为明显的分界线。唇红黏膜上皮棘层及固有层较薄,固有层内毛细血管丰富,唇口腔黏膜则黏膜下层较厚,内含大量腺体。术后追踪观察6个月。传统修复方法的10例患者唇黏膜色泽深浅不一,干湿不均,唇红黏膜与唇口腔黏膜相混杂,黏膜纹走行紊乱。采用本研究方法修复的46例术后唇黏膜红线健患侧间连续性好,唇红黏膜与唇口腔黏膜无交杂,唇黏膜纹健患侧相互平行。结论唇红黏膜和唇口腔黏膜在形态学及组织学上具有显著差异。唇裂手术中唇黏膜部的修复应以相同组织结构的组织对位缝合为原则,并保持健患侧红线相连续,同时裂隙两侧唇黏膜皱纹应相互平行才能达到美学修复。     

口腔黏膜和阴唇皮肤微粒移植用于阴道再造的初步经验

目的：探讨13腔黏膜微粒移植联合阴唇皮肤微粒移植在阴道再造中的应用。方法：自2008年始,我科采用明胶海绵承托口腔黏膜微粒联合阴唇皮肤微粒游离移植加硅胶模具支撑的方法,将口腔黏膜微粒联合阴唇皮肤微粒应用于阴道再造8例。结果：全组患者术后效果满意,瘢痕隐蔽,再造阴道腔隙挛缩少,生理功能接近正常,感觉存在,性生活满意。结论：口腔黏膜微粒联合阴唇皮肤微粒是再造阴道的良好材料,成活容易、生长迅速,术后挛缩较小,可以应用于阴道再造。     

唇黏膜的组织形态学特点及其临床意义的探讨

目的通过唇红黏膜和唇口腔黏膜组织形态学的对比研究,探讨唇裂整复术中唇黏膜修复的基本原则。方法选择56例单侧唇裂患者,年龄在1.5个月至10岁。术前拍摄唇部放大实像,记录形态学特征。切取唇裂手术中修剪掉的唇红及唇黏膜,石蜡包埋,HE染色,连续切片后对比观察。56例患者中,10例采用传统修复方法,46例采用健患侧唇黏膜红线连续的修复方法。结果唇红黏膜色泽较暗红、干燥,且具有无数条垂直于红唇缘走行的黏膜纹。唇口腔黏膜则色泽粉红、湿润,较为平整。唇红黏膜与唇口腔黏膜交界处存在一条较为明显的分界线。唇红黏膜上皮棘层及固有层较薄,固有层内毛细血管丰富,唇口腔黏膜则黏膜下层较厚,内含大量腺体。术后追踪观察6个月。传统修复方法的10例患者唇黏膜色泽深浅不一,干湿不均,唇红黏膜与唇口腔黏膜相混杂,黏膜纹走行紊乱。采用本研究方法修复的46例术后唇黏膜红线健患侧间连续性好,唇红黏膜与唇口腔黏膜无交杂,唇黏膜纹健患侧相互平行。结论唇红黏膜和唇口腔黏膜在形态学及组织学上具有显著差异。唇裂手术中唇黏膜部的修复应以相同组织结构的组织对位缝合为原则,并保持健患侧红线相连续,同时裂隙两侧唇黏膜皱纹应相互平行才能达到美学修复。     

Experimental tracheal reconstruction with free prefabricated arterialized venous flap

Summary A technique of tracheal reconstruction in the rat model has been developed using the microvascular transfer of a prefabricated compound flap. This flap consists of a tubed cartilage graft incorporated within an arterialized venous flap created in the abdominal skin. Twenty-five Wistar male rats were operated on in three stages. First, the subcutaneous venous network was arterialized by doing an arteriovenous anastomosis. Seven days later, a tube of autologous cartilage was made from the xiphoid cartilage. This neotrachea was buried in a subcutaneous pocket within the arterialized abdominal area. Eight weeks later, the free flap containing the neotrachea, a skin island and a vascular pedicle was transferred to the neck, doing the afferent and efferent anastomosis to the carotid artery and the jugular vein. The neotrachea was interposed into a 1 cm tracheal defect. Microangiography and pathological studies were done in all cases. The pathologic study revealed a stable, viable cartilage tube with an internal lining of fibrous periprosthetic capsule. Angiography demonstrated enhanced vascularization in the abdominal flap. Flap viability was 85%. Postoperative survival ranged from 12 h to 5 days. In all cases, the animal died with a patent airway.     

结肠粘膜重建尿道的实验研究

目的：探讨结肠粘膜重建尿道的可能性。方法：选择6条雌性杂种成年犬，在全麻下切开尿道，剥离全段尿道粘膜，取相等长度的结肠粘膜替代尿道粘膜，12周后将犬处死，取其尿道作病理检查。结果：犬尿道病理组织学检查示移植于尿道的结肠粘膜全部成活，大部分腺上皮已转变为移行上皮。结论：应用结肠粘膜重建尿道是一种新的方法，这种技术可应用于包皮或膀胱及颊粘膜不适合时的尿道重建。     

Systematic review: Incidence and prevalence of mucous membrane pressure injury in adults admitted to acute hospital settings

Mucous membrane pressure injury (MMPI) is associated with a history of medical device use at the site of injury. The current international guideline recommends they should be reported in incidence and prevalence studies. The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the incidence and prevalence of hospital‐acquired MMPI in adults admitted to acute hospital settings. Database searches (EBSCO CINAHL Complete, EBSCO Medline Complete, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science) were undertaken between October 2019 and February 2021, using search terms related to hospital‐acquired, mucosal and device‐related pressure injury/ulcer incidence and prevalence. Searches were limited to the English language. Articles published between 2008 and 2020, reporting incidence or prevalence of mucous membrane or medical device‐related pressure injury in non‐interventional samples were selected. Two authors assessed study bias and extracted data, with a third reviewer as arbitrator. Twenty‐one studies met inclusion criteria; most provided incidence data. No studies were found that specifically reported MMPI incidence or prevalence. It was possible to calculate incidence or prevalence from four studies; all were in intensive care settings. MMPI incidence of 0.8% and 30.4%, and prevalence of 1.7% and 3.7% were found. One study provided data that enabled calculation of prevalence of 0.1% in a non‐intensive care sample. Only one other study provided specific data about MMPI. It is concluded that there is insufficient evidence available to enable estimation of MMPI incidence or prevalence in either acute hospital or intensive care settings.     

Early experience in reconstruction of long ureteral strictures with allogenic amniotic membrane

Objective:   To present our experience with the application of human amniotic membrane for the reconstruction of extensive ureteral wall defects.
Methods:   Between 2003 and 2006, 11 patients underwent reconstructive surgery of the ureter. A human amniotic membrane allograft was used to supplement ureteral wall defects. Indications for the procedure included ureteral strictures of a 5.5 cm average (range, 3–8 cm) localized in different parts of the ureter: upper (5), middle (5) and lower (3). The etiology of ureteral loss was: postinflammatory after a complicated stone disease (5), iatrogenic (4) and idiopathic (2). Diagnosis of ureteral stricture was based on antegrade pyelography and excretory urography. Two patients had synchronous treatment for upper and middle ureteral stenosis. Treatment efficacy was assessed by excretory urography and ultrasound.
Results:   The mean hospitalization time was 11.9 days, mean operation time 128 min and with an average follow up of 25.2 months. Complications included: stricture recurrence (1) and symptomatic urinary tract infections (2). Excretory urography showed lack of obstruction and normal width of ureters. In one patient, residual hydronephrosis was present on ultrasound.
Conclusions:   The described method seems to be a promising tool in the reconstruction of extensive ureteral strictures.     

Vegetating erosive cutaneous lesions and pyogenic granuloma in the course of mucous membrane pemphigoid: a case report and review of literature

Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a group of chronic autoimmune sub‐epithelial blistering disorders, which mostly affect the oral mucosa and the conjunctiva. MMP is very diverse in terms of both the clinical and immunological features (IgG and IgA autoantibodies may react with different antigens). MMP can be induced by infections and medication, including ophthalmologic medication, which may lead to the development of eye lesions. In contrast, a vegetating variant of MMP is extremely rare. Here, we report an MMP case that demonstrated unusual clinical features, that is, pyogenic granulomas on the conjunctivae and extensive vegetating erosions on the skin of intertriginous regions. All these lesions were considered to be induced by unconventional medication containing arsenic.     

异种膀胱无细胞基质替代尿道的研究

目的探讨异种膀胱无细胞基质(ACM)管状替代尿道的可行性。方法19只成年雄性新西兰白兔分成3组：A组3只，为假手术对照组；B组10只，切除一段1．0cm尿道；C组6只，切除一段3．5～4．0cm尿道，之后应用已经事先制备好的异种膀胱ACM制成相当长度的管状替代被切除的尿道。术后1、2、4、8、16周动态观察替代尿道的尿道上皮、平滑肌和血管的再生情况。结果所有实验动物在术后7d拔除尿管后都恢复了自主排尿，没有排斥、尿瘘、感染等并发症发生。组织学检查显示实验组术后2周尿道上皮再生良好，4周完全覆盖尿道内腔，术后8周平滑肌见于近吻合口处，平滑肌生长缓慢，观察期内未能覆盖全长尿道。尿道造影未见明显尿道狭窄和憩室。结论异种膀胱ACM是一种良好的尿道修复和替代的材料。