Efficacy of an unsupervised ambulatory treatment regimen for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous pleural effusion in Malawi.

SETTING: Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, and Zomba Central Hospital, Zomba, Malawi. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate treatment outcome of unsupervised ambulatory treatment (2R3H3Z3/2TH[EH]/4H) in Blantyre and 'standard' treatment (1STH[SEH]/11TH[EH]) in Zomba in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive and seronegative patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and pleural TB. DESIGN: All patients with smear-negative and pleural TB registered between 1 April and 31 December 1995 were assessed for enrolment in the study. Study patients were followed up and 12-month treatment outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 434 patients, 296 with smear-negative PTB and 138 with pleural TB, were enrolled: 366 (84%) of patients were HIV-positive; 220 (51%) completed treatment, and 144 (33%) died by 12 months. In patients from Blantyre and Zomba, baseline characteristics were similar, apart from older age in those from Zomba, and the proportion of patients who completed treatment and who died were similar. In both sites, significantly higher case fatality rates were found in older patients, HIV-positive patients and patients with pulmonary parenchymal lung disease. CONCLUSION: Unsupervised ambulatory treatment evaluated in this study had an efficacy similar to that of 'standard' treatment. For operational reasons, however, it will not be recommended for widespread use in Malawi's National Tuberculosis Control Programme.     

恶性胸膜间皮瘤合并肺结核/结核性胸腔积液的临床特征分析

目的:分析恶性胸膜间皮瘤(MPM)合并肺结核/结核性胸腔积液(TPE)患者的临床特征,以加强对该类疾病的认识,减少误诊误治。方法:收集首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院2012年2月至2020年2月MPM并肺结核/TPE患者病例资料14例,回顾性分析其临床症状、体征、实验室检查,胸部影像特征等,以总结其特点。结果:剧烈且进行...     

Time between sputum examination and treatment in patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis.

The time between sputum examination and commencement of treatment in patients registered with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in four hospitals in Malawi was investigated. Information was obtained in 701 of 887 patients who were registered over a 12-month period between 1997 and 1998: 86% were started on treatment within 3 weeks of sputum examination, 14% were started after a 3-week interval and 6% after a 6-week interval. Such delays are unacceptable, for a number of reasons. Recommendations will go to programme staff to repeat sputum examination in PTB suspects with an abnormal chest radiograph whose negative sputum smears were examined more than 3 weeks previously.     

结核性胸腔积液患者血清及胸腔积液中脯氨肽酶活性分析

目的了解结核性与非结核性胸腔积液患者的血清及胸腔积液中脯氨肽酶(PLD)活性的差异,分析PLD对结核性胸腔积液的诊断意义。方法用ELISA法测定26例结核性胸腔积液患者(观察组)和28例非结核性胸腔积液患者(对照组)血清及胸腔积液中PLD水平,应用t检验统计分析结果。结果观察组血清及胸腔积液PLD活性水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 PLD活性检测对鉴别结核性胸膜炎和其他疾病所致胸腔积液有重要意义。     

Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion in 2006

Tuberculous (TB) pleural effusion occurs in approximately 5% of patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The HIV pandemic has been associated with a doubling of the incidence of extrapulmonary TB, which has resulted in increased recognition of TB pleural effusions even in developed nations. Recent studies have provided insights into the immunopathogenesis of pleural TB, including memory T-cell homing and chemokine activation. The definitive diagnosis of TB pleural effusions depends on the demonstration of acid-fast bacilli in the sputum, pleural fluid, or pleural biopsy specimens. The diagnosis can be established in a majority of patients from the clinical features, pleural fluid examination, including cytology, biochemistry, and bacteriology, and pleural biopsy. Measurement of adenosine deaminase and interferon-gamma in the pleural fluid and polymerase chain reaction for M tuberculosis has gained wide acceptance in the diagnosis of TB pleural effusions. Although promising, these tests require further evaluation before their routine use can be recommended. The treatment of TB pleural effusions in patients with HIV/AIDS is essentially similar to that in HIV-negative patients. At present, evidence regarding the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of TB pleural effusion is not clear-cut.     

Survival and relapse rate of tuberculosis patients who successfully completed treatment in Vietnam.

SETTING: Reported tuberculosis (TB) cure rates are high in Vietnam with the 8-month short-course chemotherapy regimen. However, long-term treatment outcomes are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess survival and relapse rates among patients successfully treated for new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). METHODS: A cohort of patients treated in 32 randomly selected districts in northern Vietnam were followed up 12-24 months after reported cure or treatment success for survival and bacteriologically confirmed relapse. Measurements included sputum smear examination, culture and interview for recent treatment history. RESULTS: Of 304 patients included in the study, no information was available for 31 (10%) and 19 (6%) had died. Bacteriology results were available for 244 (80%). The median interval between treatment completion and follow-up was 19 months. Relapse was recorded in 21/244 (8.6%, 95%CI 5.4-13), including 9 (4%) with positive sputum smears, 3 (1%) with negative smears but positive culture and 9 (4%) who had started TB retreatment. Four of 12 culture-positive relapse cases (33%) had multidrug-resistant strains. If the definition of relapse was extended to include death, reportedly due to TB, the relapse proportion was 26/263 (9.9%, 95%CI 6.6-14). CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of patients (15%) had died or relapsed after being successfully treated for TB in northern Vietnam.     

结核性胸腔积液与恶性胸腔积液患者危险因素的对比研究

目的 探索结核性胸腔积液与恶性胸腔积液患者危险因素的不同,为临床个体化诊治胸腔积液提供依据。 方法 连续性入选2006年1月至2012年12月间在青岛市中心医院呼吸科确诊为结核性胸腔积液或恶性胸腔积液的患者264例,其中结核性胸腔积液患者147例,恶性胸腔积液患者117例。调查并比较两组患者的年龄、性别、合并糖尿病、呼吸系统基础疾病史、经济状况、工作劳累感、群体居住行为、运动量不足、进食规律性、睡眠时间、心理应激程度、吸烟指数、类似病家族史等13个项目,采用logistic单因素和多因素回归分析,对结核性胸腔积液和恶性胸腔积液的发病独立危险因素进行对比,以说明两者危险因素的差异。 结果 单因素分析结果显示,结核性胸腔积液与恶性胸腔积液两组数据比较,合并糖尿病［15.0%（22/147）vs 6.8%（8/117）,χ²=4.571,P=0.034］、经济状况差［38.1%（56/147）vs 29.9%（35/117）,χ²=5.103,P=0.028］、有群体居住行为［29.3%（43/147） vs 9.4%（11/117）,χ²=4.977,P=0.030］,是结核性胸腔积液的危险因素;年龄＞40岁［45.6%（67/147）vs 78.6%（92/117）,χ²=4.752,P=0.032］、心理应激程度高［15.0%（22/147）vs 33.3%（39/117）,χ²=6.031,P=0.017］、吸烟指数＞400［25.9%（38/147）vs 32.5%（38/117）,χ²=5.228,P=0.024］和有类似病家族史［9.5%（14/147）vs 34.2%（40/117）,χ²=3.976,P=0.046］是恶性胸腔积液的危险因素。在排除其他因素影响后,合并糖尿病（χ²=5.391,P=0.027,OR=2.457,95%CI：5.051～1.773）和群体居住行为（χ²=5.491,P=0.022,OR=3.636,95%CI：6.494～2.584）仍然是结核性胸腔积液的危险因素;年龄＞40岁（χ²=5.364,P=0.022,OR=2.323,95%CI：1.197～2.588）和有类似病家族史（χ²=5.897,P=0.021,OR=3.080,95%CI：2.233～4.018）是恶性胸腔积液危险因素。 结论 胸腔积液患者如果合并糖尿病或有群体居住行为更容易出现结核性胸腔积液,如果年龄＞40岁或有类似病家族史,更容易出现恶性胸腔积液。     

Response to empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment in patients with sputum smear-negative presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: In many cases, physicians initiate anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment based only on symptoms or radiographic findings without confirmation of pulmonary TB by acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear. It has not been well known which clinical characteristics could be used as predictors for positive culture or real TB in patients with sputum smear-negative presumptive pulmonary TB. OBJECTIVE: We tried to elucidate treatment outcomes in patients with sputum smear-negative presumptive pulmonary TB and to find predictors of positive culture results. METHODS: We reviewed data of the patients who had been treated as presumptive TB with negative AFB smear on the basis of clinical and radiographic features from December 1998 to December 2000 at a university hospital in Korea. We reviewed medical records and radiographs of patients and analyzed possible predictors for positive culture. RESULTS: One hundred and one patients were enrolled. Among them, pulmonary TB was confirmed by culture in 32 patients (31%). Thirty-one (96.9%) out of 32 culture-positive patients showed clinical or radiographic improvement as did 50 (72.5%) out of 69 culture-negative patients. The predictor for a positive culture result is the presence of patchy consolidation in an initial radiograph (p = 0.025; OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.14-7.28). CONCLUSIONS: The empirical anti-TB treatment in patients with sputum smear-negative presumptive pulmonary TB was effective and adequate, especially presented with patchy consolidation in initial chest radiographs in Korea.     

结核感染T细胞斑点试验联合胸腔积液腺苷脱氢酶检测对结核性胸腔积液的诊断价值研究

目的?分析结核感染T细胞斑点试验（tuberculosis infection T cell spot test, T-SPOT.TB）结合胸腔积液生化检测对结核性胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法?对2019年2月—2022年2月期间就诊于河北省胸科医院的126例有肺部病灶伴胸腔积液患者展开研究,所有患者均完成T-SPOT.TB试验和入院当天的胸腔积液生化检测,依据是否存在结核杆菌感染将其分为结核组（n=48,确诊为结核性胸腔积液）和对照组（n=78,确诊为非结核性肺部病灶伴胸腔积液）。统计并比较2组患者的各项一般资料和临床资料,Logistic多因素分析结核性胸腔积液的危险因素,并应用ROC曲线分析胸腔积液T-SPOT.TB和胸腔积液腺苷脱氨酶（adenosine deaminase, ADA）及2者联合对结核性胸腔积液的诊断价值。结果?Logistic多因素分析结果显示,结核病接触史、结核性胸腔积液结核菌素试验阴性率较高、胸腔积液T-SPOT.TB阳性、胸腔积液ADA≥45 U/L为发生结核性胸腔积液的危险因素（P均＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示胸腔积液T-SPOT.TB和胸腔积液ADA诊断结核性胸腔积液的最佳临界值分别为276.43×106/ml和45.36 U/L,AUC分别为0.67和0.63,灵敏度分别为74.26％和69.26％,特异度分别为72.17％和68.84％,2者联合诊断的AUC为0.86,灵敏度为81.65％,特异度为79.43％。结论?T-SPOT.TB结合胸腔积液检测对诊断结核性胸腔积液患者有较佳价值。     

胸腔内注射尿激酶治疗初治结核性胸膜炎的疗效观察

目的观察胸腔内注射尿激酶治疗结核性胸膜炎的效果。方法37例结核性粘连包裹性胸膜炎患者随机分为治疗组(18例)对照组(19例),胸腔内置入中心静脉导管,抽尽胸水,治疗组胸腔内注入NS100ml 尿激酶10万IU,其他治疗与对照组相同。结果治疗组抽胸液总量(3361±1208)ml,对照组(2485±1455)ml(P>0.05),3个月后测胸膜厚度,治疗组(1.24±0.30)mm,对照组(1.56±0.40)mm(P<0.01),胸膜粘连发生率治疗组16.7%,对照组47.4%(P<0.05)。结论胸膜腔内注入尿激酶能有效降低胸膜肥厚和粘连,与对照组相比差异有显著性。     

血清及胸腔积液抗PPD-IgG检测对结核性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的　评价血清、胸腔积液抗PPD-IgG检测对结核性胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测58例结核性胸腔积液的血清、胸腔积液抗PPDIgG,同时与胸膜活检及胸腔积液抗酸杆菌阳性率作比较,并随机选择42例非结核性胸腔积液作为对照组。结果 结核性胸腔积液血清、胸腔积液抗PPD-IgG阳性率(82.8%,96.6%)与胸膜活检阳性率(56.9%),胸腔积液抗酸杆菌阳性率(0%)比较,有显著性差异(P<0.005)。与对照组血清、胸腔积液抗PPDIgG阳性率(11.9%,21.4%)比较,有显著性差异(P<0.005)。本法血清抗PPD-IgG敏感性为82.8%,特异性为88.1%,准确性为85.0%。胸腔积液抗PPD-IgG敏感性为96.6%,特异性为78.6%,准确性为89.0%。结论 同时检测血清、胸腔积液抗PPDIgG可作为诊断结核性胸腔积液的一种可行的辅助方法。     

Role of medical thoracoscopy in the treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion

Background

Fibrous tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) represents common disease in tuberculous clinic. Medical thoracoscopy has been used to treat pleural empyema and shown promising outcomes, but data of its use in multiloculated and organized TPE remains limited to know.

Methods

The study was performed on 430 cases with TPE. The cases were divided into free-flowing, multiloculated effusion and organized effusion group. Each group was subdivided into two or three types of therapeutic approaches: ultrasound guided pigtail catheter, large-bore tube chest drainage and medical thoracoscopy. Patients with multiloculated or organized effusions received streptokinase, introduced into the pleural cavity via chest tubes. The successful effectiveness of the study was defined as duration of chest drainage, time from treatment to discharge days and no further managements.

Results

Patients with organized effusion were older than those with free-flowing effusion and incidence of organized effusion combined with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) was higher than those of multiloculated effusion and free-flowing effusion respectively. Positive tuberculosis of pleural fluid culture was higher in organized effusion than that in free-flowing effusion. Sputum positive for acid-fast bacillus (AFB) in organized effusion was higher than that in multiloculated effusion and free-flowing effusion. Medical thoracoscopy showed significant efficacy in the group of multiloculated effusion and organized effusion but free-flowing effusion. No chronic morbidity and mortality related to complications was observed.

Conclusions

Medical thoracoscopy was a safe and successful method in treating multiloculated and organized TPE.     

Transmission of tuberculosis from smear-negative bacillus-positive pulmonary TB patients

OBJECTIVES: To elucidate TB transmission from smear-negative bacillus-positive patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The subjects of this retrospective study were 8,339 TB patients registered in Aichi Prefecture between 1989 and 2003. Of these patients, 7,122 had pulmonary TB and 1,217 had extra-pulmonary TB. Bacteriological examination for the pulmonary patients revealed sputum smear-positive in 2,640, sputum smear-negative bacillus-positive (SNBP) in 1,794, and smear-negative bacillus-negative (SNBN) in 2,688. All registration files were reviewed to identify epidemiological links of patients. When linked patients with an interval of the dates of registration of less than 10 years were found, the initial case was considered as the index case, and the other patients were regarded as secondary cases. An index case rate (ICR) for a category of patients was defined as follows; ICR=NI/NA, where NA: Number of TB patients in a category A, and NI: Number of index cases in category A. RESULTS: A total of 287 patients were considered as index cases, and the ICR was 3.4%. The ICRs were 2.3% for the SNBP patients, 7.5% for the smear-positive patients, 1.2% for the SNBN patients, and 1.1% for the exrtra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The SNBP patients had a significantly higher ICR than the SNBN patients (p<0.01), and a significantly lower ICR than the smear-positive patients (p<0.001). In the SNBP patients, the ICRs were 5.0% for those aged 40 to 49 years and 1.6% for those aged 50 to 59, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). All patients were grouped into two groups; younger patients with an age of less than 50 years and elder patients with an age of 50 years or higher. The ICRs showed significant differences between the younger patients and the elder patients as follows: 4.3% vs 1.7% for the SNBP patients (p<0.01), 15.5% vs 5.0% for the smear-positive patients (p<0.001), and 1.9% vs 0.9% for the SNBN patients (p<0.05). The chest X-ray showed cavitary lesion in 453 SNBP patients. The ICRs were 8.7% for 126 cavitary younger SNBP patients, 2.6% for 311 non-cavitary younger SNBP patients, 2.4% for 327 cavitary elder SNBP patients, and 1.5% for 1,030 non-cavitary elder SNBP patients. The ICR for the cavitary younger SNBP patients was significantly higher than those for the other three subgroups (p<0.01 to p<0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that TB transmission from SNBP patients depends on the patient's age and the cavity formation, and that patients aged less than 50 years with cavitary pulmonary TB is the most important target for the epidemiological research.     

Tumor markers in pleural effusion of patients with lung cancer and patients with tuberculous pleurisy]

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 125 (CA 125), NCC-ST-439, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), sialyl Lewis X-i antigen (SLX), progastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) were evaluated in the pleural effusion of 39 patients with lung cancer (29 adenocarcinomas, seven small-cell carcinomas, three squamous cell carcinomas) and 43 patients with tuberculous pleurisy. The levels of the tumor markers other than SCC and NSE were significantly higher in lung cancer than in tuberculosis. High levels of CYFRA 21-1 and SCC were observed in squamous cell carcinoma and high levels of ProGRP and NSE were observed in small-cell carcinoma. According to the validity score, sensitivity (%) + specificity (%) - 100, the optimal cut-off levels of pleural effusion were 8.1 ng/ml for CEA, 660 U/ml for CA 125, 2.6 U/ml for NCC-ST-439, 10 U/ml for CA 19-9, 65 ng/ml for CYFRA 21-1, 140 U/ml for SLX, 23.2 pg/ml for ProGRP, 0.6 ng/ml for SCC and 5 ng/ml for NSE. By comparison of validity scores for each optimal cut-off level and of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, we suggest that a CEA assay is the most useful for pleural effusion. The combined assay of CEA + ProGRP and CEA + ProGRP + CYFRA 21-1 were considered to be useful.     

肺栓塞并胸腔积液的相关临床分析

目的探讨肺栓塞(Pulmonary Embolism,PE)并胸腔积液患者的临床特点。方法对确诊的115例肺栓塞患者,根据患者是否存在胸腔积液分为肺栓塞并胸腔积液组(实验组)及肺栓塞无胸腔积液组(对照组),比较两组的临床特点。结果合并胸腔积液有52例,无胸腔积液有63例。肺栓塞并胸腔积液患者的发热比率、呼吸次数、PT、APTT、FIB、INR、DD、HSCRP、cTnT、NTproBNP、RAD及mPAP高于无胸腔积液患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);肺栓塞并胸腔积液患者的LYMPH、AT水平低于无胸腔积液患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);经多因素logistic回归分析,FIB、DD、RAD及AT可能是PE发生胸腔积液独立预测因子,FIB、DD及RAD可能是PE患者发生胸腔积液的危险因素,AT可能为PE发生胸腔积液的保护因素。52例肺栓塞合并胸腔积液患者中,双侧胸腔积液33例(63.5%),单侧胸腔积液19例(36.5%);少量胸腔积液44例(84.6%),中-大量胸腔积液8例(15.4%);双侧少量胸腔积液29例(55.77%)。肺栓塞栓塞部位与是否发生胸腔积液比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在肺栓塞并胸腔积液组中,肺栓塞栓塞部位与胸腔积液部位比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);肺栓塞栓塞部位与胸腔积液量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);胸腔积液部位与胸腔积液量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肺栓塞并胸腔积液组不良事件发生率高于肺栓塞无胸腔积液组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论FIB、DD、RAD及AT可能是PE发生胸腔积液的影响因素。肺栓塞并胸腔积液多为双侧少量胸腔积液。肺栓塞部位、胸腔积液量及胸腔积液部位之间未发现有相关性。胸腔积液对PE患者短期预后的评估具有一定价值。