Neural progenitor cells from postmortem adult human retina

BACKGROUND: Given the presence of neural progenitor cells (NPC) in the retina of other species capable of differentiating into multiple neural components, the authors report the presence of NPC in the adult human retina. A resident population of NPC suggests that the retina may constitutively replace neurons, photoreceptors, and glia. METHODS: Adult human postmortem retinal explants and cell suspensions were used to generate cells in tissue culture that display the features of NPC. The phenotype of cells and differentiation into neurons was determined by immunocytochemistry. Dividing cells were labelled with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and neurospheres were generated and passaged. RESULTS: Cells labelled with nestin, neurofilament M (NFM), rhodopsin, or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) grew out from explant cultures. BrdU labelling of these cells occurred only with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). Dissociated retina and pars plana generated primary neurospheres. From primary neurospheres, NPC were passaged to generate secondary neurospheres, neurons, photoreceptors, and glia. BrdU labelling identified dividing cells from neurospheres that differentiated to express NFM and rhodopsin. CONCLUSION: The adult human retina contains NPC and may have the potential to replace neurons and photoreceptors. This has implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of retinal disorders and degenerations, including glaucoma, and those disorders associated with retinal scarring.     

Revisiting nestin expression in retinal progenitor cells in vitro and after transplantation in vivo

The purpose of this study is to characterize the co-expression of nestin--a neuroectodermal stem cell and a reactive glial marker-with various mature retinal cell markers in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) expanded in vitro, followed either by in vitro induction or subretinal transplantation. Rat RPCs derived from embryonic day (E) 17 rat retina were expanded in serum free defined culture, and induced to differentiate by all-trans retinoic acid (RA). Following induction, cells were stained for nestin in combination with retinal neuronal and glial markers. Cultured cells were collected for quantitative RT-PCR gene expression analysis prior to and after induction. In a second series, passage 2 RPCs were transplanted into the subretinal space of S334ter-3 retinal degeneration rats at postnatal day 28. After 1-4 weeks, sections through the transplant were double immunostained for nestin and various retinal specific neuronal markers. The cultured RPCs treated with RA exhibited nestin co-expression with various retinal specific markers, including protein kinase C alpha (PKC), neurofilament 200 (NF200), cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP), and rhodopsin. Following RA induction, quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated downregulation of nestin, PAX-6, thy1.1, and PKCalpha, and upregulation of rhodopsin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and CrX. No nestin coexpression was observed with any of the retinal specific neuronal markers in RPC transplants in vivo except for some nestin-immunoreactivity overlapping with GFAP positive cells in the host retina. The role of nestin as a unique neural stem/progenitor cell marker should be reconsidered. Nestin expression during RPC maturation appears to be different in vitro versus in vivo.     

四种中间丝蛋白在大鼠视网膜发育过程中表达的时间顺序和结构特征

目的研究视网膜内神经干细胞的标志物及其表达的时间和空间分布特征。方法利用免疫组化染色,检测四种中间丝蛋白(Nestin、Vimentin、GFAP及NF)在新生至12月龄大鼠视网膜内表达的时间顺序、空间分布和强度变化。结果大鼠视网膜结构的分化要到出生后2周才能完成。在2周内Nestin的表达可见于视网膜的神经细胞、胶质细胞、血管内皮细胞内。2周后表达水平明显降低。4周时完全转阴。但在睫状体的少数突起内,Nestin持续高水平表达,成年时,阳性细胞以色素上皮细胞为主。此外,在成年大鼠的视神经内也可见散在的Nestin阳性细胞。Vimentin在神经胶质细胞和睫状体的无色素上皮细胞中一直呈强阳性。除了文献报道的水平细胞外,我们还发现Vimentin在4周内的MUller细胞和无长突细胞内表达。GFAP和NF仅在发育成熟的神经胶质细胞和神经节细胞的轴突内表达。结论Nestin可作为视网膜神经干细胞的标志,成年时视网膜的神经干细胞分布在少数睫状突及视神经内。（中华眼科杂,2004,40：765—769)     

巢蛋白和神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白在大鼠视网膜发育中的动态表达

目的 观察巢蛋白(nestin)和神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)在大鼠视网膜发育中的动态变化.方法 48只Wistar大鼠,其中24只大鼠分为出生后1 d,1、2、3、4、7、12、20周8组,每组3只.制作眼球矢状位冰冻切片,采用共聚焦激光显微镜观察nestin和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及GFAP和GS免疫荧光染色情况.18只大鼠分为出生后id,1、2、3、4、12周,每组3只.提取大鼠视网膜总RNA,实时定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测nestin、GFAP和GS mRNA表达.选择6只出生后7～12 d新生鼠,取眼球体外培养Müller细胞,行GS和(或)nestin免疫荧光染色,共聚焦激光显微镜观察荧光染色情况.结果 出生后1 d,nestin免疫阳性细胞贯穿神经视网膜全层,主要定位于视网膜前体细胞放射状排列的细长纤维中,在视网膜内侧出现GFAP阳性的星形胶质细胞.出生后1周出现表达GS的Müller细胞,同时表达nestin,但不表达GFAP;GFAP阳性细胞仍然位于视网膜内侧.出生后2～12周,nestin在Mfiller细胞上的表达逐渐减少直至消失,GFAP在星形胶质细胞中的表达强度投有显著变化.体外培养的Müller细胞表达nestin,不表达GFAP.Nestin和GFAP mRNA在视网膜中的表达与免疫荧光染色结果相一致.结论 随大鼠视网膜不断发育,Müller细胞上nestin表达逐渐减少,成年大鼠视网膜Müller细胞不再表达nestin;新生鼠和成年鼠Müller细胞均不表达GFAP.     

巢蛋白和神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白在大鼠视网膜发育中的动态表达

目的 观察巢蛋白(nestin)和神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)在大鼠视网膜发育中的动态变化.方法 48只Wistar大鼠,其中24只大鼠分为出生后1 d,1、2、3、4、7、12、20周8组,每组3只.制作眼球矢状位冰冻切片,采用共聚焦激光显微镜观察nestin和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及GFAP和GS免疫荧光染色情况.18只大鼠分为出生后id,1、2、3、4、12周,每组3只.提取大鼠视网膜总RNA,实时定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测nestin、GFAP和GS mRNA表达.选择6只出生后7～12 d新生鼠,取眼球体外培养Müller细胞,行GS和(或)nestin免疫荧光染色,共聚焦激光显微镜观察荧光染色情况.结果 出生后1 d,nestin免疫阳性细胞贯穿神经视网膜全层,主要定位于视网膜前体细胞放射状排列的细长纤维中,在视网膜内侧出现GFAP阳性的星形胶质细胞.出生后1周出现表达GS的Müller细胞,同时表达nestin,但不表达GFAP;GFAP阳性细胞仍然位于视网膜内侧.出生后2～12周,nestin在Mfiller细胞上的表达逐渐减少直至消失,GFAP在星形胶质细胞中的表达强度投有显著变化.体外培养的Müller细胞表达nestin,不表达GFAP.Nestin和GFAP mRNA在视网膜中的表达与免疫荧光染色结果相一致.结论 随大鼠视网膜不断发育,Müller细胞上nestin表达逐渐减少,成年大鼠视网膜Müller细胞不再表达nestin;新生鼠和成年鼠Müller细胞均不表达GFAP.     

Simultaneous expression of keratin and glial fibrillary acidic protein by the same cells in epiretinal membranes.

The identification of cells comprising epiretinal membranes is difficult because of the phenotypic changes that occur. Examination of intermediate filament protein content by immunocytochemical analysis can help to identify some cells with altered ultrastructure but is not always definitive because altered expression of intermediate filament proteins can also occur. To examine this issue further, the authors utilized a postembedding immunocytochemical technique with epiretinal membranes in which they were able to double label for keratin, a useful marker for identifying retinal pigment epithelial cells, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a useful marker for identifying glial cells. Nine of ten idiopathic epiretinal membranes contained cells that labeled for GFAP and not keratin. Two of these membranes also contained cells that labeled only for keratin and one membrane contained cells that simultaneously labeled for both GFAP and keratin. Other types of epiretinal membranes had an equal participation by cells that expressed only GFAP or keratin (12 of 17 membranes contained cells positive for keratin; 13 of 17 contained cells positive for GFAP). Ten of 17 nonidiopathic membranes contained cells simultaneously expressing GFAP and keratin, although they comprised only a minor subpopulation of the total number of cells present. These findings demonstrate that keratin and GFAP are not mutually exclusive intermediate filament proteins in cells of epiretinal membranes and that, although each may provide a helpful adjunct for cell type identification, neither is an absolutely specific marker.     

巢蛋白和神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白在大鼠视网膜发育中的动态表达

目的 观察巢蛋白(nestin)和神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)在大鼠视网膜发育中的动态变化.方法 48只Wistar大鼠,其中24只大鼠分为出生后1 d,1、2、3、4、7、12、20周8组,每组3只.制作眼球矢状位冰冻切片,采用共聚焦激光显微镜观察nestin和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及GFAP和GS免疫荧光染色情况.18只大鼠分为出生后id,1、2、3、4、12周,每组3只.提取大鼠视网膜总RNA,实时定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测nestin、GFAP和GS mRNA表达.选择6只出生后7～12 d新生鼠,取眼球体外培养Müller细胞,行GS和(或)nestin免疫荧光染色,共聚焦激光显微镜观察荧光染色情况.结果 出生后1 d,nestin免疫阳性细胞贯穿神经视网膜全层,主要定位于视网膜前体细胞放射状排列的细长纤维中,在视网膜内侧出现GFAP阳性的星形胶质细胞.出生后1周出现表达GS的Müller细胞,同时表达nestin,但不表达GFAP;GFAP阳性细胞仍然位于视网膜内侧.出生后2～12周,nestin在Mfiller细胞上的表达逐渐减少直至消失,GFAP在星形胶质细胞中的表达强度投有显著变化.体外培养的Müller细胞表达nestin,不表达GFAP.Nestin和GFAP mRNA在视网膜中的表达与免疫荧光染色结果相一致.结论 随大鼠视网膜不断发育,Müller细胞上nestin表达逐渐减少,成年大鼠视网膜Müller细胞不再表达nestin;新生鼠和成年鼠Müller细胞均不表达GFAP.     

The effect of postmortem time, donor age and sex on the generation of neurospheres from adult human retina

BACKGROUND/AIM: Postmortem adult human retina contains pluripotent progenitor cells capable of forming neurospheres with different retinal cell types. The authors examine whether this is the case at all ages and at different postmortem times. METHODS: Adult human postmortem retina-derived cell suspensions generated neurospheres in fibroblast growth factor 2 and N2 supplement. The yield of neurospheres from limited dilution or single cell cultures is very low so the authors studied cells generated per 10(5) viable cells from a cell suspension derived from whole retina. Retinal tissue from donors aged 18-91 at various postmortem times (between 23-44 h) was studied in the context of generation rate and time for neurospheres. RESULTS: The potential to generate neurospheres from adult human retina remains throughout life. Neurosphere cellular components were not affected by donor age or postmortem time (they contained nestin(+), glial fibrillary acidic protein(+) and neurofilament(+) cells). An average of 34.36 neurospheres were generated per 10(5) viable cells. After a few days in culture neurospheres begin to form. The time for this to occur was independent of donor age but prolonged at longer postmortem times. No significant effect of donor sex was found. CONCLUSION: Neurosphere-forming retinal progenitor cells are found in adult human retina throughout life. This cell population is a potential target for therapeutic intervention to influence repair and regeneration of the retina.     

The neurogenic competence of progenitors from the postnatal rat retina in vitro

The mammalian retina develops from stem or progenitor cells that are of neuroectodermal origin and derive from bilateral invaginations of the neuroepithelium, the optic vesicles. Shortly after birth, around 12 days postnatal in rats, the retina is fully developed in its cellular parts. Even though different cell types in the adult might be potential sources for retinal stem cells or progenitor cells, the retina is a non-neurogenic region and the diseased retina is devoid of any spontaneous regeneration. In an attempt to link late developmental processes to the adult situation, we analyzed the presence and the neurogenic potential of retinal progenitors during the postnatal period and compared it to adult ciliary body (CB) derived retinal progenitors and subventricular zone (SVZ) derived neural stem cells. Retinal progenitor properties were identified by the capacity to proliferate and by the expression of the progenitor markers Nestin, Flk-1, Chx10, Pax6 and the radial glia marker BLBP. The neurogenic potential was assayed by the expression of the neuronal markers doublecortin, betaIII Tubulin, Map2 and NSE, the glial makers A2B5, NG2, GalC and GFAP, and by incorporation of BrdU. The number of Flk-1 positive cells and concomitantly the number of newly born betaIII Tubulin-positive cells decreased within the first postnatal week in retinal progenitor cultures and no newly generated betaIII Tubulin, but GFAP positive cells were detected thereafter. In contrast to neural stem cells derived from the adult SVZ, postnatal and adult CB derived progenitors had a lower and a restricted proliferation potential and did not generate oligodendrocytes. The work demonstrates, however, that the existence of retinal progenitor cells is not restricted to embryonic development. In the sensory retina the differentiation potential of late retinal progenitors becomes restricted to the glial lineage, whereas neurogenic progenitor cells are still present in the CB. In addition, major differences in growth and differentiation potential of adult neural stem cells and postnatal and adult retinal progenitors are presented.     

急性眼压升高所致视网膜、视神经及视交叉胶质细胞的早期反应

背景 中枢神经系统以及视网膜中的胶质细胞与神经元关系十分紧密,胶质细胞在神经元损伤和修复过程中发挥着重要作用.急性眼压升高引起的视网膜、视神经及视交叉各部位胶质细胞的早期反应特点以及其与视神经损伤的关系目前尚不清楚. 目的 探讨大鼠视网膜、视神经及视交叉的胶质细胞对急性高眼压的早期反应,同时观察神经前体细胞标志物巢蛋白( nestin)在反应性胶质细胞中的表达. 方法 成年雌性Wistar大鼠9只,分为正常对照组3只和急性高眼压组6只,急性高眼压组大鼠采用右眼前房灌注生理盐水的方法升高大鼠眼压至110 mmHg,持续60 min.于术后第3天和第7天用过量麻醉法处死各组动物各3只,摘出眼球分离视神经和大脑标本,并制作冰冻切片.利用Nissl染色的方法测量高眼压眼视网膜内层厚度,观察视网膜和视交叉的大体形态.用βⅢ-tubulin免疫荧光染色法标记视神经内的视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)轴突,用胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和nestin双重标记显示视网膜、视神经及视交叉的胶质细胞反应,并对两组结果进行比较.结果 正常大鼠的视网膜、视神经以及视交叉内均可见到一定量的GFAP阳性胶质细胞,但nestin的表达量很低.急性眼压升高后的第3天,视网膜内丛状层厚度明显变薄,RGCs数目较损伤前减少约46％.视网膜内胶质细胞GFAP的表达显著增加,细胞突起由神经纤维层伸展至整个视网膜,增生的胶质细胞内可见nestin的明显表达.视神经内RGCs轴突发生变性样改变,GFAP阳性胶质细胞内nestin的表达较眼压升高前明显增加.同损伤眼相对应的一侧视交叉的横断面积减小,出现大量星状GFAP和nestin共表达的胶质细胞.以上改变在眼压升高后第7天更趋明显.结论 急性眼压升高早期即可引起RGCs的丢失及轴突的变性,视觉神经元改变的同时伴随胶质细胞的反应,增生的胶质细胞表达神经前体细胞的标志物.视网膜与视神经和视交叉的改变在时间上具有一定的同步性.     

Retinal and epiretinal glia--an immunohistochemical study.

Immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine the distribution of cells containing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in normal and pathological human specimens, including 22 globes (13 of which contained epiretinal membranes 'in situ'), 16 surgically excised epiretinal membranes, and monolayers of cells obtained from five epiretinal membranes placed in tissue culture. The astrocytic cells of normal and pathological retinae stained with the glial-cell marker, but Müller cells were GFAP-negative in normal retinae at the antisera dilutions used. Müller cells did, however, stain in retinae from glaucomatous eyes and in eyes with prolonged retinal detachment. Electron microscopy did not reveal any obvious morphological difference between the intermediate filaments of normal (GFAP-negative) and GFAP-positive Müller cells. Ten of the 13 epiretinal membranes 'in situ', all 16 excised membranes, and three of the five monolayers contained glial cells. Purely glial membranes were not associated with retinal puckering or detachment, while all membranes causing tractional complications had a prominent fibrous, non-glial component. Our findings suggest that glial cells do not contribute significantly to the contractile forces generated by epiretinal membranes. They may, however, provide a scaffold on which other cells proliferate and contract and an anchorage by means of which tangential forces are transmitted into and through the retina.     

Characteristics of progenitor cells derived from adult ciliary body in mouse, rat, and human eyes

PURPOSE: To isolate and characterize progenitor cells derived from adult mammalian ciliary body. METHODS: The authors isolated progenitor cells from the ciliary body of adult mice, rats, and human cadaver eyes and determined quantitative growth characteristics of groups of progenitor cells called neurosphere (NS) cells, including individual cell diameter, NS diameter, percentage of NS-forming cells, and cell number per eye in mouse, rat, and human eyes. The immunolabeling and ultrastructure of NS cells were investigated by confocal and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Average diameters of individual cells and neurospheres after 1 week in culture were similar in mice, rats, and humans (cell diameters: 22 +/- 1.1, 21 +/- 0.3, 25 +/- 0.4 mum; NS diameters: 139 +/- 22, 137 +/- 9, 141 +/- 11 mum, respectively). Mean numbers of cells per NS were estimated to be 1183 in mice, 5360 in rats, and 685 in humans. Molecules that were identified by immunolabeling in NS cells included nestin, Chx-10, vimentin, GFAP, and Pax-6. Thy-1 was expressed in some NS cells. Ultrastructurally, NS cells displayed abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and many cellular processes but no characteristics of mature retinal neurons or glia. CONCLUSIONS: Progenitor cells from adult mammalian ciliary body have significant, but limited, proliferation potential and express markers characteristic of other progenitor cells and seen during early retinal development. The ciliary body could be a source of cells for transplantation in experimental rodent eyes and for autotransplantation in human eyes.     

大鼠胚胎视网膜前体细胞的分离、体外培养及鉴定

目的探讨流式细胞分析技术、免疫荧光及^3H—Thymidine分析对大鼠胚胎视网膜前体细胞性质及其体外增殖进行鉴定的可行性。方法来源于19d胚胎大鼠视网膜的视网膜前体细胞,使用流式细胞分析及免疫荧光技术从数量及形态上对细胞性质进行鉴定。采用无血清培养基体外培养,通过^3H-Thymidine分析、形态学观察及统计学分析,研究细胞增殖情况。结果从胚胎大鼠全层视网膜分离出的原代视网膜前体细胞,流式细胞分析结果显示：培养0d时,22．23％的细胞神经上皮干细胞蛋白（Nestin）呈阳性表达,16．04％的细胞Sox-2呈阳性表达,19．66％的细胞钙结合蛋白呈阳性表达,其余终末视网膜细胞标记物（胶质纤维酸性蛋白、CD90、视紫红质、C反应蛋白、突触前膜列阵蛋白）均呈极微量阳性或阴性。免疫荧光结果显示大部分细胞及细胞球（〉90％）Nestin呈阳性表达。培养6d后,流式细胞分析显示43．36％的细胞Nestin阳性,免疫荧光显示Nestin及胶质纤维酸性蛋白呈阳性。连续4d^3H-Thymidine分析及形态学观察、统计学分析原代视网膜前体细胞初期增殖良好。结论流式细胞分析、免疫荧光及^3H—Thymidine等免疫学技术可很好的对视网膜前体细胞性质及其增殖情况进行鉴定。大鼠胚胎原代视网膜前体细胞表现出神经干细胞的特性,根据检测手段不同,阳性结果不同,其原代视网膜前体细胞体外培养初期增殖良好。     

Müller cells express the neuronal progenitor cell marker nestin in both differentiated and undifferentiated human foetal retina

Tritiated thymidine studies suggest that Müller cells are the last cells born in the retina, although several authors describe Müller cells throughout the retina from very early ages. In this study immunohistochemistry was used to identify progenitor and Müller cells in human foetal retina. Antibodies to nestin (an intermediate filament protein expressed by neural progenitor cells), vimentin, cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP) and glutamate and aspartate transporter (GLAST), which are each expressed by Müller cells, were used in combination with anti-Ki67 to identify proliferating cells. By definition, Ki67-positive proliferating cells were present in undifferentiated retina, but not in differentiated retina. Nestin-immunoreactive (IR) cells colocalized with vimentin throughout the retina. CRALBP-IR was detected in differentiated retina and in some proliferating cells. GLAST-IR cells were present only within the differentiated region. Nestin, vimentin and CRALBP each colocalized with mitotic Ki67-IR cells, suggesting that in foetal retina Müller cells and retinal progenitor cells are overlapping populations and that Müller cells are end-stage progenitor cells.     

Incorporation and differentiation of hippocampus-derived neural stem cells transplanted in injured adult rat retina

PURPOSE: In a previous study it has been shown that adult rat hippocampus-derived neural stem cells can be successfully transplanted into neonatal retinas, where they differentiate into neurons and glia, but they cannot be transplanted into adult retinas. In the current study, the effect of mechanical injury to the adult retina on the survival and differentiation of the grafted hippocampal stem cells was determined. METHODS: Mechanical injury was induced in the adult rat retina by a hooked needle. A cell suspension (containing 90,000 neural stem cells) was slowly injected into the vitreous space. The specimens were processed for immunohistochemical studies at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the transplantation. RESULTS: In the best case, incorporation of grafted stem cells was seen in 50% of the injured retinas. Most of these cells located from the ganglion cell layer through the inner nuclear layer close to the injury site. Immunohistochemically, at 1 week, more than half of the grafted cells expressed nestin. At 4 weeks, some grafted cells showed immunoreactivity for microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 2ab, MAP5, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), suggesting progress in differentiation into cells of neuronal and astroglial lineages. However, they showed no immunoreactivity for HPC-1, calbindin, and rhodopsin, which suggests that they did not differentiate into mature retinal neurons. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed the formation of synapse-like structures between graft and host cells. CONCLUSIONS: By the manipulation of mechanical injury, the incorporation and subsequent differentiation of the grafted stem cells into neuronal and glial lineage, including the formation of synapse-like structures, can be achieved, even in the adult rat retina.     

视黄酸联合视网膜细胞培养上清液对胚胎干细胞体外分化的诱导作用

目的：探讨经过初步诱导的拟胚体在视黄酸和视网膜细胞培养上清液作用下的分化特征。方法：将胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESC)自液氮中复苏、培养，传1代后进行拟胚体(embry-onic bodies,EB)培养。3天半的EB离心重悬后不作消化，使用视黄酸、视黄酸加鼠视网膜胶质细胞和神经细胞培养上清液、视黄酸加人视网膜色素上皮培养上清液、视黄酸加人胎儿视网膜胶质细胞培养上清液(分别记为A、B、C、D组)等进行诱导。观察诱导过程中形态学改变，培养3周时使用免疫细胞化学检测Nestin、GFAP、cytokeratin、MAP-2、rhodopsin等在诱导后细胞中的表达情况。结果：(1)形态学改变：4种条件下的早期改变基本相同，均可见多种形态的细胞；3周后：拟胚体结构基本已散开，A组：见多种形态的细胞，细胞边界欠清，饱满度下降；B组：细胞以透明度较高的圆形细胞为主；C组：拟胚体及拟胚体周围的细胞中出现了含有明显色素的细胞；D组诱导：细胞胞体较大，形态结构较为单一；(2)免疫细胞化学：4种条件下均表现为大部分细胞MAP—2阳性，未见Nestin阳性细胞；此外，A组中，未见GFAP、Cytokeratin、Rhodopsin阳性细胞；B组中，可见GFAP、Cytokeratin、Rhodopsin阳性细胞；C组仅见Cytokeratin阳性细胞；D组仅见GFAP阳性细胞。结论：在KSC的次级诱导中，视黄酸可以诱导大部分细胞成为神经细胞，多种视网膜细胞的上清液在诱导中具有一定的作用，ESC能被诱导形成与上清液来源细胞相关的细胞。眼科学报2003；19：122-125     

Intraretinal and periretinal pathology in anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Objectives To determine the intraretinal and periretinal pathological changes in early anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy (APVR).Design Observational case series.Participants Eighteen patients undergoing retinectomy for APVR.Methods Retinectomy specimens removed at vitrectomy surgery were analysed by (a) semithin light microscopy, (b) immunohistochemistry and (c) electron microscopy.Results The specimens showed consistent outer retinal degenerative changes, marked Muller cell hypertrophy and glial continuity to epiretinal membranes. Photoreceptor outer and inner segments were markedly disrupted and occasional photoreceptor nuclear had pyknosis and chromatin clumping consistent with apoptosis. Muller cells expressed upregulated levels of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and extended through glial bridges to complex epiretinal membranes which in some areas had a bilaminar structure with a glial-negative inner lamina.Conclusion Retinal degeneration and photoreceptor apoptosis occur in retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), although during the early stages of the process neural retinal cells remain present, suggesting potential for recovery. The intraretinal glial response appears to be centrally involved in the formation of contractile epiretinal membranes. The retina retains the capacity for a degree of functional recovery following surgery for PVR. Surgical separation of anterior epiretinal membranes in PVR may be difficult and incomplete and alternative surgical strategies may be necessary to prevent recurrence.     

Immunocytochemical identification of Müller's glia as a component of human epiretinal membranes

Sections of seven human epiretinal membranes of diverse pathologic origin were labeled with antibodies to cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP) and two intermediate filament proteins: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. All of the membranes studied contained heterogeneous cell populations that exhibited diverse morphologic characteristics. Double labeling with both anti-GFAP and anti-CRALBP positively identified one of the cellular components in these membranes as Müller's glia. In addition, other epiretinal cells exhibited immunolabeling patterns consistent with those found in fibrous astrocytes and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells normally. The results demonstrate that a double-labeling method using CRALBP antibodies, in combination with antibodies to other appropriate antigens, can be used to distinguish between the different epiretinal cell types.     

人胚胎视网膜来源神经干细胞体外培养尝试

目的从人胚胎视网膜中分离、培养神经干细胞。方法人16～20周胚胎视网膜制备的单细胞悬液,分别在无血清和有血清条件下进行体外培养,采用免疫荧光法检测培养的细胞对nestin和视网膜终末细胞抗原的表达,采用RT—PCR方法和实时荧光定量PCR法检测诱导前后细胞nestin基因在mRNA水平的表达差异。结果可从人胚胎视网膜神经感觉层中培养出神经干细胞。该细胞具有自我复制能力,表达nestin,经不同条件诱导后细胞表达视网膜视杆细胞、无长突细胞、双极细胞、节细胞和米勒细胞等标志。诱导后细胞nestin基因表达量较诱导前细胞明显降低。结论人胚胎视网膜神经感觉层中存在具有自我更新能力和多分化潜能的神经干细胞。（中华眼科杂志,2005,41：847-852）     

胎儿视网膜前体细胞的分离培养

目的建立视网膜前体细胞的培养方法。方法分离8~12周流产胎儿的视网膜神经上皮细胞，采用悬浮和贴壁两种方法分别进行培养和传代，取传代细胞用含5%胎牛血清的、无碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）的培养基诱导分化培养14 d，并采用免疫荧光法检测培养细胞诱导分化前后前体细胞和视网膜终末细胞标记物表达的改变。结果悬浮培养的细胞形成神经球并表达神经干细胞的标记物巢蛋白nestin，但无法成功传代扩增；贴壁培养的细胞可连续传代并表达nestin，传代细胞诱导分化后表达视网膜终末细胞的标记物胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、β微管蛋白(β-tubulin)和恢复蛋白recoverin。结论从8～12周的人胚胎视网膜神经上皮分离培养的视网膜前体细胞具有体外扩增和多分化潜能。（中华眼底病杂志，2007，23：98-100）