青石棉污染区农民恶性肿瘤死亡率的回顾队列调查

目的：了解在生活环境中接触低浓度青石棉、农民患恶性肿瘤,特别是间皮瘤和肺癌之间的关系。方法：采用回顾队列调查方法对青石棉污染区的农民进行恶性肿瘤死亡率的调查,以该县无石棉污染的农民为对照,结果：观察组有5人死于间皮瘤死亡率为36．46／10万人年,而对照组无1例发生;肺癌死亡率为43．75／10万人年,与对照组比较,差别有非常显著性意义（P＜0．001）,结论：间皮瘤死亡率在青石棉污染区很高,青石棉与间皮瘤,肺癌之间存在很强的病因学联系。     

某煤气厂附近居民罹患肿瘤情况10年回顾调查

[目的]了解1991～2000年期间某煤气厂附近居民罹患肿瘤情况及与煤气厂周围空气主要污染物的关系. [方法]运用环境医学理论方法,对煤气厂的排污及周围空气质量跟踪监测,应用死亡率、标化死亡率、截缩标化发病率、相对危险度RR、SMR分析煤气厂附近居民肿瘤发病及死亡情况. [结果]10年间煤气厂的生产规模扩大周围空气污染物浓度也较10年前明显增加,1991～2000年观察组居民肿瘤发病率、死亡率高于对照组RR＞1,SMR肿瘤=1.88,较对照组高出1.88倍且观察组肺部鼻咽肿瘤居多,对照组消化系统肿瘤居多,主要污染物SO2浓度、TSP与当地居民肿瘤死亡率呈正相关. [结论]煤气厂周围SO2浓度、TSP浓度增加附近居民罹患肿瘤的危险.     

2004-2005年山东省女性乳腺癌死亡率调查

[目的]通过对乳腺癌死亡资料分析,掌握山东省乳腺癌的死亡水平及变化趋势。[方法]利用山东省第三次死因调查资料．对山东省2004-2005年乳腺癌死亡病例进行分析,对其死亡特点和趋势进行描述和分析。[结果]2004～2005年山东省女性乳腺癌的粗死亡率为6．62／10万,中国人口标化死亡率为5．44／10万,世界人口标化死亡率为5．68／10万．处于中等水平。死亡率城市高于农村,经济发达的沿海地区高于内陆地区。死亡率随年龄增高而增高。20世纪90年代以来,死亡率迅速上升,主要是人口因素和非人口因素共同作用的结果。[结论]山东省女性乳腺癌死亡率处于中等水平但上升迅速,必须引起重视,加强其预防和干预。     

扬州市恶性肿瘤死亡率横断面调查分析

扬州市７０年代到９０年代开展了３次慢性非传染怀疾病死亡调查,结果发现恶性肿瘤死亡率呈递增趋势,县占总死亡率的比例也不断上升,其中胃癌居恶性肿瘤死亡率之首,其后依次为食道癌、肝癌、肺癌（死亡率上升趋势最快）;宫颈癌、白血病死亡率呈下降趋势。     

30年职工死亡原因回顾性调查

本文对杭州红雷丝织厂,1965年9月至1994年9月30年来职工死亡病因,进行回顾性调查分析,以利加强防治工作.     

海门市32个乡镇25年肝癌死亡率动态分析

本文报导了海门市１９６８￣１９９２年肝癌的流行趋势和死亡率分布特征，１９９２年男性肝癌死亡率标化死亡率分别为１００．８６／１０万与６５．００／１０万，死亡率东部，南部明显高于西部与北部，上下限值落差度为３．５：１，各乡镇肝癌死亡率同步增长，并讨论了肝癌流行的背景因素与防治研究模式。     

1990—1992年广西糖尿病死亡率分析

本文根据１９９０￣１９９２年广西随机抽样１０个市县的死因调查资料，分析广西糖尿病死亡率及流行病学特征。并对糖尿病的流行趋势及防治措施进行讨论。     

常熟市矽肺病10年回顾调查

矽肺病是一种严重危害劳动者健康的职业病，也是我市的主要职业病，为了更好地贯彻《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》，预防矽肺病，保障接尘人员的健康，笔者现将我市1998—2007年10年间矽肺病的发病情况进行分析。     

A retrospective cohort mortality study on workers of two thermoelectric power plants: fourteen-year follow-up results

Although many studies have been performed to evaluate the environmental impact of coal energy production, few studies are available on the health risk for the people working in coal power plants. A retrospective cohort study was performed on the workers of two power plants near Venice (which use coal since 1968) in order to test the association between exposure to coal dust and ashes and mortality for all causes, all cancers, and respiratory and digestive cancer.One thousand three hundred seven male workers were followed up from 1968 to 1984. During this period 41 workers died; causes of death were collected from the local Mortality Registers and/or from the Hospital Records. The observed mortality of the study cohort was compared with the mortality expected from the Italian death rates in the same period.No Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) was found in excess in the working cohort with respect to the standard population for any of the investigated effects.     

我国北方两卷烟厂职工死亡回顾性调查

为分析烟草尘对卷烟厂职工恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病死亡专率的影响，采用回顾性队列研究的方法，对河南、黑龙江两省某两卷烟厂１９８２～１９９４年间在册的职工进行恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病死因分析。以队列成员中的非暴露于烟草尘组为内对照，比较两组间的各死因死亡专率的差异。结果表明：男、女职工暴露组的恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病死亡专率均显著高于非暴露组。按接触烟草水平分为非接触组、低剂量接触组和高剂量接触组分析发现：恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病死亡与其暴露烟草尘水平可能存在剂量－效应关系。提示：接触烟草尘可能是恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病死亡的危险因素。吸烟和接触烟草尘的协同作用分析表明：吸烟和接触烟草尘对恶性肿瘤、呼吸系疾病可能存在协同作用。     

Cancer mortality among man-made graphite electrode manufacturing workers: results of a 38 year follow up

Background and Aims: To examine the risk for cancer mortality among workers exposed to coal tar and coal tar pitch volatiles in a man-made graphite electrode factory. The risk for cancer mortality in this type of factory is still inconclusive, although coal tar and coal tar pitch are recognised as human carcinogens.     

All-cause and cause specific mortality in a cohort of 20 000 construction workers; results from a 10 year follow up

Background: Construction workers are potentially exposed to many health hazards, including human carcinogens such as asbestos, silica, and other so-called "bystander" exposures from shared work places. The construction industry is also a high risk trade with respect to accidents.

Methods: A total of 19 943 male employees from the German construction industry who underwent occupational health examinations between 1986 and 1992 were followed up until 1999/2000.

Results: A total of 818 deaths occurred during the 10 year follow up (SMR 0.71; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.76). Among those were 299 deaths due to cancer (SMR 0.89; 95% CI 0.79 to 1.00) and 312 deaths due to cardiovascular diseases (SMR 0.59; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.68). Increased risk of mortality was found for non-transport accidents (SMR 1.61; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.27), especially due to falls (SMR 1.87; 95% CI 1.18 to 2.92) and being struck by falling objects (SMR 1.90; 95% CI 0.88 to 3.64). Excess mortality due to non-transport accidents was highest among labourers and young and middle-aged workers. Risk of getting killed by falling objects was especially high for foreign workers (SMR 4.28; 95% CI 1.17 to 11.01) and labourers (SMR 6.01; 95% CI 1.63 to 15.29).

Conclusion: Fatal injuries due to falls and being struck by falling objects pose particular health hazards among construction workers. Further efforts are necessary to reduce the number of fatal accidents and should address young and middle-aged, semi-skilled and foreign workers, in particular. The lower than expected cancer mortality deserves careful interpretation and futher follow up of the cohort.

     

Mortality study of ethylene oxide workers in chemical manufacturing: a 10 year update.

Men assigned to units producing ethylene oxide by the chlorohydrin or direct oxidation processes and to other departments using ethylene oxide in two chemical plants were followed up for mortality from 1940 to 1988 (n = 1896). Based on findings from a previous study of these workers to the end of 1978, which identified confounding exposures, workers assigned to one unit with low ethylene oxide exposure potential were excluded (n = 278). Average duration of exposure was over five years and average follow up was 27 years, with all subjects at least 10 years from first exposure. The data did not support associations of ethylene oxide with all cancer types combined, leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, or brain, pancreatic, or stomach cancers. There were also no duration-response trends. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for total cancer was 86 (95% confidence interval 71-104) and did not increase for those hired the earliest and with long duration assignments. The results of this 10 year update and those of other recent studies of ethylene oxide workers do not confirm findings from animal studies and are not consistent with the earliest results reported among ethylene oxide workers.     

Mortality of workers exposed to ethylene oxide: extended follow up of a British cohort

Aims: To obtain further information about the risks of cancer associated with occupational exposure to ethylene oxide

Methods: Follow up was extended by 13 years for a cohort of 2876 men and women with definite or potential exposure to ethylene oxide in the chemical industry or in hospital sterilising units. Subjects were traced through National Health Service and social security records, and their mortality was compared with that expected from rates in the national population by the person-years method.

Results: Analysis was based on 565 deaths, of which 339 had occurred during the additional period of follow up. Mortality was close to or below expectation for all causes (565 deaths v 607.6 expected), all cancers (188 v 184.2), and for all specific categories of malignancy including stomach cancer (10 v 11.6), breast cancer (11 v 13.2), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (7 v 4.8), and leukaemia (5 v 4.6). All five deaths from leukaemia occurred in the subset of subjects with greatest potential for exposure to ethylene oxide, but even in this group the excess of deaths was small (2.6 expected).

Conclusions: The balance of evidence from this and other epidemiological investigations indicates that any risk of human cancer from ethylene oxide is low, particularly at the levels of occupational exposure that have occurred in Britain over recent decades. This may reflect the capacity of human cells to repair DNA damage caused by the chemical, which is a potent genotoxin and animal carcinogen.

     

青石棉污染区恶性肿瘤死亡率10年回顾队列研究

为了探讨环境低浓度石棉接触对居民恶性肿瘤尤其是肺癌和间皮瘤发生绎大姚县部门青石棉污染区３０岁以上的农村居民进行了１０年回顾性队列调查。队列人数为３３６３人,其中男１５０３人,女１８６０人。对照选用石青石棉污染的该县龙街乡农民和远离该县２３０多公里的禄丰县金山镇农民居民共７６３９人,观察期９年。     

Older workers in the construction industry: results of a routine health examination and a five year follow up.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the health status of older construction workers and the occurrence of early retirement due to disability or of mortality within a five year follow up. METHODS: Firstly, a cross sectional study was performed among 4958 employees in the German construction industry, aged 40-64 years, who underwent standardised routine occupational health examinations in 1986-8. The study population included plumbers, carpenters, painters/varnishers, plasterers, unskilled workers, and white collar workers (control group). Job specific prevalence and age adjusted relative prevalence were calculated for hearing loss, abnormal findings at lung auscultation, reduced forced expiratory volume, increased diastolic blood pressure, abnormalities in the electrocardiogram, increased body mass index, hypercholesterolaemia, increased liver enzymes, abnormal findings in an examination of the musculoskeletal system, and abnormalities of the skin. Secondly, follow up for disability and all cause mortality was ascertained between 1992 and 1994 (mean follow up period = 4.5 y). Job specific crude rates were calculated for the occurrence of early retirement due to disability and for all cause mortality. With Cox's proportional hazards model, job specific relative risks, adjusted for age, nationality, and smoking were obtained. RESULTS: Compared with the white collar workers, a higher prevalence of hearing deficiencies, signs of obstructive lung diseases, increased body mass index, and musculoskeletal abnormalities were found among the construction workers at the baseline exam. During the follow up period, 141 men died and 341 men left the labour market due to disability. Compared with white collar workers, the construction workers showed a 3.5 to 8.4-fold increased rate of disability (P < 0.05 for all occupational groups) and a 1.2 to 2.1-fold increased all cause mortality (NS). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the need and possibilities for further health promotion in workers employed in the construction industry, targeting both work related conditions and personal lifestyle factors. Rehabilitation measures should be enforced to limit the rate of disability among construction workers.     

Mortality of inhabitants in an area polluted by cadmium: 15 year follow up.

OBJECTIVE--To assess the influence of environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd) on long term outcome of inhabitants living in an area polluted by Cd. METHODS--A follow up study for 15 years (from 1974-5 to 1991) was carried out on 2408 inhabitants (amounting to 95% of the target population, 1079 men and 1329 women) of the Kakehashi River basin in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. These inhabitants had been the subjects of the health impact survey in 1974-5 to evaluate (by measurement of urinary retinol binding protein (RBP)) renal dysfunction induced by Cd. Analysis of mortality was performed by dividing subjects into a urinary RBP positive (> or = 4 mg/l) group and RBP negative (< 4 mg/l) group. RESULTS--After adjustment for age with Cox's proportional hazard model, RBP > or = 4 mg/l showed a significant relation to mortality in both sexes. At this time, the mortality risk ratio of the RBP positive to negative group was 1.71 in the men and 1.42 in the women. When the SMRs according to causes of deaths in the RBP positive group were compared with those of the RBP negative group or the overall Japanese population increases of SMR for cardiovascular diseases, especially heart failure, and renal diseases were found in both sexes. CONCLUSION--These results suggest that the prognosis of the exposed inhabitants with renal tubular dysfunction is unfavourable, and these increases of mortality are due to heart failure and renal diseases.     

Latex allergy: a follow up study of 1040 healthcare workers

Background

Natural rubber latex allergy can cause skin and respiratory symptoms The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of latex related symptoms and sensitisation among a large group of healthcare workers in Trieste hospitals, followed for three years before and after the introduction of powder‐free gloves with low latex release.

Methods

In the years 1997–99 the authors evaluated 1040 healthcare workers exposed to latex allergen for latex related symptoms and sensitisation by means of a questionnaire, a medical examination, skin prick tests, and IgE specific antibody assay. The second evaluation was carried out in the years 2000–02, subsequent to the changeover to a powder‐free environment.

Results

Glove related symptoms were seen in 21.8% of the nurses (227), mostly consisting of mild dermatitis: 38 (3.6%) complaining of contact urticaria and 24 (2.3%) of asthma and/or rhinitis. These symptoms were significantly related to skin prick tests positive to latex (OR = 9.70; 95% CI 5.5 to 17) and to personal atopy (OR = 2.29; 95% CI 1.6 to 3.2). Follow up was completed in 960 subjects (92.3%): 19 new subjects (2.4%) complained of itching erythema when using gloves, but none was prick positive to latex. Symptoms significantly improved and in most cases disappeared (p<0.0001).

Conclusions

Simple measures such as the avoidance of unnecessary glove use, the use of non‐powdered latex gloves by all workers, and use of non‐latex gloves by sensitised subjects can stop the progression of latex symptoms and can avoid new cases of sensitisation.