Utility and limitations of splanchnic venous ultrasonography in diagnosis of portal hypertension

The splanchnic venous system was examined by real-time ultrasonography in 46 patients with cirrhosis and documented portal hypertension and in 32 healthy subjects. Patients with portal hypertension had increased diameter of the splanchnic (portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric) veins (76% of patients), attenuation of the normal inspiratory increase in vein size (59%), and demonstrable portasystemic collateral vessels (umbilical or coronary veins or spontaneous splenorenal shunt) (44%). Splanchnic venous dimensions were significantly increased and changed less with respiration in patients with demonstrable portasystemic collaterals as compared to patients without these vessels. Portal pressure correlated only mildly with portal vein diameter (r = 0.30, p less than 0.05). Ultrasound abnormalities are present in a majority of patients with intrahepatic portal hypertension. However, because increased venous diameter and attenuated change in diameter with respiration are less frequent in patients lacking demonstrable portasystemic collaterals, the sensitivity of the test is least in those patients in whom its specificity is also limited.     

肝硬化静脉曲张出血患者门静脉血栓的临床特征

目的 探讨肝硬化伴食管胃静脉曲张出血（GVB）患者门静脉血栓（PVT）的发生情况及临床特征。方法 回顾性分析2015至2017年复旦大学附属中山医院收治的肝硬化伴GVB患者的临床资料，根据门静脉CT检查结果，将纳入的患者分为PVT组和无PVT组。比较两组实验室检查指标、肝静脉压力梯度（HVPG）和胃镜特征等。采用多因素logistic回归分析评估PVT的独立相关因素。结果 共纳入356例患者，其中117例（32.9%）有PVT。与无PVT组相比，PVT组脾切除率、白细胞计数、血小板计数和D-二聚体水平更高，血红蛋白水平更低（P<0.05）;PVT组重度食管静脉曲张和伴有红色征的食管静脉曲张发生率更高（P<0.05）。两组HVPG差异无统计学意义。多因素logistic分析显示，白细胞计数增加、D-二聚体水平升高和重度食管静脉曲张与PVT发生独立相关（P<0.05）。结论 肝硬化伴GVB患者PVT发生率较高；该类PVT患者机体炎症和促凝水平更高，伴有更严重的门静脉高压。     

Application of transmesenteric vein extrahepatic portosystemic shunt in treatment of symptomatic portal hypertension with cavernous transformation of portal vein

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a transmesenteric vein extrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TmEPS) for the treatment of cavernous transformation of the portal vein(CTPV).Materials and methods: The clinical data of 20 patients with CTPV who underwent TmEPS between December 2020and January 2022 at Henan Provincial People’s Hospital were retrospectively collected. The superior mesenteric vein(SMV) trunk was patent or partially occluded in these patients. An extrahepatic portosystem...     

Sonographic demonstration of portal venous system thromboses secondary to inflammatory diseases of the pancreas

Sonographic demonstration of abdominal venous thromboses subsequent to pancreatic benign inflammatory diseases has been seldom reported up to now. Seven cases of thromboses of the portal venous system associated with acute or chronic pancreatitis are reported. All cases were detected by sonography in patients without clinical manifestations of portal hypertension. Echogenic thrombus within the lumen of the vein was observed only in the short-term follow-up of acute pancreatitis. Cavernomatous transformation was observed in 6 patients with long-term calcifying pancreatitis. Extrinsic compression by pseudocyst of the pancreas was observed in only 1 case. In all the other cases, thromboses seems to be secondary to local inflammatory phenomena during previous episodes of acute pancreatitis.     

Effects of a meal on normal and hypertensive portal venous system: A quantitative ultrasonographic assessment

A prospective sonographic study was undertaken in ageand sex-matched normal subjects and patients with portal hypertension to evaluate the effects of a meal on the portal venous system. Postprandial increase in portal vessel diameters was proved to be statistically significant in normal individuals, with mean variations of 27.9% (16–60%), 46.5% (25–83%), and 45.2% (20–75%), respectively, for portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric veins. In contrast, this effect was insignificant in the hypertensive portal venous system. A diminished meal-related caliber variation in portal, splenic, and mesenteric veins less than 16%, 25%, and 20%, respectively, could be diagnostic of portal hypertension.     

肝硬化门静脉血栓形成的危险因素分析

目的 分析肝硬化门静脉血栓(PVT)形成的独立危险因素,并建立实用性强、适用性广的无创预测模型以期为肝硬化PVT形成防治提供参考依据.方法 回顾性分析西南医科大学附属医院2018年9月至2020年4月收治的肝硬化符合纳入排除标准者353例,60例合并PVT患者为PVT组,随机选择同期120例无PVT患者为对照组,对可能...     

Spontaneous rupture of the spleen complicating portal hypertension

A 54-year-old male with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and hepatic coma grade IV is described, who succumbed as a result of spontaneous rupture of the spleen. A relationship to portal hypertension is suggested, although haemorrhagic diathesis and sepsis may have been contributing factors.     

肝内动脉扩张：肝癌并发门脉栓子的一个重要特点

本文应用彩色多普勒血流显像对１１３例肝癌及５１例肝癌合并门脉栓子的肝内动脉显示情况进行分析，结果示：左或右肝动脉分支血流显示率：肝癌７８．７％，无一例显示三支以上。肝癌合并门脉栓子时显示率９０％，明显高于前者，显示三支以上者占６０％。门脉完全阻塞时肝内动脉血流显示率１００％，显示三支以上者占８４．８％；部分阻塞显示率７１％，三支以上者占２３％，二组比较，差别显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：肝癌合并门静脉栓子可引起明显的肝内动脉扩张，门脉阻塞越重，扩张越明显     

介入断流术治疗肝硬化门脉高压合并上消化道出血的疗效分析(附11例报告)

目的通过对肝硬化门静脉高压并发上消化道大出血的患者采用经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞术联合部分脾栓塞治疗,评价其对肝硬化门静脉高压并发上消化道大出血的疗效。方法回顾性分析11例肝硬化门静脉高压并发上消化道大出血采用介入断流术治疗的病例资料,测定治疗前后门静脉的压力、门静脉的内径及血小板的变化情况,并进行随访观察以判定疗效。结果本组患者介入操作成功率和即时止血率均为100%;胃冠状静脉栓塞前、胃冠状静脉栓塞后和脾动脉栓塞后的门静脉压力分别为:(37.24±4.02)、(40.38±4.15)和(26.33±4.14)cmH_2O,胃冠状静脉栓塞前后门静脉压力比较,(P=0.088);脾动脉栓塞后与胃冠状静脉栓塞前门静脉压力比较,(P0.001);介入断流术治疗前和治疗后两周B超测量的门静脉内径为:(1.39±0.16)cm、(1.39±0.15)cm,治疗前后门静脉内径比较,(P=0.97);介入断流术治疗前和治疗后两周的血小板数为:(59.36±16.91)×10~9/L、(173.64±55.47)×10~9/L,治疗前后血小板数比较,(P0.001)。结论介入断流术止血效果迅速可靠,即时降低了门静脉压力,并逐步改善外周血情况,是治疗肝硬化门静脉高压合并上消化道出血的一种安全有效手段。     

彩超诊断门脉癌栓

目的　观察肝癌门脉癌栓的超声影像特征。方法　应用彩色多普勒超声对 44例肝癌合并门脉癌栓的患者进行二维及彩色多普勒图像观察。结果　门脉癌栓好发于门脉主干、主干及右支 ,主干及左右支 ;弥漫型、巨块型肝癌多见 ,其中 11例门脉癌栓呈海绵样变。肝动脉扩张明显。结论　二维超声及彩色多普勒超声不但有利于门脉癌栓的检出 ,还有利于弥漫型肝癌的诊断     

肝硬化门脉高压患者入肝血流的超声评价

目的观测肝硬化门脉高压患者入肝血管(肝动脉、门静脉)血流动力学,探讨其与Child-Pugh肝功能分级、临床预后的关系.方法应用彩色多普勒超声分别检测35例正常健康人和37例肝硬化门脉高压患者的人肝血管的血流参数,分析肝硬化门脉高压入肝血管血流动力学参数与肝硬化分级关系.结果肝硬化门脉高压患者门静脉内径增宽,血流速度下降,充血指数增高,肝动脉血流阻力增高,与对照组有明显差异;肝硬化门脉高压患者Child-Pugh肝功能分级与门静脉内径无显著差异(P＞0.05),Child C级门静脉血流量显著减少,Child肝功能分级与门静脉的充血指数有关.结论测定入肝血管血流动力学参数有助于判断肝硬变门脉高压症的预后,为临床诊治提供依据.     

实时灰阶超声造影评价肝移植术前门脉系统栓子的价值

目的探讨实时灰阶超声造影在肝移植术前门脉系统栓子诊断及良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值。方法应用SonoVue造影剂及对比脉冲序列（CPS）技术对37例肝移植术前门脉系统栓子患者,共84条血管进行低机械指数实时灰阶超声造影检查。结果经过肝移植手术或螺旋CT门静脉成像证实,78条血管栓子形成（瘤栓50个,血栓28个）,6条血管通畅。超声造影诊断门脉系统栓子的敏感性98.7%,特异性100%,以栓子内动脉相早期造影剂灌注为标准,诊断门脉系统瘤栓的敏感性100%,特异性100%。结论实时灰阶超声造影可评价肝移植术前门脉系统的通畅性,提高栓子的检出率,并可鉴别栓子的良恶性,为肝移植手术方案的确定提供重要准确的信息。     

全植入式药泵肝动脉、门静脉双途径灌注化疗治疗中晚期肝癌20例报告

本文报道20例经手术探查不能切除的中、晚期肝癌患者,采用全植入式药泵(DDS)经肝动脉,(?)静脉双途径灌注化疗,获较满意疗效。经治疗3疗程后,20例中15例肿瘤有不同程度缩小,有2例肿瘤明显缩小而行二期切除。术后平均生存期10个月,0.5、1和2年生存率分别为70％、37％、和25％,有1例已有活3年以上。患者生存期明显延长,生存质量提高。结果表明该方法治疗不能切除的中、晚期肝癌是一种安全、简便而有效的方法。     

门静脉营养对肝硬化、门静脉高压的影响

目的 探讨门静脉营养在治疗肝硬化、门脉高压症中的作用。方法 将80例入组患者随机分为两组,对照组40,仅予以常规周围静脉肝营养液输入;研究组40,于术后第1d给予肝营养液门静脉内缓慢输入。两组于术后1、2、4w分别检查血清谷丙转氨酶、胆红素及白蛋白,研究组于术中、术后检测自由门静脉压(FPP)。结果 术后1、2、4w血清谷丙转氨酶、血清胆红素下降速度及血清白蛋白升高速度均较对照组快,4w末肝功复常率两组比较差异存在显著性(P<0.05)。研究组术后早期FPP升高,术后随着肝功恢复及侧支循环的建立,FPP逐渐回落。结论 门静脉营养在肝硬化、门脉高压症治疗中,能短时间内较快恢复肝功。肝营养液门静脉内缓慢输入法具有疗效可靠,操作安全等特点。     

门静脉癌栓的彩色多普勒血流显像

目的 探讨彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)在肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的诊断价值。方法 应用CDFI对28例肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的肝内血流进行分析。结果 CDFI能准确显示全部病例的门静脉出现异常血流信号；血流变细或充盈缺损，斑点状血流束等，89％的病例出现肝内动脉扩张。结论 本认为CDFI对肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的诊断提供重要帮助。     

能量多普勒显像和彩色多普勒血流显像对肝癌并发门脉栓子的对比研究

本文应用能量多普勒显像（ＰＤＩ）及彩色多普勒血流显像（ＣＤＦＩ）探查了２９例肝癌并发门脉栓子的患者，结果示：在增益、脉冲重复频率及壁滤波相同的情况下，ＰＤＩ对门脉不同状态的血流信号：血流束变细、充盈缺损或线状血流束的显示较ＣＤＦＩ清晰，特别是血流束的边界。在降低脉冲重复频率以及增益的情况下，可使部分间断的血流信号连接起来，并能显示ＣＤＦＩ所不能显示的细小血流信号。由于ＰＤＩ不能显示血流的方向和速度，故对门脉内返流血流、侧支循环血流及肝内放射状扩张的小动脉血流不能提示其性质     

肝动脉搏动指数在肝硬化门静脉高压中的应用价值

目的 探讨肝动脉搏动指数(HA-PI)在肝硬化门静脉高压中的应用价值。方法 对50例肝硬化门静脉高压患者和30例健康患者作肝动脉搏动指数检测。结果 病例组HA-PI为1.47±0.19,健康组为1.08±0.13,病例组HA-PI明显高于健康组(P<0.001)。结论 HA-PI在肝硬化门静脉高压中将有重要临床应用价值。     

Paraumbilical collateral veins on MRI as possible protection against portal venous thrombosis in candidates for liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: We retrospectively evaluate the potential protective influence of patent paraumblical vein (PUV) collaterals against portal vein (PV) thrombosis and reduced PV diameter in candidates for orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) METHODS: Dynamic 3D contrast-enhanced MRI at 1.5T was obtained in 309 patients with cirrhosis without evidence of malignancy. All MR studies were reviewed by one reader for PUV collaterals, PV thrombosis and PV diameter. Statistical analysis was performed by Fisher exact tests; 50 selected studies were reviewed independently by two additional readers to determine interobserver agreement via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: Patent PUV was noted in 119 of 309 patients (38.5%). Mean PV diameter was 13.4 +/- 3.0 mm in patients with PUV compared with 11.3 +/- 3.6 mm without PUV (P < 0.01). Main PV thrombosis was present in 13 of 309 patients (4.2%) and significantly more frequent in those without PUV than with PUV (6.3% vs. 0.8%, P < 0.05). ICC indicated almost perfect agreement among three readers for presence of PUV collaterals (ICC = 0.91) and PV thrombosis (ICC = 0.96). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that patients with patent PUV appear less likely to develop main PV thrombosis or small PV diameter, suggesting a protective effect of PUV on PV patency.     

进餐对肝硬化患者门静脉血流动力学影响的超声研究

目的 通过超声检查了解进餐对肝硬化患者门静脉主干血流(PVF),肠系膜上静脉血流(SMVF)和脾静脉血流(SVF)血流动力学的影响.方法 分别在空腹,餐后30、60、90、120 min,测定门静脉主干,肠系膜上静脉和脾静脉的血流速度和血管内经,并计算每公斤体质量血流量.结果 空腹状态下,肝硬化组SVF与对照组相比显著增大(P＜0.05).对照组SMVF SVF要低于PVF,而肝硬化组SMVF SVF要大于PVF,并且大于对照组SMVF SVF(P＜0.05).餐后,无论肝硬化组还是对照组餐后90min内各个时间的PVF和SMVF均较空腹时明显增加(P＜0.05).餐后对照组SMVF SVF仍低于PVF,肝硬化组餐后SMVF SVF增大更明显(P＜0.05).结论 肝硬化患者,餐前肝外门脉系统已存在门体分流.餐后SMVF增加使更多的门脉血通过侧支循环直接进入体循环,造成侧支循环血量增加,故认为肝硬化患者进餐所造成的肝外侧支循环血流增加,对食管胃底静脉曲张出血的防治有重要意义.