复杂肱骨近端骨折人工肱骨头置换术中肩袖重建的长期疗效观察

目的探讨Neer 3、4部分肱骨近端骨折人工肱骨头置换术中肩袖重建的远期临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2001-01—2012-12采用人工肱骨头置换术治疗的25例Neer 3、4部分肱骨近端骨折。术前测量健侧大结节最低点至肱骨头最高点的距离,术中尽量解剖复位肱骨大、小结节,合理控制假体高度及后倾角度,尽可能修复重建损伤肩袖,术后分阶段康复锻炼。结果本组22例获得有效随访,随访时间平均120(49~190)个月。末次随访时ASES评分为80~92(86.28±3.36)分,肩关节内旋至T10水平,患肢主动前屈上举125°~135°,外旋36°~42°。1例合并臂丛神经损伤者术后肩关节功能恢复满意。结论对于骨折端无法良好复位、肱骨头缺血性坏死可能性大的复杂肱骨近端骨折,人工肱骨头置换同时进行精细的肩袖重建可以获得无痛和良好运动范围的肩关节。     

肱骨头置换加锚钉线重建肩袖治疗老年Neer四部分肱骨近端骨折

目的 探讨肱骨头置换加锚钉线重建肩袖治疗老年Neer四部分肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效。方法 采用肱骨头置换加锚钉线重建肩袖治疗34例老年Neer四部分肱骨近端骨折患者。记录手术情况、末次随访时肩关节活动度,采用Neer评分评价肩关节功能。结果 患者均获得随访,时间6～18个月。术后X线片显示,34例肱骨头假体位置良好,肩关节对应关系良好。术后6个月X线片显示,28例大、小结节骨痂形成;6例大、小结节未见骨痂形成,考虑与患者年龄较大、骨质疏松有关。末次随访时,采用Neer评分评价肩关节功能：优12例,良19例,可3例,优良率为91.18%;34例肱骨头假体位置良好,肩关节对应关系良好,肱骨大、小结节均愈合;肩关节活动度：前屈上举84°～110°(97°±13°),水平位内旋68°～86°(77°±9°)、外旋60°～70°(65°±5°)。结论 肱骨头置换加锚钉线重建肩袖治疗老年Neer四部分肱骨近端骨折是一种安全、有效的手术方法。     

人工肱骨头置换术治疗复杂性肱骨近端骨折

[目的]探讨人工肱骨头置换术治疗肱骨近端复杂性骨折的临床疗效.[方法]35例肱骨近端复杂性骨折患者施行人工肱骨头置换术,手术全部采用骨水泥型人工肱骨头假体.手术前后均对患者的肩关节功能进行UCLA评分.[结果]35例患者随访31～63个月(平均52个月),UCLA评分优(34～35分)10例,良(28～33分)21例,中(21～27分)4例,无差病例.术后肩关节活动范围上举(90.6±8.3)°,外旋(64.5±6.5)°,内旋(72.5±5.3)°.病人主观均较满意.所有病例大小结节均愈合,未发现假体松动、感染、脱位等并发症.[结论]严格掌握手术适应证,重建肱骨近端正常解剖和实现大、小结节骨折块的坚强固定,规范的肩关节功能康复锻炼,是人工肱骨头置换术获得满意疗效的关键.     

两种术式治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的近期疗效

目的探讨切开复位内固定与人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的近期临床疗效。方法对65例肱骨近端骨折患者采用切开复位内固定(固定组,33例)和人工肱骨头置换(置换组,32例)治疗。比较两组术后3个月及末次随访时肩关节前屈上举、外展、外旋功能;应用疼痛VAS评分、ASES评分以及Constant评分系统对两组肩关节功能进行综合评价。结果患者均获得1年随访。术后3个月,肩关节前屈上举、外展、外旋功能以及VAS、ASES、Constant评分置换组均明显优于固定组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.001)。末次随访时,肩关节前屈上举、外展、外旋功能以及VAS、ASES、Constant评分两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论切开复位内固定及人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端骨折均可获得较为理想的治疗效果,但人工肱骨头置换可更好地缓解疼痛,更早地获得较好的肩关节活动度。     

人工肱骨头置换术治疗老年肱骨近端四部分骨折

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换术在治疗老年肱骨近端四部分骨折中的作用。方法对7例老年肱骨近端四部分骨折行肱骨头假体置换术,术后按美国肩肘关节医师学会肩关节评分系统进行疗效评价。结果7例均获随访,时间为7~24个月。患肩无明显疼痛,患肩关节上举、内旋、外旋、完成五项日常生活能力,总体恢复满意。结论老年肱骨近端四部分骨折采取人工肱骨头置换术短期效果优良,远期效果需要进一步随访。     

新改良McLaughlin技术治疗肩关节后脱位

目的探讨新改良McLaughlin技术治疗肩关节后脱位的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2013-01—2014-06采用新改良McLaughlin技术治疗的7例肩关节后脱位。取肩关节前侧入路,将头静脉牵向内侧并保护,将胸大肌向内侧牵开,三角肌向外侧牵开显露肱骨近端;切开肩胛下肌,标记其两端。将肩胛下肌近侧牵向内侧,显露骨折,骨膜剥离子橇拨复位肱骨头;若合并肱骨近端骨折,复位骨折,选用接骨板系统或者空心钉固定骨折。结果 7例均获得随访12~24个月,平均18.28个月。骨折均一期愈合,愈合时间7~14周,平均10.14周。1例术后复查X线片显示患侧肱骨骨折对位良好,肱骨头向后半脱位;末次随访时肩关节活动度:前屈上举约70°,体侧外旋约20°,体侧内旋L_4水平;VAS评分4分,肩关节UCLA评分23分。其他6例术后复查X线片及CT均显示关节位置恢复正常,骨折对位对线良好;末次随访时肩关节活动度:前屈上举100°~165°,体侧外旋50°~70°,体侧内旋T_(10)~L_1水平;VAS评分0~2分,平均0.67分;肩关节UCLA评分25~33分,平均29.67分。结论新改良McLaughlin技术治疗肱骨头缺损40%且不伴有肱骨近端Neer 4部分骨折的肩关节后脱位可取得满意的临床结果,术后患者肩关节功能恢复良好。     

经三角肌前外侧入路人工肱骨头置换治疗老年Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨经三角肌前外侧入路人工肱骨头置换治疗老年Neer三、四部分骨折的可行性、方法及临床治疗效果。方法对12例60岁以上Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折患者采用经三角肌前外侧入路人工肱骨头置换术治疗。结果 12例均获随访,时间12～25(17±6.2)个月。ASES评分为77～91(87.1±5.8)分。肩关节活动度为:主动前屈上举95°～148°(130°±22.1°),主动体侧内旋角度T8～L5水平,主动体侧外旋角度25°～42°(35.2°±5.5°)。无神经损伤、异位骨化、大结节再次移位。1例伴肩关节前脱位者(Neer四部分骨折)游离脱位肱骨头取出困难,延长了手术时间并增加了术中出血。结论人工肱骨头置换是治疗老年Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折有效方法,经三角肌前外侧入路具有暴露直接、组织损伤小、术中出血少等优点,但对于伴有肩关节脱位的骨折,利用此切口有一定局限性,不建议使用。     

人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端骨折18例

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换术治疗肱骨近端骨折的手术疗效。方法对18例肱骨近端骨折行人工肱骨头置换,三部分骨折2例,肱骨头劈裂性骨折1例,四部分骨折11例,四部分骨折伴肩关节脱位4例。全部采用骨水泥型假体。结果手术时间60~90min,平均75min,出血量300~400ml,平均350ml。18例随访6~24个月,平均14个月,疼痛明显解除,按半关节成形改良评分系统SSMH综合评分,优6例,良8例,可4例,优良率78%(14/18)。肩关节活动度平均前屈上举99°(62°~164°),外旋40°(24°~50°),内旋至L2水平。1例大结节上移,1例异位骨化,1例假体松动。结论人工肱骨头置换术是治疗肱骨近端骨折有效的办法,能获得满意的关节活动度,并发症发生率低。     

人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法对8例肱骨近端粉碎性骨折(NeerⅣ型)患者行人工肱骨头置换术,术中同时修复受损的肩袖和关节囊,术后患肩早期进行功能锻炼。结果术后随访6～34个月,病人主观满意度为86.5%,肩关节疼痛评分4.6分,主动活动度:平均外展91°、前屈95°、外旋35°、内旋至L2水平,术后三角肌、肩内旋肌、外旋肌力平均为4.5、4.1、4.2分,肩关节功能评分为3.5分。X线片示肱骨头位置良好,无假体松动或断裂。结论对肱骨近端粉碎性骨折,人工肱骨头置换是一种有效的治疗方法,能明显减少术后肩关节疼痛,最大限度恢复其运动功能。     

人工半肩关节置换治疗老年肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折

目的 探讨人工半肩关节置换术在治疗老年肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折中的作用.方法 对12例老年肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折行半肩关节置换术,术后按美国肩肘关节医师学会(ASES)肩关节评分系统进行疗效评价.结果 10例获得随访,时间为6～28个月,平均14个月,患肩ASES评分平均84.6分(64～92分),肩关节活动度平均为:前屈上举118°,外旋380°术后1年7例肩关节周围各肌力基本恢复正常,日常生活能力恢复较为满意,3例肩袖肌力不足,外展、上举稍差,无一例出现假体松动、下沉及脱位.结论 老年肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折采取人工半肩关节置换术短期效果优良,远期效果需要进一步随访.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.