国产麻疹流行性腮腺炎风疹联合疫苗初免效果及免疫程序探讨

目的为观察麻疹、流行性腮腺炎(腮腺炎)、风疹联合疫苗(MMR疫苗)的安全性和免疫原性,并探讨其免疫程序.方法选择91名8月龄儿童,接种MMR疫苗,观察接种后局部反应和全身反应,并检测接种后6周血清麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹抗体阳转率和几何平均滴度(GMT).结果91名8月龄儿童接种MMR疫苗后,有8名儿童发生一过性发热,2名儿童发生皮疹,2名儿童发生局部弱反应.麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎血凝抑制(HI)抗体阳转率分别为98.61%、100.00%、74.07%,GMT分别为145.25、1248.71、14.29.结论MMR疫苗对8月龄儿童接种具有较好的安全性和免疫原性,将其初免月龄定为8月龄儿童是可行的.     

国产冻干麻疹-流行性腮腺炎-风疹联合减毒活疫苗免疫原性及安全性观察

目的观察国产冻干麻疹-流行性腮腺炎(腮腺炎)-风疹联合减毒活疫苗(MMR)的安全性及免疫原性。方法选取18~24月龄儿童210名,每名儿童接种1剂MMR,在接种后30min、6h、24h、48h、72h、7d、9d分别观察接种后临床反应,并于接种前、后6周各采集血清标本1份,用血凝抑制(HI)试验定量检测麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹IgG抗体。结果接种MMR后中、弱发热反应发生率4.29%,在1~2d内消退,无异常反应发生。免疫前麻疹HI抗体阴性儿童,免疫后抗体阳转率100%;免疫前麻疹HI抗体阳性儿童,免疫后抗体≥4倍增长率61.53%;抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)免疫后比免疫前增长3.8倍。免疫前腮腺炎HI抗体阴性儿童,免疫后抗体阳转率83.50%;免疫前腮腺炎HI抗体阳性儿童,免疫后抗体≥4倍增长率53.97%;抗体GMT免疫前1∶1.57,免疫后1∶3.52。免疫前风疹HI抗体均为阴性,免疫后抗体阳转率100%;抗体GMT 1∶487.2。免疫前、后麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹的抗体阳转率及GMT差异均有显著的统计学意义。结论国产冻干MMR具有良好的安全性和免疫原性。     

国产麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合疫苗与麻疹疫苗的免疫效果评价

目的研究探讨国产麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合疫苗(MMR)和麻疹疫苗的免疫效果差异性,为下一步更好使用联合疫苗提供依据。方法选择8月龄儿童随机分为两组,分别接种MMR疫苗和麻疹疫苗,于免前免后采血,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)定量检测接种者相应的IgG抗体水平。结果观察对象接种MMR疫苗前后麻疹IgG抗体GMT分别为1.536、27.763,抗体阳转率85.71%;另一组观察对象接种麻疹疫苗前后麻疹IgG抗体GMT为1.205、30.867,抗体阳转率82.14%,两组相比差异无统计学意义。观察对象接种MMR疫苗后风疹IgG抗体和腮腺炎IgG抗体的阳转率都在80%以上。结论国产MMR疫苗具有良好的免疫原性。     

麻疹 流行性腮腺炎 风疹联合疫苗2剂免疫的效果观察

为观察麻疹、流行性腮腺炎 (腮腺炎 )、风疹联合疫苗 (MMR) 2剂免疫的效果 ,选择 8月龄已接种 1剂麻疹疫苗、且在 12～ 18月龄已接种 1剂MMR ,无风疹疫苗及腮腺炎疫苗免疫史的健康儿童 110人 ,在 4周岁时进行第 2剂MMR免疫 ,并在免疫前和免疫后 1个月分别采集手指末梢血 0 3ml,检测麻疹IgG抗体、腮腺炎血凝抑制 (HI)抗体、风疹HI抗体。结果显示 :观察对象在 4周岁时进行第 2剂MMR免疫前 ,麻疹IgG抗体阳性率 10 0 0 0 % ,风疹HI抗体阳性率 10 0 0 0 % ,而腮腺炎HI抗体阳性率 5 8 18%。而第 2剂MMR免疫后 ,麻疹IgG抗体阳性率仍为 10 0 0 0 % ,几何平均滴度 (GMT)为 1∶2 6 78,较免疫前≥ 4倍增长率为 14 6 8% ;风疹HI抗体阳性率仍为 10 0 0 0 % ,GMT为 1∶6 11 90 ,较免疫前≥ 4倍增长率为 5 0 4 8% ;腮腺炎HI抗体阳性率为 98 0 0 % ,GMT为 1∶32 4 9,较免疫前≥ 4倍增长率为 6 9 0 9%。表明MMR 2剂的免疫效果较好 ,为了消除麻疹、风疹、先天性风疹综合征及控制腮腺炎 ,上海市应借鉴美国的经验 ,在进一步开展接种MMR流行病学效果调查的基础上 ,适时调整免疫策略 ,采取 2剂MMR接种方案。     

8月龄首剂接种国产麻疹腮腺炎风疹联合减毒活疫苗的安全性及免疫原性观察

目的观察国产麻疹腮腺炎风疹联合减毒活疫苗(MMR)对8月龄婴儿的安全性及免疫原性。方法选择8~9月龄未接种过麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹疫苗的健康儿童共77名,随机分别接种国产MMR疫苗40名和国产对照麻疹风疹减毒活疫苗(MR)37名,观察接种后的安全性及免疫原性。采用ELISA法检测血清中的麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹的IgG抗体水平。结果 77名观察对象全身反应率为6.49%,未观察到局部反应。2组疫苗免疫后麻疹抗体阳转率均为100%,MMR组腮腺炎抗体阳转率为87.50%,风疹抗体阳转率分别为82.50%和86.49%。2组疫苗免疫后麻疹抗体平均浓度分别为1714.63、和1 117.54IU/ml,抗体平均增长约627.72和12 870.35倍;MMR组腮腺炎抗体平均浓度为3 313.81U/ml,抗体平均增长分别约24.32倍;风疹抗体平均浓度分别为40.63和44.22IU/ml,抗体平均增长分别约40.63和44.22倍。2组间麻疹和风疹抗体阳转率、抗体平均浓度和平均增长倍数差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);麻疹、风疹抗体同时阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MMR疫苗对8月龄婴儿的安全性、免疫原性良好且能提供额外的腮腺炎抗体。     

江西省山区县8月龄～30岁健康人群风疹抗体水平监测及不同风疹减毒活疫苗免疫效果观察

为了解江西省山区县健康人群风疹抗体水平,为制订风疹疫苗免疫策略提供科学依据,2000年4～8月选择交通相对闭塞、人口流动相对较少的江西省山区安远县作为调查点,对8月龄～30岁健康人群采血检测风疹血球凝集抑制(HI)抗体,同时对2～4岁健康儿童接种国产BDRⅡ株风疹减毒活疫苗和进口麻疹、流行性腮腺炎、风疹(MMR)疫苗,观察其效果.共检测8月龄～30岁健康人群血清607份,阳性率57.66%,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶14.13.2～4岁儿童接种国产风疹减毒活疫苗和进口MMR疫苗后,风疹抗体阳转率均为100%,GMT分别为1∶263.95、1∶197.40,两种不同疫苗风疹HI抗体GMT差异无显著的统计学意义.     

不同厂家生产的冻干麻疹-风疹-腮腺炎三联减毒活疫苗免疫效果及安全性观察

目的 为了解不同厂家生产的冻干麻疹-风疹-腮腺炎三联减毒活疫苗免疫效果和安全性。方法 对545名18—24月龄儿童分组接种三种MMR疫苗，观察疫苗接种的安全性，并分别于免前免后采血，用微量血凝抑制法定量检测接种者的HI抗体GMT水平。结果三组观察对象接种MMR后麻疹HI抗体阳转率均在90％以上，风疹HI抗体阳转率均为100％，腮腺炎HI抗体阳转率均在80％左右，三组均无明显差异，疫苗接种后三组对象全身和局部反应轻微。结论国产与进口的三种MMR疫苗均有良好的有效性和安全性，可用于预防麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎。     

2011年北京市大兴区麻风疫苗基础免疫成功率监测结果

目的了解北京市大兴区2011年8月龄儿童接种麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗(简称麻风疫苗)后的免疫效果,为制定麻疹免疫策略提供依据。方法采集40名8月龄儿童麻风疫苗免疫前、免疫后1个月双份血标本,分别进行麻疹、风疹IgG抗体测定。结果免后麻疹抗体阳性40人,阳性率100%,GMT 1∶1 385.52;风疹抗体阳性33人,阳性率82.50%,GMT 1∶31.18。结论该区现行的麻风疫苗所包含的麻疹成分免疫原性好,风疹成分免疫效果较差,应进行风疹疫苗复种弥补。     

麻疹减毒活疫苗沪191株主种子批毒种安全性和免疫原性观察

目的评价新制备的麻疹减毒活疫苗（Measles Attenuated Live Vaccine,MV）沪191株主种子批毒种原疫苗的安全性和免疫原性。方法根据入选和排除标准,选择8～10月龄无麻疹病史、MV接种史和疫苗接种禁忌证的健康儿童,接种用沪191株主种子批毒种制备的MV0.5ml,于接种后30min、6h、24h、48h、72h、7d、14d、21d、28d观察局部和全身反应;并采集免疫前和免疫后28d血清,采用红血球凝集抑制（Hemagglutination Inhibition,HI）试验检测麻疹病毒抗体阳转率和几何平均滴度（Geometric Mean Titer,GMT）。结果受种者未见严重不良反应,免疫后28d血清中麻疹病毒HI抗体阳转率为100%,麻疹病毒抗体GMT为1：50.66。结论新制备的MV沪191株主种子批毒种疫苗,在适龄儿童中具有良好的安全性和免疫原性。     

国产BRDⅡ株风疹疫苗免疫效果观察

为观察国产风疹疫苗的免疫效果,在两个乡抽取235名2～39岁的健康人接种国产BRDⅡ株风疹疫苗,并对其中的220人在免疫前和免疫后1个月及1、2、3年采血,用半对数回归酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测风疹抗体,观察疫苗的免疫成功率及免疫持久性.结果表明该疫苗的免疫成功率为51.4%,免疫后1月血清抗体阳转率为99.5%,几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶101.37;免疫后3年血清抗体阳性率为94.3%,GMT为1∶60.40,且接种疫苗后反应轻微.说明国产BRDⅡ株风疹疫苗不但有良好的免疫原性,而且安全、稳定,可在人群中普遍推广使用.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.