筛选鉴定不稳定性心绞痛淋巴细胞差异表达基因

目的　筛选鉴定不稳定性心绞痛淋巴细胞差异表达基因 ,从分子水平探讨不稳定性心绞痛的发病机理。为不稳定性心绞痛早期诊断和潜在可能的基因治疗提供线索。方法　应用抑制性消减杂交技术筛选不稳定性心绞痛淋巴细胞和稳定性心绞痛淋巴细胞差异表达基因。将获得的顺向或逆向消减产物与 pGEM TEasyVector连接并转化大肠杆菌JM10 9,采用蓝白斑筛选和菌落PCR筛选有插入片段的克隆。将获得的菌落PCR产物分别等量点在 2张Hybond N 膜的同一位置上 ,同时与顺向消减和逆向消减产物进行斑点杂交 ,进一步筛选差异表达的cDNA片段。以获得的序列表达标签 (EST)为探针 ,与顺向消减和逆向消减产物进行反向Northern杂交 ,将获得的阳性EST测序 ,并进行同源性比较。结果　斑点杂交结果显示 :在不稳定性心绞痛组获得 93个阳性克隆 ,在稳定性心绞痛组获得 112个阳性克隆 ;反向Northern杂交结果显示 :在不稳定性心绞痛组获得 12个阳性EST ,在稳定性心绞痛组获得 2 0个阳性EST ,在各组中随机选取 5个阳性EST测序并进行同源性比较 ,全部为已知基因的部分序列。结论　这些EST与不稳定性心绞痛的发生与发展密切相关     

MPTP对小鼠和淀粉样蛋白对大鼠处理后相关脑区NAP1基因表达的影响

目的 研究1－甲基－4－苯基－1，2，3，6－四氢吡啶（MPTP）和β－淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）对小鼠或大鼠相关脑区核小体组装蛋白－1（NAP－1）基因表达的影响。方法 通过MPTP腹腔注射诱导C57BL小鼠产生类似帕金森病症状，Aβ脑室注射诱导SD大鼠产生类似阿尔茨海默病症状，利用逆转录PCR方法检测小鼠黑质与纹状体及大鼠皮质与海马NAP－1mRNA丰度的变化。结果 在小鼠中，MPTP导致黑质NAP－1基因表达显著降低，而对纹状体NAP－1的表达没有明显影响。在大鼠中，Aβ对海马与皮质NAP－1基因的表达均无明显影响。结论 NAP－1很可能参与了MPTP诱导的神经元调亡过程，但在Aβ诱发的神经元凋亡过程中可能不起作用。     

日本血吸虫（中国大陆株）成虫表达序列标签的获取及新基因的发现

运用表达序列标签(Expressed Sequence Tag,EST）技术快速、经济地发现日本血吸虫（中国大陆株）新基因。方法 随机挑取日本血吸虫（中国大陆株）成虫cDNA文库单个重组克隆进行部分测序以获得EST,获得的EST通过BLAST程序同EMBL寄生虫数据库和GenBank数据库进行比较及同源性分析。结果 本研究共随机挑取日本血吸虫（中国大陆株）成虫cDNA文库单个重组克隆200个,获得了76个有EST价值的序列,其中7.9%为日本血吸虫已知序列,5.3%为日本血吸虫同源序列。曼氏血吸虫或其他生物的同源序列占有EST价值的序列的22.4%,未知序列占59.2%。在获得的76个有EST价值的序列中,66个成功在GenBank dbEST中登录。通过同源性分析,发现了一些令人感兴趣的基因。结论 EST方法有助于快速、经济地发现日本血吸虫（中国大陆株）成虫新基因。     

日本血吸虫(大陆株)成虫表达序列标签的获取及电子延伸

目的获取日本血吸虫(Schistosoma japonicum，Sj)新基因。方法从Sj(大陆株)成虫cDNA文库中随机挑选单个重组克隆进行部分测序以获取表达序列标签(expressed sequence tag，EST)，用其提供的BLAST程序和Genebank数据库进行序列比较和同源性分析；建立电子拼接的方法，对所获EST进行电子延伸，并对Sj延伸后序列进行同源性分析。结果在Sj成虫cDNA文库中，随机挑选182个单个重组克隆，获取53个有价值EST序列，并在Genebank中登录，获得53个EST的延伸序列及分析结果。结论Sj表达基因EST测序、同源性分析及EST的电子延伸是获取Sj新基因的有效对策。     

东方田鼠抗日本血吸虫抗性相关靶基因筛选

目的 寻找东方田鼠抗日本血吸虫抗性相关靶基因。方法利用东方田鼠血清以亲和淘洗方法筛选日本血吸虫成虫噬菌体展示cDNA文库，将所得阳性克隆进行测序及生物信息学分析，确定目的基因。结果经3轮筛选，特异性噬菌体得到有效富集（857倍），随机挑取58个克隆进行序列测定，获得了10条表达序列标签（EST）序列，其中7条与GenBank中登陆的日本血吸虫基因序列具有99％～100％同源性，1条与类人猿锌指蛋白基因有82％同源性。功能预测结果表明，大部分EST编码蛋白或多肽的功能主要是参与血吸虫基因表达调控。结论发现了多个可能与东方田鼠抗血吸虫抗性相关的靶基因，为进一步阐述东方田鼠抗血吸虫病的分子机理奠定了基础。     

日本血吸虫未知基因的获得、鉴定和编码区的克隆

目的：寻找日本血吸虫未知基因,并对其进行鉴定和编码区克隆。方法：运用表达序列标签（EST）法寻找日本血虫未知基因。对获得的表达序列标签运用生物学软件进行分析,根据同源基因序列推测其可能的功能,并将其克隆入真核表达载体pEGFP-N3中,结果：获得1个完整的日本血吸虫cDNA序列（JAYL0230）,氨基酸同源性分析发现与其他生物的抗凋亡因子1具有同源性,构建了重组克隆pEGFP-N3-JAYL0230,结论：FST法是一种快速发现和鉴定日本血吸虫未知表达基因的有效方法,有助于加速其全长cDNA的克隆。     

Mago nashi:一个日本血吸虫性别决定基因的发现与鉴定

目的　运用免疫学方法筛选日本血吸虫 (中国大陆株 )童虫cDNA文库 ,寻找血吸虫新基因 ,并克隆和鉴定一个日本血吸虫决定性别的Magonashi样蛋白基因。方法　用混合的血吸虫感染者血清免疫学筛选日本血吸虫童虫cDNA文库 ,随机挑取阳性重组克隆进行测序 ,以获得血吸虫基因 ,并通过BLAST程序进行比较及同源性分析 ,根据分析结果设计合成引物 ,用PCR法扩增出日本血吸虫Magonashi样蛋白基因 (SiM)编码序列 ,将其克隆入pGEM T载体和 pBKCMV载体 ,用双酶切、以质粒为模板进行PCR扩增和测序进行鉴定。结果　本研究共挑取 7个阳性克隆 ,通过测序获得了 5个有表达序列标签(ExpressedSequenceTag .EST)价值的序列 ,并进行了同源性分析 ;用PCR法扩增出大小为 4 4 1bpSjM开放阅读框 ,重组质粒pGEM SjM和 pBKCMV SjM经双酶切均可获得一条为PCR产物一致的DNA片段。 结论　本实验获得了 5个有EST价值的序列 ,并成功地克隆了其中SjM编码基因。     

日本血吸虫149个表达序列标签和18个全长cDNA的获取和分析

目的从日本血吸虫成虫cDNA文库中分离、鉴定和分析表达基因序列，为日本血吸虫病的防治提供侯选疫苗和药物靶点。方法构建日本血吸虫成虫cDNA文库，随机挑取重组阳性克隆进行测序，将获取的表达序列标签（Expressed Sequence Tag, EST）登录GenBank；对某些感兴趣的序列进行步移法测序获取全长cDNA，并进行生物信息学分析和登录。结果随机挑取382 个阳性克隆进行测序，获得149个EST，同源性比较发现，部分序列与血吸虫的生活史的不同阶段和不同性别序列有一定的同源性。共获取18个日本血吸虫全长cDNA，大部分为管家基因，其中部分可作为日本血吸虫的候选疫苗分析和药物靶点。结论EST技术有助于快速、经济地获取日本血吸虫表达序列。     

恶性疟原虫FCC1/HN株新抗原表达序列标记位(ESTs)的获得

目的： 以筛选恶性疟原虫ＦＣＣ１／ＨＮ 株λｇｔ１１ ｃＤＮＡ 表达文库所获得的强阳性克隆作基础, 对上述强阳性克隆的ｃＤＮＡ 插入片段进行ＤＮＡ 序列测定, 阐明相对应的新表达序列标签 （ＥＳＴｓ）, 作为发现新抗原基因的线索。方法：以ｃＤＮＡ 表达文库接头的较长链作ＰＣＲ引物、扩增ｃＤＮＡ 插入片段,将扩增产物克隆入Ｍ１３ ｍ ｐ１８测序载体, 进行部分ＤＮＡ 序列测定、编辑, 将之在ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ 中进行ＤＮＡ 序列同源性搜索比较和分析。结果： 获得１ 个Ｃ０３ 序列为已知恶性疟原虫热休克蛋白７０－２ 基因片段, 发现５ 个新的具有抗原意义的恶性疟原虫表达序列标记位 （ＥＳＴｓ）。结论： 这５ 个新的恶性疟原虫表达序列标记位为发现新的恶性疟原虫抗原基因奠定了基础。     

日本血吸虫表达序列标签和新基因的获取和分析

目的分离、鉴定和分析日本血吸虫表达基因序列,为日本血吸虫病提供侯选疫苗分子和药物靶点。方法筛选日本血吸虫成虫 cDNA 文库,对重组阳性克隆进行测序以获取的 EST;对可能成为新基金的克隆进行步移法测序获取全长 cDNA,并进行生物信息学分析。结果共获得149个 EST,分析发现某些 EST 与血吸虫的生活史的不同阶段和不同性别序列有一定的同源性。共获取18个日本血吸虫新基因,大部分为管家基因,其中部分基因可作为日本血吸虫的侯选疫苗分析和药物靶点。结论EST 技术可用于快速、经济地发现日本血吸虫成虫新基因。     

An AAV-derived Apaf-1 dominant negative inhibitor prevents MPTP toxicity as antiapoptotic gene therapy for Parkinson's disease

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector delivery of an Apaf-1-dominant negative inhibitor was tested for its antiapoptotic effect on degenerating nigrostriatal neurons in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of Parkinson's disease. The wild-type caspase recruitment domain of Apaf-1 was used as a dominant negative inhibitor of Apaf-1 (rAAV-Apaf-1-DN-EGFP). An AAV virus vector was used to deliver it into the striatum of C57 black mice, and the animals were treated with MPTP. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra was not changed on the rAAV-Apaf-1-DN-EGFP injected side compared with the noninjected side. We also examined the effect of a caspase 1 C285G mutant as a dominant negative inhibitor of caspase 1 (rAAV-caspase-1-DN-EGFP) in the same model. However, there was no difference in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons between the rAAV-caspase-1-DN-EGFP injected side and the noninjected side. These results indicate that delivery of Apaf-1-DN by using an AAV vector system can prevent nigrostriatal degeneration in MPTP mice, suggesting that it could be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with Parkinson's disease. The major mechanism of dopaminergic neuronal death triggered by MPTP seems to be the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.     

Role of Dopamine Transporter Against MPTP (1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) Neurotoxicity in Mice

We investigated the alterations of dopamine transporter (DAT)-immunopositive cells against MPTP neurotoxicity, in comparison with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- immunopositive neurons and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunopositive cells. This study showed that DAT and TH immunoreactivity was decreased gradually in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice after MPTP treatment. The patterns of the intense TH-immunoreactive fibers and cell bodies were similar to those of DAT-immunoreactive fibers and cell bodies in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice after MPTP treatment. In contrast, GFAP immunoreactivity was increased gradually in the striatum and substantia nigra after MPTP treatment. In our double-labeled immunostaining with anti-DAT and anti-GFAP antibodies, DAT immunoreactivity was observed only in the nigral dopaminergic neurons, but not in the reactive astrocytes. The present results provide further evidence that the functional damage of DAT may precede dopaminergic neuronal death after MPTP treatment, although the decrease in the number of TH-immunopositive neurons was more pronounced than that in the number of DAT-immunopositive neurons. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that MPTP can selectively injure the dopaminergic neurons which DAT proteins are predominantly distributed on the striatum and substantia nigra. The results provide beneficial information for MPTP-induced neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal pathway.     

Protective action of neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease

We examined the effects of 7-nitroindazole on the dopaminergic system in mice after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment. The mice received four intraperitoneal injections of MPTP (20 mg/kg) at 2 h-intervals. Administration of 7-nitroindazole showed dose-dependent neuroprotective effects against striatal dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) depletion 7 days after MPTP treatment. Behavioral testing showed that MPTP-treated mice exhibited motor deficits in the catalepsy test after 7 days, but 7-nitroindazole prevented the appearance of motor abnormalities in this test. The MPTP-treated mice exhibited the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing dopaminergic neurons in mice after 1, 3 and 7 days, but 7-nitroindazole-treated mice showed a protective effect. GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)-positive astrocytes were accumulated in the striatum 3 and 7 days and in the substantia nigra 1, 3 and 7 days after MPTP treatment. In contrast, 7-nitroindazole prevented a significant increase in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the striatum and substantia nigra after MPTP treatment. The reactive astrocytes in the striatum and substantia nigra after MPTP treatment increased the production of S100β protein, which is thought to promote neuronal damage, but 7-nitoindazole suppressed the expression of S100 β protein. Activation of microglia, with an increase in staining intensity and morphological changes, was observed in the striatum and substantia nigra 1 and 3 days after MPTP treatment, but 7-nitroindazole prevented a significant increase in the number of isolectin B₄ positive microglia in the striatum and substantia nigra. On the other hand, nestin- immunoreactive cells were increased significantly in the striatum 3 and 7 days after MPTP treatment. 7-Nitroindazole treatment facilitated nestin expression in the striatum 7 days after MPTP treatment. Thus, nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole protected dopaminergic neurons against MPTP neurotoxicity in mice and ameliorated neurological deficits. The results suggest that the neuroprotection is mediated though the modulation of glial activation, including the inhibition of S100β synthesis and the prevention of microglial activation. These results suggest the therapeutic strategy targeted to glial modulation with 7-nitoindazole offers a great potential for the development of new neuroprotective therapies for Parkinson’s disease.     

Calbindin D28k对帕金森病模型小鼠纹状体凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

目的观察1-甲基4-苯基1,2,3,6四氢吡啶(MPTP)致帕金森病(PD)模型小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经细胞过表达Calbindin D28k(CB)时,纹状体细胞抗损伤作用机制。方法选择C57BL/6小鼠连续5 d腹腔注射MPTP,构建成功PD模型小鼠30只,随机分为模型组,人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)Ⅰ组(注射HIV Ⅰ)和CB-HIV-Ⅰ组(注射CB-HIV-Ⅰ),每组10只,连续6周对各组小鼠行为学检测,Western blot法检测各组小鼠CB,Bcl 2和Bax的表达变化。结果与模型组和HIV-Ⅰ组比较,CB-HIV-Ⅰ组小鼠各时间点移动格子次数,第1、2、5和6周站立次数,第6周时游泳和悬挂时间,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);CB-HIV Ⅰ组小鼠中脑黑质中CB的表达量显著升高(P0.05),纹状体细胞中Bcl-2的表达量亦明显升高(P0.01),而Bax的表达量明显降低(P0.01)。模型组和HIV-Ⅰ组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论黑质多巴胺能神经细胞过表达CB时,纹状体细胞Bcl-2/Bax表达上调,提示其与纹状体细胞抗凋亡能力增强有关。     

Implanted fibroblasts genetically engineered to produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevent 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity to dopaminergic neurons in the rat.

The trophism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for dopaminergic cells in culture has led to significant interest in the role of BDNF in the etiology and potential treatment of Parkinson disease. Previous in vivo investigation of BDNF delivery to axotomized substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in the adult rat has shown no protective effect. In this study, we produced nigral degeneration by infusing 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor and the active metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), into the rat striatum. The subsequent loss of nigral neurons was presumably due to mitochondrial toxicity after MPP+ uptake and retrograde transport to the substantia nigra. We engineered immortalized rat fibroblasts to secrete human BDNF and implanted these cells near the substantia nigra 7 days before striatal MPP+ infusion. We found that BDNF-secreting fibroblasts markedly increased nigral dopaminergic neuronal survival when compared to control fibroblast implants. The observation that BDNF prevents MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in the adult brain has significance for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, which may involve mitochondrial dysfunction, such as Parkinson disease.     

Progressive dopaminergic cell loss with unilateral-to-bilateral progression in a genetic model of Parkinson disease

DJ-1 mutations cause autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease (PD). We report a model of PD pathology: the DJ1-C57 mouse. A subset of DJ-1–nullizygous mice, when fully backcrossed to a C57BL/6J background, display dramatic early-onset unilateral loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in their substantia nigra pars compacta, progressing to bilateral degeneration of the nigrostriatal axis with aging. In addition, these mice exhibit age-dependent bilateral degeneration at the locus ceruleus nucleus and display mild motor behavior deficits at aged time points. These findings effectively recapitulate the early stages of PD. Therefore, the DJ1-C57 mouse provides a tool to study the preclinical aspects of neurodegeneration. Importantly, by exome sequencing, we identify candidate modifying genes that segregate with the phenotype, providing potentially critical clues into how certain genes may influence the penetrance of DJ-1–related degeneration in mice.     

Melatonin attenuates MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuronal injury associated with scavenging hydroxyl radical

To clarify the relationship between melatonin's hydroxyl radical (*OH) scavenging ability and its protective effect in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neuronal injury, in the present study, the salicylate trapping method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrochemical detection were used to measure the contents of dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and dopamine (DA) in brain tissues of C57BL/6 mice. Immunocytohistochemistry was used to detect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like positive staining neurons. Results show that MPTP treatment induced an increase in the content of DHBA and decrease in the level of DA as well as the number of TH positive stained neurons in the mouse brain. However, melatonin dose-dependently inhibited the increase of DHBA levels in ventral midbrain tissues, the decrease of DA content and the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, the relationship between the changes of DHBA and DA levels in the brain of mice following MPTP and melatonin treatment showed a statistically significant negative correlation. Present results suggest that melatonin can ameliorate MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuronal lesions probably, at least partially, because of its inhibition of *OH generation.     

Bax ablation prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the 1-methyl- 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) damages dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) as seen in Parkinson's disease. Here, we show that the pro-apoptotic protein Bax is highly expressed in the SNpc and that its ablation attenuates SNpc developmental neuronal apoptosis. In adult mice, there is an up-regulation of Bax in the SNpc after MPTP administration and a decrease in Bcl-2. These changes parallel MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. We also show that mutant mice lacking Bax are significantly more resistant to MPTP than their wild-type littermates. This study demonstrates that Bax plays a critical role in the MPTP neurotoxic process and suggests that targeting Bax may provide protective benefit in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.     

NADPH oxidase mediates oxidative stress in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by a loss of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) dopaminergic (DA) neurons, and can be modeled by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Both inflammatory processes and oxidative stress may contribute to MPTP- and PD-related neurodegeneration. However, whether inflammation may cause oxidative damage in MPTP and PD is unknown. Here we show that NADPH-oxidase, the main reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme during inflammation, is up-regulated in SNpc of human PD and MPTP mice. These changes coincide with the local production of ROS, microglial activation, and DA neuronal loss seen after MPTP injections. Mutant mice defective in NADPH-oxidase exhibit less SNpc DA neuronal loss and protein oxidation than their WT littermates after MPTP injections. We show that extracellular ROS are a main determinant in inflammation-mediated DA neurotoxicity in the MPTP model of PD. This study supports a critical role for NADPH-oxidase in the pathogenesis of PD and suggests that targeting this enzyme or enhancing extracellular antioxidants may provide novel therapies for PD.