颞骨岩部入路颅底手术有关的应用解剖

目的:为经岩部入路颅底手术提供解剖学参数.方法:观测成人的100例干燥整颅、20例颅底标本、15例尸头及36侧正常颅底CT资料;观测项目为与经岩部入路颅底手术有关的颞骨表面标志与岩部内重要结构的位置及其间距.结果:整颅及颅底内面各项测量结果左右侧比较U均<1.96,P均>0.05,颞骨内重要结构间及与表面标志间距离测量结果多数项目男女性间比较U均>1.96或>2.58,P<0.05或<0.01;颅中窝入路可以弓状隆起作标志寻认上骨半规管以确认内耳道,也可以岩大神经管裂孔为标志暴露面神经膝状神经节与迷路段确认内耳道底;磨除岩尖部骨质时可以颈动脉管后壁与内耳门内侧缘的连线作为界线.结论:颞骨表面标志点间距及颞骨岩部内重要结构间的位置关系可为经岩部入路颅底手术提供重要参考,有利于术中岩部重要结构的定位与保护.     

颅中窝径路内耳道手术有关的应用解剖

本文在100侧颞骨上,对颅中窝径路的内耳道手术中内耳道定位的方法.进行了解剖学的观察和测量,提出利用岩浅大神经、面神经管裂孔、岩浅大神经沟与面神经管迷路段的夹角(平均为97.3°),及内耳道底投影点至面神经管裂孔的距离等,作为内耳道定位的主要解剖标志和参考数据.该法比磨出上半规管透明线为标志优越.     

三种鼻内镜手术径路暴露翼腭窝的解剖研究及其临床意义

目的：研究三种鼻内镜手术径路暴露翼腭窝的解剖方法。方法：通过解剖成人尸体头部标本15例（30侧）,采用手术显微镜及鼻内镜观察暴露翼腭窝的三种径路。结果：①中鼻道经腭术式可以暴露翼腭窝内侧的蝶腭动脉、腭神经、翼管神经,沿腭神经可确认翼腭神经节;②中鼻道经上颌窦术式能很好地暴露翼腭窝内、外侧壁,眶下神经是手术的重要标志;③下鼻甲切除经上颌窦术式比鼻内镜下中鼻道经上颌窦术式更广泛地暴露翼腭窝的内、外侧,提供宽阔的视野和较大的手术操作空间。结论：三种手术径路均能暴露翼腭窝的结构,具体术式需根据病变范围及手术要求而决定。     

Transparent model of temporal bone and vestibulocochlear organ made by 3D printing

The vestibulocochlear organ is composed of tiny complex structures embedded in the petrous part of the temporal bone. Landmarks on the temporal bone surface provide the only orientation guide for dissection, but these need to be removed during the course of dissection, making it difficult to grasp the underlying three-dimensional structures, especially for beginners during gross anatomy classes. We report herein an attempt to produce a transparent three-dimensional-printed model of the human ear. En bloc samples of the temporal bone from donated cadavers were subjected to computed tomography (CT) scanning, and on the basis of the data, the surface temporal bone was reconstructed with transparent resin and the vestibulocochlear organ with white resin to create a 1:1.5 scale model. The carotid canal was stuffed with red cotton, and the sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein were filled with blue clay. In the inner ear, the internal acoustic meatus, cochlea, and semicircular canals were well reconstructed in detail with white resin. The three-dimensional relationships of the semicircular canals, spiral turns of the cochlea, and internal acoustic meatus were well recognizable from every direction through the transparent surface resin. The anterior semicircular canal was obvious immediately beneath the arcuate eminence, and the topographical relationships of the vestibulocochlear organ and adjacent great vessels were easily discernible. We consider that this transparent temporal bone model will be a very useful aid for better understanding of the gross anatomy of the vestibulocochlear organ.     

侧颅底冠状位组织学与CT断层的对照

目的 制作颞骨火棉胶冠状位断层连续薄层切片,获取数字化图片库。方法 用2例尸头标本进行螺旋CT扫描后制作断层标本火棉胶包埋后,用大型轮式切片机沿冠状位切片,厚度100μm,每片均摄影并保存于计算机。选取代表性层面的胶片进行HE染色。将断层照片与HE染色照
片和CT片进行对照观察,对代表性层面结构特点进行描述。结果 共获取侧颅底数字化连续冠状位薄层断面标本数据集 2套。断层图像分辨率1920×2560像素,结构毗邻关系显示清晰。与HE照片和CT片进行对照观察,可以更清楚地定位断层结构。结论 火棉胶包埋技术是制作颞骨大切
片,获取高分辨率的数字化图片数据集的理想方法。冠状位对听小骨、Prussak‘s间隙、颈静脉窝、耳蜗与中颅窝的关系,颈内动脉升段及膝部、面神经垂直段、内听道与中颅窝的关系等显示较佳。     

The canal of the posterior ampullar nerve: an important anatomic landmark in the posterior fossa transmeatal approach

Abstract The canal of the posterior ampullar nerve is located between the inferior part of the internal acoustic meatus and ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal. It permits a more accurate localisation of the underlying labyrinth in inner-ear surgery. An anatomical and radiological study was undertaken to determine the importance the relationship between the canal and the labyrinth. Ten dry and 10 cadaveric temporal bone dissections, together with 20 high resolution CT scans of the same temporal bones were studied in an attempt to describe the anatomy of the canal of the posterior ampullar nerve. The length of the canal of the posterior ampullar nerve, the length of internal acoustic meatus, and distances from porus acusticus to the singular foramen and the transverse crest, and from the singular foramen to the vestibule and transverse crest, and from operculum to the sigmoid sinus and to the porus acusticus were measured. During the transmeatal posterior cranial fossa approach using the canal of the posterior ampullar nerve as a landmark enables more bone to be safely removed from the internal acoustic meatus thus preserving hearing.     

The variational anatomy of the external aperture of the human vestibular aqueduct

A study was undertaken to demonstrate the variational anatomy of the external aperture of the vestibular aqueduct in 90 human temporal bones obtained from 58 cadavers. Topographic landmarks of the posterior surface of the petrous bone are useful for general orientation and include the external aperture of the vestibular aqueduct, internal auditory meatus, sigmoid sinus, subarcuate fossa, superior petrosal sinus and cochlear canaliculus. We determined the mean distances from the external aperture of vestibular aqueduct to the above structures to be 10.98, 11.21, 9.42, 10.27 and 13.90 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the length of the external aperture of the vestibular aqueduct revealed significant differences between the right and left sides. The distances between the EAVA and certain anatomical structures on the posterior surface of the temporal bone should be taken into consideration during surgery. Knowing the variability of the position of the external aperture of the vestibular aqueduct may help surgeons avoid traumatizing, and thus producing inadvertent lesions to the hearing mechanism.     

Time‐saving and fail‐safe dissection method for vestibulocochlear organs in gross anatomy classes

Because the vestibulocochlear organs are tiny and complex, and are covered by the petrous part of the temporal bone, they are very difficult for medical students to dissect and visualize during gross anatomy classes. Here, we report a time‐saving and fail‐safe procedure we have devised, using a hand‐held hobby router. Nine en bloc temporal bone samples from donated human cadavers were used as trial materials for devising an appropriate procedure for dissecting the vestibulocochlear organs. A hand‐held hobby router was used to cut through the temporal bone. After trials, the most time‐saving and fail‐safe method was selected. The performance of the selected method was assessed by a survey of 242 sides of 121 cadavers during gross anatomy classes for vestibulocochlear dissection. The assessment was based on the observation ratio. The best procedure appeared to be removal of the external acoustic meatus roof and tympanic cavity roof together with removal of the internal acoustic meatus roof. The whole procedure was completed within two dissection classes, each lasting 4.5 hr. The ratio of surveillance for the chorda tympani and three semicircular canals by students was significantly improved during 2013 through 2016. In our dissection class, “removal of the external acoustic meatus roof and tympanic cavity roof together with removal of the internal acoustic meatus roof” was the best procedure for students in the limited time available. Clin. Anat. 30:703–710, 2017. © 2017Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The middle cranial fossa approach: an anatomical study

Hearing preservation surgery has become an option for an increasing number of patients with vestibular schwannomas due to diagnosis at an earlier stage. The middle cranial fossa approach represents one such surgical approach for resection of vestibular schwannomas with hearing preservation. We have undertaken an anatomical study of the middle cranial fossa approach to the internal auditory meatus using 20 fresh temporal bones. By simulating the surgical approach it was possible to analyze critically two of the main recognized subapproaches to the internal acoustic meatus. The results confirmed that the angle subtended by the facial nerve and "blue-lined" semicircular canal was much less than 60 degrees but equally important was the degree of individual variability. Furthermore the roof of the geniculate fossa was not infrequently dehiscent. The distance measured from the inner table of the craniotomy to the superior semicircular canal was on average 22 mm, similar to previous reports and utilized by some in their approach in this challenging surgery. From this anatomical study it appears that safe dissection of this area is facilitated by observing the more acute angle between the facial nerve and superior semicircular canal and by taking advantage of the relationship between the inner table and important landmarks.     

个体化三维数字模型在内镜经鼻颞骨岩部解剖中的应用

目的　研究个体化三维数字模型（three-dimension digital manikin,3D-DM）在内镜经鼻颞骨岩部解剖中的应用,探讨其临床应用价值。 方法　10例（20侧）成人头部标本灌注后经CT扫描,将图像导入3Dview软件,重建出个体化3D-DM,运用“逆向骨窗形成”技术设计并模拟颞骨岩部骨窗形成。然后在3D-DM辅助下对颞骨岩部进行内镜解剖,对头部标本解剖与个体化3D-DM视野及相关测量进行比较。 结果　通过逆向骨窗形成技术可术前模拟颞骨岩部磨除,头部标本解剖与个体化3D-DM下视野高度一致,相关测量间比较无统计学差异。 结论　个体化3D-DM为内镜下经鼻入路暴露颞骨岩部提供详尽解剖数据,可以术前模拟颞骨岩部磨除,提高术中颞骨岩部磨除的准确性和安全性,对该手术入路的临床应用具重要指导意义。     

What is the arcuate eminence?

A study was made of 100 homogeneous CT scans of the petrous part of the temporal bone to determine whether or not the arcuate eminence (AE) is a good landmark for the superior semicircular canal (SSCC) in the suprapetrous approach to the internal acoustic meatus which is used in the extirpation of acoustic neuromas. Direct measurements were made on consecutive coronal sections, 1 mm thick. The AE was absent from the petrous surface in 15% of cases. It corresponded to the relief of the SSCC in 37% of cases; laterally, however, it was separated from the petrous cortex by bone whose thickness varied from 0.5 to 5 mm. Finally, in 48% of cases, the AE was not a good landmark for the canal although nonetheless it participated in the development of this bulge in 46% of cases, always lying towards the medial border of the pneumatized eminence. In addition, study of the coronal sections with MRI allowed us to confirm that the AE does not routinely correspond to the imprint of a temporal sulcus. The AE, whose presence on the petrous surface is due to the combined effects of the SSCC, the air cells of the petrous part of the temporal bone and the temporal sulci, is only a good guide to the SSCC in 37% of cases and should not be considered as a reliable surgical landmark.     

Microsurgical anatomy of the facial nerve

The facial nerve connections and pathways from the cortex to the brainstem are intricate and complicated. The extra‐axial part of the facial nerve leaves the lateral part of the pontomedullary sulcus and enters the temporal bone through the internal acoustic meatus. In the temporal bone, the facial nerve branches into fibers innervating the glands and tongue. After it emerges from the temporal bone it supplies various facial muscles. It contains a motor, general sensory, special sensory, and autonomic components. The physician needs comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy and courses of the facial nerve to diagnose and treat lesions and diseases of it so that surgical complications due to facial nerve injury can be avoided. This review describes the microsurgical anatomy of the facial nerve and illustrates its anatomy in relation to the surrounding bone, connective, and neurovascular structures.     

乙状窦后手术入路的显微解剖和虚拟解剖

目的 探索运用显微解剖和虚拟解剖的方法 研究乙状窦后手术入路,为该入路提供多种方式的形态学基础. 方法 10具(20侧)头颅固定标本,在显微镜下模拟乙状窦后入路手术,观察桥脑小脑三角内结构,并以岩上窦乙状窦汇合处、内耳门为基点进行相关测量;磨除内听道后壁,暴露其内结构;5例患者薄层CT和MRI影像数据,利用Dextroscope系统进行计算机三维重建,虚拟解剖乙状窦后入路手术过程. 结果 岩上窦乙状窦汇合处距三叉神经、面听神经复合体、舌咽神经、舌下神经穿硬膜处的距离分别是(38.50±2.64)mm、(27.80±2.25)mm、(32.70±2.11)mm、(44.30±2.05)mm;内耳门距三叉神经、展神经、小脑幕、舌咽神经穿硬膜处的距离分别是(5.68±1.55)mm、(13.80±1.81)mm、(5.00±0.66)mm、(6.34±1.24)mm.以面听神经复合体和舌咽神经为标志将桥脑小脑三角分为前、中、后3个间隙;在内听道后壁磨除后,该区结构层次充分显示.Dextroscope系统成功模拟乙状窦后手术入路,可显示星点、横窦乙状窦膝、颈静脉孔、内耳门、岩尖、基底动脉系统等结构及其空间关系. 结论 将桥脑小脑三角分为前、中、后3个间隙,有助于了解其内神经血管等结构的层次特点;以岩上窦乙状窦汇合处、内耳门为基点进行测量,可量化结构间的关系,有助于判断各间隙深浅、空间大小;识别内听道内的解剖标志,有利于手术时保护其内结构;通过Dextroscope系统能个体化显示局部结构,方便术前方案的设计.两种方法 各有优缺点,两者互补能提高对乙状窦后入路手术时桥脑小脑三角内结构的认识.     

The thin sectional anatomy of the temporal bone correlated with multislice spiral CT

The aim of this study was to explore the method for obtaining the thin sectional anatomy data of the adult temporal bone and study the fine structures using this method. Three fresh adult cadaveric heads were scanned with multi-slice computer tomography (MSCT) centered on petrous bones. The CT images of 0.6 mm were obtained by multi-planar reformation (MPR). The slices of 0.1 mm were shaved off the specimen in the axial direction with the numerical control milling machine after being embedded and frozen, pictures of which were taken by the digital camera and saved in the computer. The thin axial sectional anatomic structures of the intra-temporal were investigated and correlated with MPR images. Via the comparison, fifty micro-anatomic structures of the temporal bone that can’t be delineated clearly or missed in the thick sections were evaluated. The anatomical details of the temporal bone can be clearly delineated in MSCT in sub-millimeter and were identical to those in sectional anatomy images. This method can supply anatomical details that had been missed or overlooked for imaging diagnosis and surgical anatomy.     

利用CT薄层扫描技术研究弓状隆起与上半规管的位置关系

目的　探讨Fisch法在颅中窝手术入路中如何识别弓状隆起，分析弓状隆起与上半规管的相对位置关系。 方法　选取18~57岁无颞骨岩部占位性病变的受试者60例，其中男女各30例，左右双侧共120个样本，颞骨CT薄层扫描并建立三维坐标系，测量弓状隆起、上半规管的三维坐标值并分析两者的位置关系。 结果　弓状隆起的形态不定，约有15.00%的样本弓状隆起不明显，导致无法定位；弓状隆起与上半规管并非严格对应，约有83.75%的样本弓状隆起位于上半规管的后外侧。 结论　Fisch法进行内耳道手术时，部分样本弓状隆起的识别存在困难；大部分上半规管并不在弓状隆起下方，弓状隆起多位于上半规管的后外侧。     

利用CT薄层扫描技术研究弓状隆起与上半规管的位置关系

目的　探讨Fisch法在颅中窝手术入路中如何识别弓状隆起,分析弓状隆起与上半规管的相对位置关系。 方法　选取18~57岁无颞骨岩部占位性病变的受试者60例,其中男女各30例,左右双侧共120个样本,颞骨CT薄层扫描并建立三维坐标系,测量弓状隆起、上半规管的三维坐标值并分析两者的位置关系。 结果　弓状隆起的形态不定,约有15.00%的样本弓状隆起不明显,导致无法定位;弓状隆起与上半规管并非严格对应,约有83.75%的样本弓状隆起位于上半规管的后外侧。 结论　Fisch法进行内耳道手术时,部分样本弓状隆起的识别存在困难;大部分上半规管并不在弓状隆起下方,弓状隆起多位于上半规管的后外侧。     

Anatomical Variations of the Intrapetrous Portion of the Facial Nerve

The intrapetrous facial nerve has the second longest intraosseous course of all cranial nerves, after the mandibular nerve. But it is by far the most complex considering the anatomical structures closely related to it. The auditory and vestibular portions of the inner ear, the dura of the middle fossa and posterior fossa, the sigmoid sinus and jugular bulb, and the internal carotid artery are close enough to merit attention. This article includes an anatomical study on 100 temporal bones with anatomical references as seen from the middle fossa and from the transmastoid approaches that may help identifying the facial nerve and protecting surrounding structures. Anatomical variability was present and noteworthy when considering the venous drainage system through the temporal bone and the mastoid pneumatization. The distance from the geniculate ganglion to the hiatus falopii offered the highest variability with a range of 0 to 7.75 mm and a mean of 3.30 mm. The geniculate ganglion was dehiscent in 20.8% of the specimens and the superior semicircular canal was spontaneously blue-lined in 27% of the cases. Through the transmastoid approach, the highest variability was found regarding the distance between the vertical portion of the facial nerve and the jugular bulb (range from 1.5 to 10.0 mm), the sigmoid sinus (range from 0 to 13.25 mm) and the internal carotid artery (range from 6.0 to 15.0 mm). This study highlights the importance of the relative variability of the facial nerve to other surrounding structures within the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Anat Rec, 302:588–598, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

计算机辅助模拟耳科乳突根治术的实验研究

目的：通过CT三维重建从影像学的角度探讨颞骨内部特殊结构的形态学特征及采用计算机辅助模拟手术的可能性。方法：6人（12侧）应用GE Hispeed CT/i，按照合适的螺旋扫描参数对面神经、内听道、耳蜗、半规管、乙状窦、后颅窝底板和颈静脉窝结构进行三维重建，将重建的结构还原于颅骨的位置，用计算机辅助进行模拟乳突根治手术。结果：重建的组织结构精确、形象、直观。进行乳突根治的模拟手术，步骤明确，与常规的手术有极相似特性。结论：应用计算机辅助的CT三维结构重建并进行模拟手术，对制定耳科手术计划有重要的意义。     

泪前隐窝入路的解剖与手术学意义

本文就泪前隐窝入路相关的应用解剖以及该入路的临床应用进行概述,重点介绍泪前隐窝、齿槽隐窝、鼻泪管、筛前动脉鼻外侧支、中鼻甲动脉、下鼻甲动脉、下鼻道动脉、翼腭窝及其内容物、颞下窝及其内容物以及蝶窦外侧隐窝等的临床应用解剖结构,并对泪前隐窝入路在真菌性上颌窦炎、上颌窦囊肿、眼眶眶底骨折、翼腭窝肿瘤、颞下窝肿瘤以及蝶窦外侧隐窝病变中的应用,以及相应解剖结构对手术的影响加以分析,为耳鼻咽喉头颈外科临床医师开展此类手术提供参考。