硬膜外注射吗啡用于缓解侧切产妇产后会阴部疼痛的效果

目的观察硬膜外注射吗啡缓解侧切产妇产后会阴部疼痛的有效性。方法选择要求自然分娩且经历侧切的产妇145例,随机分为三组,脐带结扎后硬膜外分别给予内含1 mg吗啡(M1组)或2mg吗啡(M2组)的生理盐水10ml,或单纯生理盐水10ml(C组)。随访记录产妇产后24h内静息和活动状态现实疼痛强度(present pain intensity,PPI)及活动时PPI中重度疼痛出现时间;同时记录吗啡相关不良反应。结果静息状态PPI中重度疼痛的比例M2组(2.1%)明显低于M1组(15.7%)和C组(19.1%)(P0.05);活动状态PPI中重度疼痛出现时间M2组(15.7±1.4)h明显晚于M1组(11.0±0.9)h和C组(11.0±1.0)h(P0.05)。然而,恶心、呕吐、瘙痒、尿潴留的累积发生率M2组(102.1%)明显高于M1组(43.1%)和C组(12.8%)(P0.05)。结论脐带结扎后硬膜外注射2mg吗啡虽然显著减低产妇静息PPI中重度疼痛的比例并推迟活动时PPI中重度疼痛的出现时间,但是增加了不良反应发生率,需慎重使用。     

The association between the introduction of quantitative assessment of postpartum blood loss and institutional changes in clinical practice: an observational study

BackgroundImprecise visual estimates of blood loss contribute to morbidity from postpartum hemorrhage. We examined the impact of quantitative assessment of postpartum blood loss on clinical practice and outcomes.MethodsAn observational study comparing blood loss, management and outcomes between two historical cohorts (August 2016 to January 2017 and August 2017 to January 2018) at an academic tertiary care center. Patients in the intervention group (second period) had blood loss quantified compared with visual estimation for controls.ResultsWe included 7618 deliveries (intervention group n=3807; control group n=3811). There was an increase in the incidence of hemorrhage (blood loss >1 L) in the intervention group for both vaginal (2.2% vs 0.5%, P <0.001) and cesarean delivery (12.6% vs 6.4%, P <0.001). There was also a difference in median blood loss for vaginal (258 mL [151–384] vs 300 mL [300–350], P <0.001); and for cesarean delivery (702 mL [501–857] vs 800 mL [800–900], P <0.001). The median red blood cell units transfused was different in the intervention group having cesarean delivery (2 units [1–2] vs 2 units [2–2], P=0.043). Secondary uterotonic usage was greater in the intervention group for vaginal (22% vs 17.3%, P <0.001) but not cesarean delivery (7.0% vs 6.0%, P=0.177). Laboratory costs were different, but not the re-admission rate or length of stay.ConclusionsQuantifying blood loss may result in increased vigilance for vaginal and cesarean delivery. We identified an association between quantifying blood loss and improved identification of postpartum hemorrhage, patient management steps and cost savings.     

Chronobiology of labour pain perception: an observational study

Background. Circadian variation may affect many biological andpharmacological phenomena. Methods. To assess circadian variations in labour pain perception,222 consecutive nulliparous women with uncomplicated pregnancy,spontaneous labour, cervical dilatation (3–5 cm), rupturedmembranes and normal fetal heart rate tracings were studied.Visual analogue pain scores (VAPS) were analysed and dividedinto four periods: night (1:01 a.m. to 7:00 a.m.), morning (7:01a.m. to 1:00 p.m.), afternoon (1:01 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.) and evening(7:01 p.m. to 1:00 a.m.). VAPS were also compared between daytime(morning+afternoon) and nocturnal (evening+night) periods. Results. Daytime mean VAPS were lower than nocturnal scores[75.6 (15.1) vs 85.7 (14.1), P<0.0001]. VAPS were lower inthe morning than in the afternoon, evening and night periods(ANOVA, P<0.0001). Conclusion. Labour pain perception appears to be chronobiological,and this might be taken into account when enrolling parturientsin studies designed to assess or treat labour pain.     

The use of tranexamic acid to reduce blood loss during total hip arthroplasty: an observational study

INTRODUCTION: To test the hypothesis that the fall in haemoglobin following total hip arthroplasty is reduced by tranexamic acid administration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 64 patients were studied, 32 received tranexamic acid 20 mg/kg on induction. Surgery was performed by the senior author in a standardised fashion. Haemoglobin levels were measured 2 weeks pre- and 3 days postoperatively. Any complications were noted. The study group was matched using the bone and joint research database for age, sex, procedure, disease and pre-operative haemoglobin level. RESULTS: In the group receiving no tranexamic acid, the mean fall in haemoglobin was 3.8 g/dl (CI of mean 3.4-4.3) and in the group treated with tranexamic acid 2.8 g/dl (CI of mean 2.5-3.2) P < 0.05. Complications included one non-fatal pulmonary embolus in the tranexamic acid group. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of 20 mg/kg of tranexamic acid on induction of surgery is an effective method of reducing the haemoglobin fall following hip arthroplasty.     

Accuracy of visual estimation of blood loss in obstetrics using clinical reconstructions: an observational simulation cohort study

IntroductionPostpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, and optimal management requires accurate blood loss estimations. The aim of this study was to assess whether differences exist between visually estimated blood loss vs. actual blood loss based on delivery mode, blood volume or distribution/location and knowledge of patient’s current cardiovascular status.MethodsFor this observational cohort study, photographs were taken of 18 blood loss scenarios for vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery, and six photographs were duplicated and annotated with maternal vital signs. Scenarios were categorized into 50% (500 mL), 100% (1000 mL) and 200% (2000 mL) of the defined blood loss volume for postpartum hemorrhage and the photographs were shown to participants to visually estimate blood loss volumes.ResultsThe mean ± standard deviation estimates of actual 500 mL, 1000 mL and 2000 mL blood loss volumes were 1208 ± 438 mL, 1676 ± 630 mL and 2637 ± 1123 mL, respectively (P <0.001 among groups). The difference was significantly greater in vaginal delivery than cesarean delivery scenarios (1064 ± 849 mL vs. 284 ± 456 mL; P <0.001). Estimated blood loss volume was not influenced by blood loss distribution/location, or by provider group or experience. The cardiovascular status of the patient impacted estimations only if tachycardia and hypotension were present.ConclusionsMost providers significantly overestimated blood loss volumes (by nearly 700 mL). Provider and scenario factors that impact inaccuracies in visual estimated blood loss identified in this study can be used to guide education and training.     

Perineal body stretch during labor does not predict perineal laceration,postpartum incontinence,or postpartum sexual function: a cohort study

Introduction and hypothesis

The perineum stretches naturally during obstetrical labor, but it is unknown whether this stretch has a negative impact on pelvic floor outcomes after a vaginal birth (VB). We aimed to evaluate whether perineal stretch was associated with postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction, and we hypothesized that greater perineal stretch would correlate with worsened outcomes.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study of primiparous women who had a VB. Perineal body (PB) length was measured antepartum, during labor, and 6 months postpartum. We determined the maximum PB (PB_max) measurements during the second stage of labor and PB change (ΔPB) between time points. Women completed functional questionnaires and had a Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) system exam 6 months postpartum. We analyzed the relationship of PB measurements to perineal lacerations and postpartum outcomes, including urinary, anal, and fecal incontinence, sexual activity and function, and POP-Q measurements.

Results

Four hundred and forty-eight women with VB and a mean age of 24?±?5.0 years with rare (5 %) third- or fourth-degree lacerations were assessed. During the second stage of labor, 270/448 (60 %) had perineal measurements. Mean antepartum PB length was 3.7?±?0.8 cm, with a maximum mean PB length (PB_max) during the second stage of 6.1?±?1.5 cm, an increase of 65 %. The change in PB length (ΔPB) from antepartum to 6 months postpartum was a net decrease (?0.39?±?1.02 cm). PB change and PB_max were not associated with perineal lacerations or outcomes postpartum (all p?>?0.05).

Conclusions

PB stretch during labor is unrelated to perineal laceration, postpartum incontinence, sexual activity, or sexual function.

     

Association between vaginal bulge and anatomical pelvic organ prolapse during pregnancy and postpartum: an observational study

Introduction and hypothesis

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is defined as the coexistence of anatomical POP and relevant symptoms. Vaginal bulge is the symptom most closely associated with the anatomical condition in nonpregnant women. Even if childbearing is a major risk factor for the development of POP, there is scant knowledge on the prevalence of specific POP symptoms, and how these symptoms relate to anatomical POP during pregnancy and postpartum. The aim of this study was to explore whether vaginal bulge symptoms were associated with anatomical POP in pregnancy and postpartum, and to present the prevalence of vaginal bulge symptoms throughout this period.

Methods

A prospective observational study was carried out following 300 nulliparous pregnant women with repeat assessments from mid-pregnancy until 1 year postpartum. Symptoms of vaginal bulge defined as the sensation of a vaginal bulge inside and/or outside the vagina were assessed by electronic questionnaires. Anatomical POP defined as pelvic organ prolapse quantification system (POP-Q) stage ≥2 has been presented in a previous publication and showed a range of 1–9%. The association between the symptom vaginal bulge and anatomical POP at the various visits was analyzed using Fisher’s exact test.

Results

Prevalence of vaginal bulge ranged between 16 and 23%. At 6 weeks postpartum the symptom was associated with anatomical POP; otherwise, these two features were unrelated.

Conclusions

The symptom vaginal bulge was barely associated with anatomical POP, and cannot identify anatomical POP in pregnancy or postpartum.

     

Predicting total knee replacement pain: a prospective, observational study

To describe the natural history of pain after total knee arthroplasty and to identify factors predicting excessive postoperative pain, we used a prospective, observational study assessing clinical and radiographic variables preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after knee replacement. Data sources included the visual analog pain scale and other measures of patient health, psychologic state, and component reliability. Regression analyses were conducted to identify specific factors predictive of postoperative pain, controlling for inequality of variables, and confirmed using regression diagnostics. For 116 patients (149 knees; mean age, 66 years; 55.2% women), significant pain was reported by 72.3%, 44.4%, 22.6%, 18.4%, and 13.1%, respectively. No intergroup differences existed for anesthesia, weight, age, or gender. Patients with greater preoperative pain had more postoperative pain, used more home therapy, and postoperative manipulations. Preoperative depression and anxiety were associated with heightened pain at 1 year. Pain after knee replacement resolves quickly, declining to approximately (1/2) by 3 months. However, one in eight patients report moderate to severe pain 1 year after surgery despite an absence of clinical or radiographic abnormalities. Development of office-based preoperative screening tools and interventions for these patients may reduce postoperative costs and improve patient-perceived outcomes.     

Predictors of postoperative pain and analgesic requirements following abdominal hysterectomy: an observational study

Purpose

A prospective observational study is conducted to identify independent predictors of pain and morphine consumption following abdominal hysterectomy.

Methods

Preoperative State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Numerical Rating Scales (NRS) for anxiety and pain expectations, thermal pain thresholds and pain scores at forearm and incision site, and pain scores generated from the insertion of an intravenous catheter were measured in female patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Pearson correlations between the predictors and the two outcome measures postoperative pain scores and morphine consumption were studied and multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify independent predictors (primary outcome). Secondary outcomes included cut-off values of predictive tools for morphine consumption.

Results

Data from 60 patients were analyzed. STAI state anxiety, NRS pain expectations, and NRS anxiety scores were identified as independent predictors of postoperative morphine consumption. We identified a cut-off value of 4.5 (sensitivity 90 %, specificity of 60 %) for the NRS anxiety and a cut-off of 42.5 (sensitivity 70 %, specificity 70 %) for the state anxiety STAI score for increased postoperative morphine consumption.

Conclusions

Preoperative STAI state anxiety scores and NRS pain expectations are independent predictors for increased morphine consumption following hysterectomy. The STAI state anxiety tool and NRS 0-10 anxiety tool can be used interchangeably. The NRS 0-10 anxiety is a much simpler tool than STAI state anxiety and is associated with a higher sensitivity for high morphine consumption. Thermal pain thresholds and IV pain scores were not predictive of postoperative morphine consumption.

     

Relationship between postpartum mood disorder and birth experience: a prospective observational study

BackgroundThis study aims to investigate the relationship between the birth experience and the risk of developing postpartum depression or post-traumatic stress disorder.MethodsIn this prospective, longitudinal, observational study, women were assessed at different time points for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. The risk of depression or post-traumatic stress disorder based on patient characteristics and specific birth events was assessed within three months postpartum.ResultsWe enrolled 600 women; 426 were eligible for postpartum assessment. At six weeks and three months postpartum, 15.9% and 12.7% screened positive for depression respectively. Positive post-traumatic stress disorder screenings at six weeks and three months postpartum were 6.2% and 5.1% respectively. Twenty-seven women (8.3%) with a negative screening at six weeks converted to a positive depression or post-traumatic stress disorder screening at three months. A pre-existing history of anxiety or depression was associated with an increased risk of developing depression (aOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.30 to 3.47) and post-traumatic stress (aOR 3.15, 95% CI 1.42 to 7.02) within three months postpartum. The risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder within three months postpartum was also increased among patients experiencing their first delivery (aOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.10 to 5.88) or operative management of postpartum hemorrhage (aOR 4.44, 95% CI 1.16 to 17.02).ConclusionDepression and post-traumatic stress symptoms either persisted or had new onset at three months postpartum. Mental health screening and postpartum follow-up after six weeks should be considered in high-risk patients who have a history of psychopathology, nulliparity, or undergo operative management of postpartum hemorrhage.     

Pudendal entrapment as an etiology of chronic perineal pain: Diagnosis and treatment

AIMS: This study was conducted to evaluate pudendal entrapment as an etiology of chronic pain, a diagnostic protocol for pudendal entrapment, and clinical response to surgical decompression. METHODS: A case series of 58 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of pudendal entrapment, based on clinical factors, neurophysiologic studies, and response to pudendal nerve infiltrations, is described. All patients were refractory to other treatment modalities. Patients were assessed before and after surgical decompression: degree of pain was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS) score, percent global overall improvement, and improved function and quality of life before surgery and 12 months or longer after surgery. RESULTS: The primary presenting feature was progressive, chronic, intractable neuropathic pain in the perineum (ano-rectal and/or urogenital) that worsened with sitting. Other symptoms included urinary hesitancy, frequency, urgency, constipation/painful bowel movements, and sexual dysfunction. After surgical decompression, 35 (60%) patients were classified as responders, based on one of the following three criteria: a greater than 50% reduction in VAS score, a greater than 50% improvement in global assessment of pain, or a greater than 50% improvement in function and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Pudendal entrapment can be a cause of chronic, disabling perineal pain in both men and women. Since symptomatic patients seek medical care from many different medical specialists, a reliable diagnostic protocol should be established. For patients refractory to conventional interventions, surgical decompression of the pudendal nerve can improve pain-related symptoms and disability. With ongoing work on this subject, which is a difficult disorder to accurately diagnose and treat, a better awareness of pudendal entrapment across specialties will emerge.     

Day-case ureteroscopy: an observational study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome after day-case ureteroscopy (used in diagnosing and managing ureteric disease, primarily urolithiasis), as awareness of reduced resources has resulted in increasing pressure to undertake procedures in a day-surgery setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients presenting to the unit and requiring ureteroscopy between May 1995 and May 2000 were considered for a day-surgery procedure. The assessment of suitability comprised anaesthetic and social factors; no urological criteria precluded a day-surgery procedure. Outcomes after day-case ureteroscopy, including immediate or delayed admissions and subsequent inpatient management, were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Sixty-three day-case ureteroscopies were performed on 56 patients (mean age 47 years, range 19-78); eight procedures were diagnostic. Therapeutic ureteroscopies included one balloon dilatation of a ureteric stricture and 54 procedures for urolithiasis, with 98% stone clearance. Most patients were discharged with a JJ stent in situ. Of nine patients requiring immediate admission, seven were for pain control; eight were discharged on the following day. Seven patients required delayed admission 1-13 days after the procedure, three for stent-related symptoms and three for infection. No significant predictors of immediate or delayed admission were identified, although antibiotic prophylaxis was associated with a reduced admission rate. CONCLUSION: Ureteroscopy can be used successfully as a planned day-case procedure in a dedicated day-surgery unit, with few patients requiring hospitalization. Implementation of analgesia protocols and routine antibiotic prophylaxis may reduce admission after day-case ureteroscopy.     

Immediate postpartum neurological deficits in the lower extremity: a prospective observational study

BackgroundNeurological deficits noted immediately after childbirth are usually various obstetric neuropathies, but prospective studies are limited. The main study aim was to quantify and describe immediate postpartum neurological deficits of the lower extremity, including the buttocks.MethodsA prospective observational study of postpartum women delivering in a single maternity hospital during three months of 2016. Among 1147 eligible women, 1019 were screened for symptoms of lower extremity numbness or weakness within eight to 32 hours of delivery. Consent to undergo a detailed neurological evaluation was sought from those reporting symptoms. Risk factors were identified using logistic regression.ResultsThirty five women (3.4%) reported symptoms, 27 entered the study and 23 (2.0%) had objective signs of a neurological deficit. The most common injuries were mild lumbosacral plexopathies and cluneal nerve compression. Most deficits were sensory, half of these also having a motor deficit that did not impact functionally. Based on analysis of 22 cases involving a likely intrapartum deficit, no association was found with parity, body weight, duration of labour, mode of delivery or neuraxial block. A past history of a neurological condition or a back injury was associated with odds ratios of 7.98 and 4.82 respectively. There were no neurological deficits that were clinically concerning or that were likely a complication of a neuraxial block.ConclusionTransient neurological complications after labour and delivery are infrequent, mainly sensory involving multiple lumbosacral nerve roots or specific sacral cutaneous nerves, and they typically resolve within a short time.     

The relationship between blood glucose,mean arterial pressure and outcome after severe head injury: an observational study

BACKGROUND AND METHOD: Hypotension and hyperglycaemia occurring in the first 24h after severe head injury are individually associated with poor outcome but a causal effect has not been proven for either. Their combined effect is unknown and is investigated in this observational study of 338 patients with head injury, a Glasgow coma score (GCS) of 8 or less and requiring mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and blood glucose are linearly related to mortality (P<0.0001). Regression analysis shows that each has an independent effect. Moreover, the relationship between blood glucose and mortality is stronger than the relationship between MAP and mortality. When patients are grouped according to lowest MAP, hyperglycaemia is associated with increasing mortality within each group (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Further studies on the combined effect of hyperglycaemia and hypotension on mortality after head injury are needed because this study suggests, but does not prove, an additive, causal association.