Cytokine responses and myocardial injury in coronary artery bypass grafting

OBJECTIVE: Cardiopulmonary bypass is acknowledged to be one of the major causes of a complex systemic inflammatory response after cardiac surgery, and it may contribute to postoperative complications and even multiple organ dysfunction. We here compared the cytokine responses and the degree of myocardial injury after coronary artery bypass grafting with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: Nine patients underwent off-pump revascularization and 13 with cardiopulmonary bypass. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were measured before anesthesia induction, and 5 min, 1, 4, and 20 h after reperfusion to the myocardium. Levels of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) were also measured after the operation. RESULTS: Levels of TNF-alpha were low in both groups. A delayed elevation of IL-6 was noted in the off-pump group. IL-8 and IL-10 levels were significantly higher in the CPB than in the off-pump patients after reperfusion (p=0.006 and 0.001 respectively). Postoperative CK-MB levels were significantly higher in the CPB than in the off-pump group (p=0.001). Cytokine levels correlated with CK-MB values. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that off-pump revascularization was associated with reduced cytokine responses and less severe myocardial injury. The degree of myocardial injury, as defined by CK-MB release, correlated with cytokine release. Intervention designed to reduce cytokine responses in cardiac surgery may be advantageous for patients with severe comorbidity.     

Changes in serum CK-MB mass after coronary artery bypass surgery

We assessed the release of creatine kinase MB as both mass and activity during the postoperative period following cardiac surgery. CK-MB mass was determined by enzyme immunoassay using reagents obtained from Hybritech. CK-MB activity was determined both by agarose electrophoresis and by an immunochemical method. Fifty-five patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery and 52 control subjects who had orthopedic surgery were selected for study. Serial serum samples were collected following surgery and total LD, CK, AST, LD-1, CK-MB mass, and CK-MB activity determined. Results were compared to each other and to surgical parameters. All patients exhibited significant CK-MB mass and activity after surgery and peak serum levels were 6-94 micrograms/L and 12-84 U/L, respectively. CK-MB mass correlated with CK-MB activity on paired samples (r = 0.94). Total AST and CK activities correlated with CK-MB mass (r = 0.60, and 0.63, respectively). Peak levels of CK-MB mass correlated significantly with peak MB activity (r = 0.88), peak LD-1 (r = 0.62), peak AST (r = 0.71), and time on pump (r = 0.54). Similar correlations were also seen between peak CK-MB activity and these parameters. No relationship could be identified between extent of CK-MB mass release and number of grafts, degree of hypothermia, or minimum PaO2. The time course of CK-MB mass release exhibited 85% concordance with CK-MB activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

血液停跳液对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者围术期心肌酶的影响

目的:了解血液停跳液对心肌在术中缺血再灌注损伤影响的程度和手术后恢复的情况,为临床治疗提供依据.方法:39例冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者术前1 d,术后1、3、5、8 d晨分别取静脉血,测定血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、磷酸肌酸激酶及同功酶MB(CK、CK-MB),乳酸脱氢酶及同功酶1(LDH、LDH-1).结果:择期手术的CABG患者术前5种心肌酶均在正常范围,术后1 d分别升高到术前的3～15倍(P＜0.01);术后3 d均有不同程度的恢复,CK-MB已恢复到正常范围,其他4种酶仍显著高于术前水平(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);术后5 d继续恢复,LDH和LDH-1仍高于术前水平(P＜0.01),CK也恢复到正常水平,AST虽仍略高于正常水平,但是其与术前测定值相比差异无显著性(P＞0.05或P＜0.01);术后8 d LDH与LDH-1仍未恢复正常(P＜0.05).结论:血液停跳液对CABG患者可以提供满意的心肌保护.择期手术的CABG患者术前5种心肌酶均在正常范围;这些心肌酶的释放术后1 d达最高峰,CK-MB恢复最快,CK与AST次之,LDH和LDH-1最慢,术后8 d仍明显高于术前水平;要判断心肌损伤的恢复应以LDH和LDH-1的恢复为标准.     

胸腔镜心脏手术中应用参麦注射液防治体外循环心肌缺血再灌注损伤的临床研究*

目的研究参麦注射液在体外循环(CPB)胸腔镜心脏手术中对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法将在CPB下的胸腔镜心脏手术的18例先天性心脏病患儿随机分为两组(每组9例),对照组和试验组。对照组不给药,试验组给予参麦注射液(2 ml/kg心脏冷停搏液中添加入参麦注射液)。分别于麻醉诱导后(T1)、心脏复跳后(T2)时间点测定样本中血清中以下指标的水平:肌钙蛋白T(c Tn T)、肌酸激酶同工酶质量(CK-MB)和肌红蛋白(Mb),并测定心脏左室射血分数(EF)。结果两组血清中c Tn T、CK-MB和Mb的浓度都是在心脏复跳后与麻醉诱导后相比有明显的增加(P0.05);在心脏复跳后时间点参麦注射液组的c Tn T、CK-MB和Mb明显低于对照组,而EF明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论参麦注射液可以在CPB下胸腔镜心脏手术中对心肌缺血-再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

Human heart-type cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Clinical evaluation of H-FABP in comparison with myoglobin and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB.

Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) is a low molecular weight cytoplasmic protein and present abundantly in the myocardium. When the myocardium is injured, as in the case of myocardial infarction, low molecular weight cytoplasmic proteins including H-FABP are released into the circulation and H-FABP is detectable in a blood sample. We have already developed a direct sandwich-ELISA for quantification of human H-FABP using two distinct types of monoclonal antibodies specific for human H-FABP. In this study we investigated the clinical validity of H-FABP as a biochemical diagnostic marker in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of H-FABP in the early phase of AMI, blood samples were obtained from the following patients within 12 hours after the appearance of symptoms, and serum levels of H-FABP were compared with those of conventional diagnostic markers, such as myoglobin and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB). Blood samples were collected from patients with confirmed AMI (n=140), patients with chest pain who were afterwards not classified as AMI by normal CK-MB levels (non-AMI) (n=49) and normal healthy volunteers (n=75). The serum concentration of H-FABP was quantified with our direct sandwich-ELISA. The concentration of myoglobin mass was measured with a commercial RIA kit. The serum CK-MB activity was determined with an immuno-inhibition assay kit. The overall sensitivity of H-FABP, within 12 hours after the appearance of symptoms, was 92.9%, while it was 88.6% with myoglobin and 18.6% with CK-MB. The overall specificity of H-FABP was 67.3%, while it was 57.1% with myoglobin and 98.0% with CK-MB. The diagnostic efficacy rates with these markers were 86.2% (H-FABP), 80.4% (myoglobin) and 39.2% (CK-MB), respectively. The diagnostic validity of H-FABP was further assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) of H-FABP was 0.921, which was significantly greater than with myoglobin (AUC: 0.843) and CK-MB (AUC: 0.654). These parameters, such as sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic efficacy and diagnostic accuracy, obtained for patients with chest pain within 3 hours and/or 6 hours after the onset of symptoms were almost the same as those for patients within 12 hours after symptoms. H-FABP is more sensitive than both myoglobin and CK-MB, more specific than myoglobin for detecting AMI within 12 hours after the onset of symptoms, and shows the highest values for both diagnostic efficacy and ROC curve analysis. Thus, H-FABP has great potential as an excellent biochemical cardiac marker for the diagnosis of AMI in the early phase.     

Creatine kinase MB isoforms in patients with skeletal muscle injury: ramifications for early detection of acute myocardial infarction.

We measured total creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB isoenzyme, and the MB isoforms in 202 serum and plasma samples from nine groups of patients and normal individuals: 39 with acute myocardial infarction (MI), divided according to time between the onset of chest pain and blood collection (1-6 h, 7-12 h, and 13-48 h); 26 with chest pain for whom an MI was ruled out, sampled at admission; 17 undergoing bypass surgery or cardiac catheterization, sampled within 6 h after either procedure; 17 with acute skeletal muscle injury, sampled within 8 h after injury; 30 marathon runners immediately after a race; 17 runners and other athletes > 12 h after training or a race; 12 with cerebral injury or seizures, sampled at admission; 8 with closed head injury, sampled at admission; and 38 normal subjects. CK-MB (relative index) and MB isoforms (MB2/MB1) were respectively increased in 15% and 75% of MI patients 1-6 h after onset, 94% and 94% after 7-12 h, and 88% and 8% after 12 h, and in 87% and 82% of cardiac surgery patients. MB isoforms were increased in most patients with acute skeletal muscle trauma and in subjects examined after exercise, but were within normal limits in patients for whom MI was ruled out, patients with cerebral trauma, and normal individuals. The relative index of MB/total CK was normal in essentially all individuals in the last groups, including those with acute skeletal muscle trauma. We concluded that the CK-MB isoform ratio is increased in both acute skeletal muscle injury and MI. The isoform ratio is most useful for distinguishing recent from old (> 12 h) injury.     

Plasma troponins as markers of myocardial damage during cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation

All types of cardiac surgery involve considerable injury to the myocardium. However, it is difficult to differentiate, in the immediate post-operative state, between ischemic alterations associated with the cardiac surgery itself and the pathological alterations of a peri-operative myocardial infarction. The diagnosis of damaged myocardium, classically performed with the enzymatic markers creatine kinase (CK) and its muscle fraction (CK-MB), has become more precise with the option of measuring cardiac troponins T and I. We measured these markers in 58 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with extra-corporeal circulation (ECC). The patients included 37 cases undergoing valve surgery, 14 for coronary revascularization, 6 for mixed procedures, and 1 for closure of an inter-atrial communication. The markers were measured in plasma at baseline (at anesthesia initiation), 5 min post-ECC commencement, following aorta de-clamping, during the surgical closure, and 6, 18 and 42 hrs after surgery. All the markers were increased significantly relative to the baseline values. Troponin I, CK and CK-MB values peaked between 6 and 18 hrs after surgery, troponin T between 18 and 42 hrs, and myoglobin at the surgical closure. The values of all markers were higher in patients undergoing coronary surgery compared to those in patients undergoing valve surgery. In the evaluation of myocardial damage after surgery, the measurement of classical markers such as CK and myoglobin remain valid, but other markers such as troponins provide significant additional diagnostic benefit and, thus, need to be included in the routine biochemical measurements for monitoring myocardial damage associated with the surgical procedure.     

Platelet release in coronary heart disease: effect of antiplatelet drugs and coronary artery bypass graft

We report serial measurements of in vivo platelet release products beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 in 38 patients with coronary artery disease who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery. All patients were given dipyridamole preoperatively and both dipyridamole and aspirin postoperatively. Assays of plasma beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 were performed immediately before surgery, at discharge, and at follow-up visits. At initial evaluation, 22 patients with prior myocardial infarction had significantly elevated plasma beta-thromboglobulin levels (p = 0.0004). In the preoperative period, the use of dipyridamole caused some reduction of plasma beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4, but the difference was not statistically significant. Six to 12 days after surgery, all patients had plasma beta-thromboglobulin concentrations higher than the preoperative levels despite the continued ingestion of dipyridamole and aspirin. At a follow-up visit, 30 to 133 days after surgery, only patients with previous myocardial infarction had beta-thromboglobulin levels higher than their preoperative values. However, compared with controls, all patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery had elevated plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin in both the early and late postoperative periods. In this group of patients, successful revascularization of the myocardium, as indicated by relief of symptoms, did not completely inhibit platelet activation.     

N末端脑钠肽前体与心肌酶谱联合检测在心力衰竭诊断及预后分析中的应用

目的探讨N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)与心肌酶谱联合检测在心力衰竭(HF)诊断中的应用价值。方法选择2019年5月-2020年1月徐州医科大学附属第三医院收治的76例HF患者作为HF组,另外选择同期76例健康体检者作为健康对照组。比较两组的血清NT-proBNP、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(HBD)、肌酸激酶(CK)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平。根据美国纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)心功能分级划分HF患者的病情严重程度等级,并对患者进行随访,观察预后,比较不同NYHA分级和不同预后患者的血清NT-proBNP、LDH、HBD、CK、CK-MB水平,分析上述指标与HF患者NYHA分级和不良预后的相关性。结果 HF组NT-proBNP、LDH、HBD、CK、CK-MB水平均明显高于健康对照组〔NT-proBNP(ng/L):534.02±73.24比68.91±8.29,LDH(μmol·s^-1·L^-1):5.81±0.79比2.67±0.53,HBD(U/L):319.82±41.08比95.31±13.29,CK(U/L):286.61±57.18比90.34±15.07,CK-MB(U/L):58.82±6.05比12.06±3.04,均P<0.05〕;NYHA分级≥Ⅲ级患者的NT-proBNP、LDH、HBD、CK、CK-MB水平均明显高于NYHA分级<Ⅲ级的患者〔NT-proBNP(ng/L):718.04±74.52比345.39±61.05,LDH(μmol·s^-1·L^-1):7.52±1.03比4.15±0.76,HBD(U/L):398.35±48.67比224.08±26.71,CK(U/L):388.26±61.08比179.74±30.43,CK-MB(U/L):78.61±9.07比39.34±5.82,均P<0.05〕;预后不良患者的NT-proBNP、LDH、HBD、CK、CK-MB水平均明显高于预后良好患者〔NT-proBNP(ng/L):759.35±79.17比291.24±56.82,LDH(μmol·s^-1·L^-1):8.04±1.12比3.79±0.67,HBD(U/L):410.04±51.81比209.18±24.86,CK(U/L):411.95±63.72比158.63±28.54,CK-MB(U/L):86.05±10.82比35.08±5.29,均P<0.05〕。Pearson相关性分析显示,NT-proBNP、LDH、HBD、CK、CK-MB与HF患者NYHA分级和不良预后均呈正相关(均P<0.05)。结论 NT-proBNP、LDH、HBD、CK、CK-MB联合检测在HF诊断中具有较高的应用价值,并能为患者病情及预后分析提供指导。     

The value of serum CK-MB and myoglobin measurements for assessing perioperative myocardial infarction after cardiac surgery

In 41 patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery, creatine kinase (CK)-MB mass concentration was repeatedly measured in serum during and after the intervention using a new two-site immunoenzymetric assay (IEMA). Serum CK-MB activity was determined with the use of four different techniques: immunoinhibition, immunoinhibition-immunoprecipitation, column chromatography and electrophoresis. Myoglobin (Mb) was also measured in each specimen by radioimmunoassay. In the 33 patients who followed a completely uneventful postoperative course, the cumulated CK-MB release was, on the average, 12.2-fold less than after acute myocardial infarction. The CK-MB peak concentrations using the IEMA were 33 +/- 3 micrograms/l (X +/- SEM) and occurred 6.4 +/- 0.5 h after the intervention was started; CK-MB levels had decreased to 2.9 +/- 0.4 micrograms/l at the end of the first postoperative day. The evolution of the CK-MB concentration was parallel to that of the enzyme activity. The serum Mb maximum concentrations (518 +/- 39 micrograms/l) were reached after 3.3 +/- 0.1 h. The other eight patients developed perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI); in this group, the cumulated CK-MB release was higher, and the serum CK-MB postoperative curves were of three different types. The patients with delayed CK-MB peaks (type I pattern) or sustained elevations (type III) of this isoenzyme also showed increased serum Mb levels at the end of the first postoperative day. The PMI patients with early (10 h) CK-MB elevations (type II) did not demonstrate abnormal serum Mb levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Mass concentration of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 in diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction after coronary bypass surgery

Recent advances in methodology allow the mass concentration of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), and of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 (LD1) to be determined quickly and easily as routine, emergency tests. We evaluated these tests as diagnostic criteria of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) after coronary bypass surgery. These tests were compared with the usual measurements of CK-MB activity by immunoinhibition and LD1 by electrophoresis and with other biological markers of myocardial infarction such as total CK, total LD, and aspartate aminotransferase. Sixty-one patients who underwent coronary bypass grafting were followed pre- and postoperatively by enzyme determinations and electrocardiography; a subgroup was monitored by myocardial scintigraphy. CK-MB mass appeared to be the best marker of PMI during the first 48 h, although LD1 was the marker of choice from days 2 to 4.     

Cardiac troponin I: its contribution to the diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction and various complications of cardiac surgery

OBJECTIVE: To study the value of assaying cardiac troponin I (cTnI) for the early diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) and various complications of cardiac surgery. DESIGN: A prospective observational clinical study. SETTING: Biochemical laboratory, anesthesia, and cardiac surgery department of H?pital Broussais. PATIENTS: Two hundred and sixty consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS: All patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valvular surgery under extracorporeal circulation. Per-operative and postoperative follow-up consisted of electrocardiogram, echocardiography (mainly by the transesophageal approach), and serial determinations of biochemical markers such as creatinine kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) and cTnI. PMI, new ST segment changes, and ventricular arrhythmias were considered postoperative adverse cardiac outcome. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: CTnI was measured before cardiopulmonary bypass (T0) and 12 and 24 hrs after (T12, T24). CK-MB was measured on arrival in the intensive care unit and on the first postoperative day (D1). Patients were divided into three groups according to the type of surgery: coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), valvular surgery (VS), or both procedures. The plasma CK-MB and cTnI concentrations were high in all patients after extracorporeal circulation because of aortic clamping or cardioplegia. The CK-MB and cTnI values were higher in the VS group than in the CABG group. Values peaked at T12 and fell by T24, except when PMI occurred. Eight patients developed a PMI. Patients with PMI had significantly higher cTnI levels at T12 and T24, and higher CK-MB values at D1 than patients without PMI. Cutoff values of cTnI for diagnosing PMI were >19 microg/L at T12 with 100% sensitivity and 73% specificity, and >36 microg/L at T24, with 100% sensitivity and 93% specificity. Lower cTnI values were highly suggestive of the absence of PMI after CABG and/or VS. Other complications such as ST segment changes, ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac failure were indicated by high cTnI levels at T12 and T24. Myocardial protective measures were associated with a nonsignificant increase in cTnI values. CONCLUSIONS: CTnI is more sensitive and specific than CK-MB for diagnosing PMI and other forms of heart failure after cardiac surgery.     

Leukocyte filtration in the early reperfusion phase on cardiopulmonary bypass reduces myocardial injury

Improved myocardial protection and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have limited, but not abolished, intraoperative myocardial damage due to surgical reperfusion injury after release of the aortic crossclamp. In this double-blind, randomized study, we evaluated whether short-term leukocyte filtration during reperfusion may further reduce myocardial damage. Thirty-eight patients with coronary artery disease were randomly assigned to CPB with (group I; n = 19) or without leukocyte filtration (group II; n = 19). There was no difference in bypass time or crossclamp time between the groups. No patient in group I required catecholamines, whereas three patients in group II were supported with adrenaline or dobutamine on the first and second postoperative day. In addition, troponin T plasma levels were lower in group I (p < 0.05), whereas other markers for tissue injury (CK, CK-MB, LDH, S-GOT and S100B) did not differ. In conclusion, leukocyte filtration during reperfusion may further improve CPB by reducing myocardial damage.     

心肌肌钙蛋白T对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者围术期心肌梗死的诊断意义

目的：观察心肌肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）与肌酸激酶同功酶（CK-MB）在冠状动脉旁路移植（CABG）术围术期变化,比较两者对心肌损伤的诊断差异,研究cTnT对CABG术围术期心肌梗死的诊断意义。方法：连续152例患者在心脏停跳体外循环下行CABG术,平均年龄62.5±20.7（39~80）岁,平均每例移植血管2.7（1~5）支,平均心肺转流（CPB）时间113±54min,平均主动脉阻断时间56±31min。围术期9个时间点取静脉血标本,测定cTnT与CK-MB。结果：cTnT与CK-MB均于主动阻断钳开放后明显升高,开放后10h达峰值。CK-MB术后5d恢复至术前水平,而cTnT术后10d才恢复至术前水平。13例围术期心肌梗死（PMI）患者术后各时间点所测cTnT均显著高于无PMI者,术后10h达峰值,为2.97±1.12μg.L-1,且术后10d仍明显高于正常范围,为0.87±0.31μg.L-1,其中有7例术后因PMI而死亡。而无PMI者,无1例因心脏原因死亡。结论：cTnT与CK-MB在CABG术后前期的动态变化相似,但cTnT高于正常值的持续时间长,对心肌缺血损伤诊断时间窗宽于CK-MB。因此,cTnT诊断心肌损伤的晚期敏感性高于CK-MB。围术期cTnT的检测是诊断PMI高度敏感性指标,也是预测CABG术后发生PMI及预后的可靠指标。     

体外循环预充还原型谷胱甘肽对非紫绀型先心病术中心肌的保护作用

目的:观察体外循环预充还原型谷胱甘肽对非紫绀型先心病术中的心肌保护作用。方法:将30例非紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿随机分为两组,实验组(n=15)在体外循环预充液中加入还原型谷胱甘肽(剂量20mg/kg),对照组(n=15)在体外循环预充液中加入等量的盐水。于术前、主动脉开放2、12、24、48h五个时间采患儿动或静脉血,分别测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、血清肌酸激酶(CK)、血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)。结果:实验组血清LDH、CK在主动脉开放12、24、48h较相同时间的对照组有显著减低(P<0.05或0.01);实验组血清AST在主动脉开放2、12、24、48h较相同时间的对照组有显著减低(P<0.05或0.01);实验组血清CK-MB在主动脉开放2、12、24h较相同时间的对照组有显著减低(P<0.05或0.01),差异具有统计学意义。结论:体外循环预充还原型谷胱甘肽对非紫绀型先心病术中具有心肌保护作用。     

曲美他嗪对非体外循环冠脉搭桥术患者CK—MB、cTnI及hs—CRP的影响

【目的】观察曲美他嗪对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCAB）患者肌酸激酶同工酶（CK—MB）以及心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）和超敏C-反应蛋白（hs—CRP）的影响。【方法】将本院103择期行0PCAB的冠心病患者随机分为曲美他嗪组（52例）和对照组（51例）。分别于术前、术后6h、术后12h和术后24h抽取静脉血,测定血清CK—MB、cTnI及hs—CRP。【结果】两组患者临床特征及桥血管情况差异无统计学意义。两组术前CK—MB、cTnI及hs—CRP比较,差异无统计学意义。曲美他嗪组cK—MB、cTnI在术后6h、12h、24h明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）。曲美他嗪组hs—CRP在术后12h和24h明显低于对照组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。【结论】曲美他嗪可明显降低OPCAB患者CK—MB、cTnI和hs—CRP的释放。     

依达拉奉对心肌缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的临床研究

目的观察依达拉奉对体外循环(CPB)心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法2004~2005年选取符合条件CPB心脏手术患者30例,随机等分为试验组(n=15)和对照组(n=15),试验组给予依达拉奉。分别于术前(T1)及主动脉开放后2(T2)、6(T3)、12(T4)、24 h(T5)测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)含量。结果CPB开始后cTnI、CK-MB均明显升高,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。MDA2组均较术前明显升高,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。SOD在开放升主动脉后持续下降,但对照组在各时间点下降的更为显著(P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉可以提高心肌细胞SOD活性,减少MDA的产生,减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤,有效的保护心肌功能。     

Creatinine-kinase-MB determination in non-cardiac trauma: its difference with cardiac infarction and its restricted use in trauma situations.

Cardiac injuries can be life threatening. The possibility of late complications urges the practitioner to search for any evidence of cardiac trauma. But the diagnosis of cardiac injury remains difficult. Electrocardiography and cardiac enzyme determination are most widely used, because they are readily available. Many studies advocate creatine-kinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme levels as a sensitive test for cardiac contusion. Others have discarded CK-MB testing as useless in trauma situations. An elevated CK-MB value in haemodynamically stable patients may confuse the individual practitioner. To better clarify its role we investigated the course of CK/CK-MB release after trauma, with no or only a very small chance of cardiac injury and compared it with patients with severe chest trauma having cardiac complications. A total of 25 trauma patients with only skeletal muscle injury were studied. Blood samples were taken during the first 4 days after trauma. These results were compared with those of a group of 91 consecutive patients with severe chest injury, including 10 with cardiac complications. Initial results in skeletal trauma patients were indicative of cardiac injury (CK > 5% of total CK and at least 20 U/l) in 10 patients. These findings were identical to those found in patients with severe chest injury having cardiac complications. CK/CK-MB tests are frequently positive after trauma without cardiac injury, even when selective criteria are used. The time each isoenzyme is released from muscle tissue after trauma greatly influences the outcome of the test. As this release does not occur at the same moment for each isoenzyme, the test result is very much time-dependent. As a result of these findings CK-MB testing tends to cause more confusion than clarification in trauma situations. We therefore eliminated CK-MB testing from our trauma protocol as a screening investigation for cardiac injury.     

冠状动脉架桥术患者围术期心肌酶的动态变化

目的 :连续对 14例择期手术的冠状动脉架桥术 (CABG)患者围术期心肌酶的变化进行了动态观察 ,旨在更全面了解心肌在术中受缺血影响的程度和恢复的情况 ,进一步揭示CABG患者心肌酶围术期变化的规律 ,为临床治疗提供依据。方法 :14例CABG患者术前 1d ,术后 1,3,5 ,8d晨分别取静脉血 ,测定血清谷草转氨酶 (AST) ,磷酸肌酸激酶及同功酶MB(CK ,CK-MB) ,乳酸脱氢酶及同功酶 1(LDH ,LDH - 1)。结果 :择期手术的CABG患者术前 5种心肌酶均在正常范围 ,术后 1d分别升高到术前的 3- 11倍 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;术后 3d均有不同程度的恢复 ,CK -MB已恢复到正常范围 ,AST已与术前值无明显差别虽说它仍高于正常值 ,其他 3种酶仍显著高于术前水平 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;术后 5d继续恢复 ,LDH和LDH - 1仍高于术前水平 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,CK也已恢复到正常水平 ,AST虽仍略高于正常水平 ,但是其与术前测定值相比无差别 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;术后 8dAST也恢复到正常水平 ,但LDH与LDH - 1仍未恢复正常 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :择期手术的CABG患者术前 5种心肌酶均在正常范围 ;这些心肌酶的释放术后 1d达最高峰 ,CK -MB恢复最快 ,CK与AST次之 ,LDH和LDH - 1最慢 ,术后 8d仍明显高于术前水平 ;要判断心肌损伤的恢复应以LDH和LDH - 1的恢复为标准。