全反式维甲酸对糖尿病肾病模型大鼠转化生长因子β1基因甲基化水平影响的实验研究

目的:探讨全反式维甲酸(ATRA)对糖尿病肾病(DN)模型转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)基因甲基化水平的影响。方法:将30只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、DN组、DN+ATRA组,每组10只。采用高糖高脂饮食加腹腔注射小剂量链脲佐菌素建立DN大鼠模型,对照组和DN组给予等体积0.9%氯化钠溶液灌胃,DN+ATRA组给予5 mg/kg ATRA灌胃,连续干预4周。观察各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白和血液生化指标,肾脏组织行HE染色和PAS染色,选择MS-PCR检测各组大鼠肾脏中TGF-β1基因的DNA甲基化水平,选择逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)、Western blot法及免疫组织化学检测肾脏组织TGF-β1 mRNA及蛋白表达。结果:与对照组比较,DN组大鼠空腹血糖(FBG)、血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、24 h尿蛋白升高(均P<0.05)。与DN组比较,DN+ATRA组大鼠FBG、BUN、Scr、24 h尿蛋白降低,但高于对照组(均P<0.05)。HE染色和PAS染色DN组肾小球形状不规则,系膜基质增多着玫瑰红色,部分肾小管有萎缩且存在管腔扩张,肾小管周围有较...     

低聚原花青素通过介导Wnt/β-catenin信号通路对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾功能的保护作用研究

目的 研究低聚原花青素通过介导Wnt/β-catenin信号通路对糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠肾功能的保护作用。方法 选择60只SD雄性大鼠,随机分为正常对照组（NC组）、DN模型组（DN组）、DN模型+不同剂量低聚原花青素组（低、中、高剂量组）,采用单次腹腔注射链脲佐菌素复制DN模型,低、中、高剂量组分别给予50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、150 mg/kg低聚原花青素灌胃,NC组和DN组给予等体积蒸馏水灌胃。分别于第4周、8周、12周、16周,检测各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白定量;16周末检测大鼠血糖、血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）水平;处死大鼠,取肾脏组织行苏木精-伊红及过碘酸希夫染色,观察肾组织形态学变化;检测肾组织匀浆上清液中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应和Western blotting检测肾组织Wnt4、β-catenin mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果 DN组血糖、Scr、BUN水平较NC组升高（P <0.05）;低、中、高剂量组血糖、Scr、BUN水平较DN组降低（P <0.05）。各组大鼠灌胃4周、8周、12周、1...     

汉黄芩素对糖尿病肾病大鼠的治疗作用及肾组织RAGE、S100A8表达的影响

目的 探讨汉黄芩素对糖尿病肾病大鼠的治疗作用及肾组织晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)、髓样相关蛋白8(S100A8)表达的影响。方法 SD大鼠60只随机分为对照组、模型组、厄贝沙坦组(15mg/kg)、汉黄芩素低、高剂量组(50、100mg/kg),每组12只;模型组、厄贝沙坦组、汉黄芩素低、高剂量组建立糖尿病肾病大鼠模型,厄贝沙坦组、汉黄芩素低、高剂量组于建模成功后第1天开始灌胃给予相应药物,持续给予8周,对照组和模型组给予等体积生理盐水,试验结束后,测定24h尿蛋白、血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、血糖,观察大鼠肾脏病理改变,采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)法及蛋白免疫印迹(WB)法测定肾脏RAGE、S100A8 mRNA和蛋白水平。结果 模型组大鼠BUN、Scr、24h尿蛋白、血糖、肾脏组织RAGE、S100A8 mRNA和蛋白水平高于对照组(P<0.05);厄贝沙坦组、汉黄芩素低、高剂量组大鼠BUN、Scr、24h尿蛋白、血糖、肾脏组织RAGE、S100A8 mRNA和蛋白水平低于模型组(P<0.05),且随着汉黄芩素剂量的增加,汉黄芩素低、高剂量组大鼠BUN、Scr、24h尿蛋白、血糖、肾脏组织RAGE、S100A8 mRNA和蛋白水平降低(P<0.05);汉黄芩素低、高剂量组大鼠BUN、Scr、24h尿蛋白、血糖、肾脏组织RAGE、S100A8 mRNA和蛋白水平高于厄贝沙坦组(P<0.05)。结论 汉黄芩素对大鼠糖尿病肾病具有明显治疗效果;其机制可能与汉黄芩素可对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏组织RAGE、S100A8 mRNA和蛋白产生抑制作用有关。     

芦丁对糖尿病肾病大鼠的保护作用及其机制探讨

目的研究芦丁对糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)大鼠的保护作用。方法采用腹腔注射链脲霉素(strepto-zotocin,STZ)的方法复制DN大鼠模型,分为正常组(NS组),DN模型组(DN组)、芦丁低剂量治疗组(RL组,10mg/kg)、芦丁中剂量治疗组(RM组,30mg/kg)、芦丁高剂量治疗组(RH组,90mg/kg)、卡托普利对照组(CAP组,剂量为10mg/kg),每组10只,灌胃给药,12周后测定空腹血糖、尿白蛋白、肾脏指数、尿素氮、肌酐、观察肾脏组织形态学改变。结果芦丁能明显改善糖尿病肾病模型大鼠的血糖(Glu)、24h尿白蛋白、肾脏指数、尿素氮、肌酐以及肾小球组织形态。结论芦丁对糖尿病肾病大鼠具有好的保护作用。     

白皮杉醇对早期糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏的影响研究

目的:观察白皮杉醇对早期糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏的影响。方法:按照随机数字表法将大鼠分为五组,正常对照组(A组)、模型组(B组)、白皮杉醇低剂量组(C组)、中剂量组(D组)和高剂量组(E组),各10只。建立糖尿病肾病大鼠模型,C、D、E组造模成功后分别用白皮杉醇20 mg/kg、40 mg/kg与60 mg/kg灌胃,1次/d,共给药4周。采用血糖仪、脲酶-谷氨酸脱氢酶法、肌苷酸氧化酶法、免疫透射比浊法分别对大鼠血液中的空腹血糖(FBG)、血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)、尿微量白蛋白(U-mAlb)的含量进行检测,并采用HE染色法对大鼠肾组织进行病理学观察。结果:B组FBG、血清BUN、U-mAlb含量均明显高于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。C、D和E组经药物干预后,FBG、血清BUN、U-mAlb含量均明显低于B组,但均明显高于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。各组间血清Scr含量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。经过白皮杉醇干预后,肾组织系膜细胞与基质增生与肾小管上皮细胞呈空泡样变性的程度下降。结论:白皮杉醇对早期糖尿病肾病大鼠的肾脏具有保护作用。     

益肾排毒方对腺嘌呤所致慢性肾衰竭大鼠肾功能的影响

目的 观察益肾排毒方对腺嘌呤所致慢性肾衰竭大鼠肾功能的影响.方法 103只清洁级Wister雄性大鼠,随机分为正常组、模型组、对照组(尿毒清颗粒)、治疗组(低、中、高剂量)6组,除正常组外,其余组均给予1.5％腺嘌呤混悬液按300 mg/(kg·d)剂量灌胃给药,造模3周.造模成功后,按大鼠体质量2 mL/100 g,灌胃1次/d,连续8周.正常组、模型组给予自来水灌胃,对照组灌胃尿毒清颗粒混悬液,治疗组分别按相当于人用药剂量的0.5、1、2倍量灌胃中药煎剂益肾排毒方.给药8周后观察各组大鼠一般情况、肾功能(BUN、Scr)指标、免疫(α-SMA)指标、电镜下肾脏组织超微结构形态变化.结果 与正常组相比,其余各组BUN、Scr水平均显著升高(P＜0.01);与模型组相比,其余各组BUN、Scr水平均显著下降(P＜0.01);与模型组相比,其余各组α-SMA水平均有下降趋势,治疗组(高剂量)水平显著下降(P＜0.01);电镜下,模型组均有不同程度肾损伤,对照组和治疗组肾损伤有所改善.结论 益肾排毒方可降低慢性肾衰竭大鼠血BUN、Scr水平,下调α-SMA的表达,改善修复受损肾脏组织,改善肾间质纤维化的程度,延缓慢性肾衰竭的进程.     

雷公藤多苷对链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病肾病大鼠糖基化终末产物特异性受体/细胞核因子-κB信号通路的影响

目的 探讨雷公藤多苷(TWP)对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠糖基化终末产物特异性受体/细胞核因子-κB(RAGE/NF-κB)信号通路的影响.方法 选取62只6～8周龄的健康SD雄性大鼠,经高糖高脂饮食喂养6周后,再通过腹腔注射STZ 55 mg/kg来建立DN大鼠模型,造模成功的大鼠共有60只,按随机数字表法分为DN模型组及TWP低、中、高剂量组(分别为4.5、9、18mg/kg),每组各15只;另选取15只健康SD雄性大鼠作为正常组.于给药8周末,检测大鼠血清生化指标及24 h尿蛋白;同时取大鼠肺组织,行蛋白印迹法(Western Blot),测定各组RAGE、NF-cB的表达水平.结果 DN模型组血糖(BG)、血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)及24 h尿蛋白水平较正常组升高,经治疗后,TWP治疗组上述指标均较模型组降低,且TWP治疗组上述指标呈剂量依赖性降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与正常组比较,DN模型组RAGE和NF-κB蛋白表达水平均增加,TWP治疗组上述蛋白表达量较DN模型组降低,且以TWP高剂量组上述蛋白水平最低,更接近于正常大鼠,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 DN的发生发展过程可能与RAGE/NF-κB信号通路激活有关,TWP可通过抑制该信号通路而发挥肾保护作用.     

芒柄花苷经AMPK/SIRT1/FoxO1通路对2型糖尿病肾病大鼠肾损伤的改善作用

目的：探讨芒柄花苷经AMPK/SIRT1/FoxO1通路对2型糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠肾损伤的改善作用。方法：用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素准备大鼠DN模型,芒柄花苷低剂量组和芒柄花苷高剂量组大鼠分别灌胃给予芒柄花苷（剂量分别为50mg/kg和200mg/kg）,阳性对照组灌胃给予二甲双胍（250mg/kg）,阴性对照组和模型组灌胃给予等量生理盐水,持续16周。测定大鼠血清中BUN、Scr和血糖水平,对大鼠肾脏进行病理学检查,同时采用Western Blot法检测肾组织中SOD、GSH-PX、MDA、AMPK、SIRT1、FoxO1、FN和LC3B蛋白水平。结果：模型组大鼠肾小球异常肥大,系膜细胞增殖,系膜基质增加,间质纤维化;芒柄花苷和二甲双胍治疗后,肾小球形态逐渐恢复正常,肾小球内的炎症和纤维化程度也有不同程度的改善。与阴性对照组比较,模型组、芒柄花苷低剂量组、芒柄花苷高剂量组和阳性对照组各组大鼠BUN、Scr、血糖、MDA、FoxO1和FN水平升高,SOD、GSH-PX、AMPK、SIRT1和LC3B水平降低（P<0.05）。与模型组比较,芒柄花苷低剂量组、芒柄花苷高剂量组和阳性对照组...     

肾经水肿汤对糖尿病肾病大鼠的保护作用及调节机制

目的:探讨肾经水肿汤(Shenjingshuizhong decoction)对糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠的保护作用及调节机制。方法:将60只SPF级SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组、DN模型组、肾经水肿汤低剂量组(1g/kg)、肾经水肿汤中剂量组(2g/kg)、肾经水肿汤高剂量组(4g/kg)与阳性对照组(α-硫辛酸,60mg/kg),每组10只。其中,DN模型组、肾经水肿汤低、中、高剂量组与阳性对照组的50只大鼠通过腹膜内注射链脲佐菌素构建大鼠DN模型。记录大鼠一般情况、体重与血糖水平。利用全自动生化分析仪检测各组大鼠的血清肌酐(Cr)与血清尿素氮(BUN)水平。利用高碘酸希夫(PAS)染色检测大鼠肾脏组织的病理变化。蛋白质免疫印迹测定各组大鼠肾脏组织中促血管生成素1(Ang-1)、激活素样激酶1(ALK1)与转化生长因子-β(TGF-β₁)的蛋白水平。结果:正常对照组大鼠的健康状态良好,DN模型组大鼠健康状态较差,出现DN的典型症状。经过肾经水肿汤或α-硫辛酸治疗后,上述症状均有所减轻。与正常对照组相比,其余各组大鼠的体重均显著下降,血糖水平与血清Cr与BUN水平...     

丹参素通过STAT3/JAK2/SOCS1信号通路在妊娠期糖尿病干预中的作用机制研究

目的:探究不同剂量丹参素对妊娠期糖尿病模型大鼠肾脏的影响及对STAT3/JAK2/SOCS1信号通路分子的干预作用。方法:对SPF级怀孕SD大鼠进行链脲佐菌素(STZ)注射构建妊娠期糖尿病模型，将大鼠随机分为对照组(n=10)、模型组(n=10)、厄贝沙坦组(n=10),丹参素低剂量组(n=10)、丹参素中剂量组(n=10)和丹参素高剂量组(n=10),造模成功后各治疗组分别给予厄贝沙坦[10 mg/(kg·d)]及低[10 mg/(kg·d)、中[15 mg/(kg·d)]、高[20 mg/(kg·d)]剂量的丹参素灌胃7 d。HE染色观察肾脏组织病理变化；大生化检测血清肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、尿蛋白，血糖仪检测空腹血糖，通过qPCR和Western blot检测肾脏组织中信号传感器和转录激活剂3 (STAT3)、酪氨酸蛋白激酶2 (JAK2)、抑制细胞因子信号1 (SOCS1)的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果:丹参素能显著降低妊娠期糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤；降低外周血Scr、BUN、尿蛋白和空腹血糖水平，并且显著抑制STAT3、JAK2和SOCS1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平(均P...     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.