依从性影响慢性乙型肝炎的治疗

在中国慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)发病率一直居高不下, 抗病毒治疗可以大大降低CHB患者进行性肝病和肝细胞癌的发生风险。然而, 目前所有的抗病毒治疗只能抑制乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的复制而不能彻底清除HBV, 因此, CHB的抗病毒治疗是一个长期的甚至可能是终生的治疗。坚持抗病毒治疗对于实现CHB患者长期临床获益和预防对核苷(酸)类药物的耐药性至关重要。现使用PubMed和Scopus进行文献检索, 检索词包括乙型肝炎、依从性、核苷(酸)类药物、抗病毒治疗、病毒抑制和耐药, 分析抗病毒治疗依从性的相关因素及其对CHB治疗的影响, 探索可以提高核苷(酸)类药物治疗依从性的可行方案。     

一线核苷(酸)类药物对慢性乙型肝炎患者脂质代谢的影响

慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)是我国重要的公共卫生问题.目前,核苷(酸)类似物[nucleos(t)ide analogs,NAs]是抗病毒治疗的一线用药,其长期服用的安全性问题也引起了临床医师的广泛关注.有研究表明,NAs抗病毒治疗可能影响脂质代谢,不同药物对脂质代谢的影响不同,脂质代...     

妊娠期乙型肝炎病毒感染者抗病毒治疗进展及争议

乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性孕妇是否需要抗病毒治疗、如何治疗以及何时停止治疗需要结合孕母和胎儿情况综合考虑。孕期和孕母肝病病期是重要的考量因素。高病毒载量孕妇孕晚期的抗病毒治疗能够阻断母婴传播。现今,拉米夫定、替比夫定和替诺福韦都有充分的证据证实其在孕妇抗病毒治疗上的安全性。     

HIV-HBV共感染的相互影响及其治疗进展

艾滋病病毒(HIV)和乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)传播途径相似,两者共感染在临床工作中十分常见。随着抗病毒治疗的广泛覆盖及早期启动,HIV感染者的预期寿命和生活质量大大提高。但研究显示,即使能够有效抑制HIV和HBV的复制,HIV-HBV共感染者的发病率和病死率还是明显高于HIV或HBV单独感染者,尤其是这两种病毒都具有长期存活的形式,使得其抗病毒治疗都要持续终身。如何寻找有效、安全、方便的长期抗病毒治疗方案和进一步降低HBV相关肝病发病率及病死率是HIV-HBV共感染研究的另一挑战。本文就HIV-HBV共感染的相互影响及其机制以及治疗进展做一综述。     

合理应用α干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎--2002年α干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎专家研讨会会议纪要

20 0 2年 5月 ,国内传染病、肝病领域的二十多位知名专家参加了“2 0 0 2年α干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎专家研讨会”。与会专家们一致认为α干扰素在慢性乙型肝炎的抗病毒治疗中仍然占有重要地位 ,并深入地探讨了α干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎的临床经验和发展方向 ,这对α干扰素的合理应用具有重要的指导意义。现总结如下 ,供广大临床医生参考。一、α干扰素的适应证和禁忌证α干扰素是被美国食品及药物管理局 (ＦＤＡ)最早批准的用于治疗病毒性肝炎的抗病毒药物 ,而且目前被公认对慢性乙型肝炎具有确切的长期疗效。根据美国肝病学会及亚太肝病学…     

慢性病毒性肝炎干扰素治疗无应答机制的研究进展

慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)和慢性丙武型肝炎(CHC)的持续存在易导致肝病进展成为肝硬化或原发性肝癌.因而,及时应用有效的抗病毒治疗对于最大限度地长期抑制或消除病毒,减少和防止肝脏失代偿、肝硬化、肝癌及其并发症的发生具有重要意义.     

慢性HBV感染合并代谢相关性脂肪性肝病患者抗病毒治疗对策

<正>如何给予乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fattyliver disease,NAFLD)患者抗病毒治疗是困扰临床医生的问题。在中华医学会发布的《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版)》^[1]和《扩大慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的专家意见(2022年)》^[2]中,在提及抗病毒治疗的适应证和界定血清ALT水平和HBV DNA载量时,都有提及“需要排除合并丙型肝炎病毒、丁型肝炎病毒感染以及酒精性肝病、NAFLD、药物性肝损伤和自身免疫性肝病等其他肝脏疾病对血清ALT的影响”。     

《日本肝病学会指南:基因1型及2型HCV感染管理(2016年更新)》推荐意见

该指南是日本肝病学会肝炎管理指南起草委员会最新制订的关于基因1型及2型HCV感染管理的推荐意见.作者对本指南的推荐意见及部分图表内容进行翻译,供业内同行参考. 1 丙型肝炎治疗的目标 (1)丙型肝炎治疗的目标是改善因持续HCV感染所致慢性肝病的长期预后——尤其是预防肝癌的形成以及肝病相关的死亡.为达到此目标,应进行抗病毒治疗以清除HCV.     

直接抗病毒药物时代下丙型肝炎研究面临的挑战

HCV是全球范围内导致慢性病毒性肝炎的重要病原体之一。HCV长期隐匿性感染可能会引发肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝癌等晚期肝病。干扰素和利巴韦林联合用药广泛用于HCV感染的治疗,但这一疗法治疗效果有限,并且具有很强的副作用。HCV小分子直接抗病毒药物(DAA)的出现大大提高了治疗效果,并有望最终完全取代干扰素疗法。然而慢性丙型肝炎治疗进入DAA时代并不意味着丙型肝炎问题已经解决,丙型肝炎研究依然面对诸多挑战。     

乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎相关终末期肝病的抗病毒处理策略

HBV和HCV是终末期肝病的重要致病因素,抗病毒治疗是阻止病情进展并降低相关疾病病死率的重要手段.但乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的抗病毒治疗方案和预后存在很大差异,且疾病的不同阶段抗病毒治疗方案也各不相同.因此现重点探讨乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎相关终末期肝病的抗病毒治疗.     

长期核苷(酸)类抗病毒治疗的乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肝癌发生相关因素研究

目的 探讨长期接受核苷酸抗病毒治疗的乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肝癌发生的相关危险因素。方法 2002年5月～2015年5月接受核苷(酸)类抗病毒治疗的乙型肝炎肝硬化患者417例,平均抗病毒治疗时间为(9.11±2.09)年。记录观察期内原发性肝癌发生情况。采用多元Logistics回归分析导致肝癌发生的危险因素。结果 在观察期内,本组417例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者发生原发性肝癌57例(13.7)%;肝癌组在有肝癌家族史、长期饮酒、Child-Pugh C级、未应用一线抗病毒药物、抗病毒治疗后血清HBV DNA水平仍大于20 IU/ml的比率显著高于未发生肝癌组(P<0.05);多因素Logistic分析显示存在肝癌家族史(OR=1.568,95%CI为1.074～2.289,P=0.020)、长期饮酒史(OR=1.791,95%CI为1.227～2.615,P=0.003)、Child-Pugh C级(OR=1.598,95%CI为1.095～2.333,P=0.016)、未应用一线抗病毒药物(OR=1.476,95%CI为0.997～2.168,P=0.047)和抗病毒治疗后血清HBV DNA水平仍未转阴(OR=1.480,95%CI为1.014～2.160,P=0.043)为肝癌发生的独立危险因素。结论 本研究经过长期随访观察,发现有肝癌家族史、长期饮酒、Child-Pugh分级C级、未应用一线抗病毒药物治疗和抗病毒治疗后血清HBV DNA仍大于20 IU/ml是导致乙型肝炎肝硬化患者发生肝癌的危险因素,选择一线抗病毒药物治疗、戒酒、改善肝功能状态可能减少肝癌的发生,值得认真对待。     

Does antiviral therapy for hepatitis B and C prevent hepatocellular carcinoma?

Approximately 75% to 80% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) worldwide are attributed to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Thus, effective prevention of HBV and HCV infection and progression from acute HBV and HCV infection to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC might prevent as many as 450,000 deaths from HCC each year. The most effective approach to preventing HCC is to prevent HBV and HCV infection through vaccination. Indeed HBV vaccine is the first vaccine demonstrated to prevent cancers. However, a vaccine for HCV is not available and for persons who are chronically infected with HBV or HCV, antiviral therapy is the only option for preventing HCC. Direct evidence supporting a benefit of antiviral therapy on the prevention of HCC has been shown in a few randomized controlled trials. There is abundant evidence that antiviral therapy, in patients with long-term virological response, can improve liver histology, providing indirect support that antiviral therapy may prevent HCC by slowing progression of liver disease and possibly even reversing liver damage. Nevertheless, the risk of HCC remains in patients with chronic HBV or chronic HCV infection if treatment is initiated after cirrhosis is established. These data indicate that treatment might be of greater benefit if instituted earlier in the course of chronic hepatitis B or C. Safer, more effective, and more affordable antiviral therapies are needed for both hepatitis B and hepatitis C so more patients can benefit from treatment and more HCCs can be prevented.     

Diagnostic and therapeutic progress of multi-drug resistance with anti-HBV nucleos(t)ide analogues

Nucleos(t)ide analogues(NA) are a breakthrough in the treatment and management of chronic hepatitis B.NA could suppress the replication of hepatitis B virus(HBV) and control the progression of the disease.However,drug resistance caused by their long-term use becomes a practical problem,which influences the long-term outcomes in patients.Liver transplantation is the only choice for patients with HBV-related end-stage liver disease.But,the recurrence of HBV after transplantation often caused by the development of drug resistance leads to unfavorable outcomes for the recipients.Recently,the multi-drug resistance(MDR) has become a common issue raised due to the development and clinical application of a variety of NA.This may complicate the antiviral therapy and bring poorly prognostic outcomes.Although clinical evidence has suggested that combination therapy with different NA could effectively reduce the viral load in patients with MDR,the advent of new antiviral agents with high potency and high genetic barrier to resistance brings hope to antiviral therapy.The future of HBV researches relies on how toprevent the MDR occurrence and develop reasonable and effective treatment strategies.This review focuses on the diagnostic and therapeutic progress in MDR caused by the anti-HBV NA and describes some new research progress in this field.     

Percutaneous liver biopsy in clinical practice.

Percutaneous liver biopsy (PLB) is the standard procedure for obtaining hepatic tissue for histopathological examination, and remains an essential tool in the diagnosis and management of parenchymal liver diseases. The use of liver biopsy (LB) is increasing with the advent of liver transplantation and the progress being made in antiviral therapeutic agents. While blind percutaneous needle biopsy is the traditional technique, the use of ultrasound (US) guidance has increased considerably. Literatures were reviewed to assess the existing clinical practice of PLB with an emphasis on the technique, the operator, types of biopsy needles, quality of LB specimens and the risk of complications. The best available evidence indicates that the use of ultrasound-guided biopsy (UGB) is superior to blind needle biopsy (BNB). The odds ratios of the controlled studies showed that BNB carried a higher risk for major complications, postbiopsy pain and biopsy failure. Therefore, percutaneous LB under US control is superior to BNB and it is recommended that UGB be considered the standard of care for this important and widely used invasive procedure in the field of clinical hepatology.     

Effects of antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the major cause of cirrhosis worldwide. The ultimate goal of current antiviral treatments for chronic hepatitis B (nucleos(t)ide analogs and interferon-α) is to prevent the development of end-stage liver diseases.

Areas covered: We present a review of the current literature on antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis. Medline search was performed to identify relevant literature from 1993 through January of 2017.

Expert commentary: One randomized controlled trial and a number of observational studies have shown that nucleos(t)ide analogs can decrease the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B patients with advanced fibrosis. Data from clinical trials of entecavir and tenofovir have shown that histological improvement and regression of fibrosis can be achieved in the majority of patients with chronic hepatitis B by successful viral suppression. Entecavir and tenofovir are the preferred antiviral agents for treatment of chronic hepatitis B in patients with cirrhosis due to their high antiviral potency and high genetic barrier to resistance. Pegylated interferon-α is another therapeutic option for chronic hepatitis B patients with well-compensated cirrhosis. However, interferon therapy is contraindicated in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, and evidence for reduced HCC is currently insufficient.     

Impact of antiviral therapy on post-hepatectomy outcome for hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma

The outcome after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unsatisfactory due to the high recurrence rate after surgery. In patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC, which is the majority of patients with HCC in Asia, a high viral load is a strong risk factor for HCC recurrence. It is logical to believe that antiviral therapy may improve the post-operative outcome by promoting viral clearance and hepatocyte regeneration, as well as improving residual liver volume in HCC patients with hepatitis B. However, the effect of antiviral therapy on clinical outcomes after liver resection in patients with HBV-related HCC remains to be established. There are two main groups of antiviral treatment for HBV-oral nucleos(t)ide analogues and interferon. Interferon treatment reduces the overall incidence of HBV-related HCC in sustained responders. However, side effects may limit its long-term clinical application. Nucleos(t)ide analogues carry fewer side effects and are potent in terms of viral suppression when compared to interferon and are typically implemented for patients with more advanced liver diseases. They may also improve the outcome after curative resection for HBV-related HCC. There are increasing evidence to suggest that antiviral therapy could suppress HBV, decrease the perioperative reactivation of viral replication, reduce liver injury, preserve the liver function before and after operation, and may lower the risk of HCC recurrence. After all, antiviral therapy may improve the survival after liver resection by reducing recurrence and delaying the liver damage by the virus, resulting in a higher chance of receiving aggressive salvage therapy during HCC recurrence.     

Direct antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis C in heart transplant recipients

Direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) are a safe and effective treatment for chronic hepatitis C (CHC). This may be particularly valuable for patients with severe comorbidities or baseline conditions, including non‐liver solid organ transplant. We report cases of two heart transplant recipients with CHC treated with DAAs (sofosbuvir and daclatasvir) achieving sustained virological response. Treatment was well tolerated and no relevant side effects were observed. The drug‐drug interactions and graft function were carefully monitored.     

Management of Chronic Hepatitis B in Special Populations: Immunosuppressed Patients and Chronic Kidney Disease

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains an important cause of liver disease in the population with chronic kidney disease, including patients on long-term dialysis and renal transplant (RT) recipients. Diminished survival due to hepatitis B has been observed after RT. A thorough evaluation, including liver biopsy as well as assessment of serum markers of HBV replication (ie, hepatitis B e antigen and/or HBV DNA) is required before transplantation. Tolerance to interferon is poor both in dialysis patients and after renal transplant. Oral antiviral therapy now permits safe and potent antiviral treatment of HBV-related liver disease in chronic kidney disease patients with prevention of progressive liver disease. Preliminary evidence shows an improved survival of HBsAg positive renal allograft recipients on antiviral therapy. However, numerous issues concerning the treatment of hepatitis B in the population with chronic kidney disease remain unclear and further clinical trials are needed.     

HBV and HCV therapy

One year of interferon therapy inhibits HBV replication in one third of the patients whereas long-term administration of oral nucleos(t)ide analogues is efficient in most of them, as long as early treatment adaptation in patients with partial virological response and resistance is provided. Following the demonstration of a more potent antiviral effect in terms of sustained virological response (SVR) rates, Pegylated-IFN coupled with Ribavirin has become the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C, with nearly 65% of all treated patients achieving a SVR. Long-term suppression of HBV and eradication of HCV would halt the progression of chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver decompensation.