从指南看特发性肺纤维化治疗药物的选择

自1892年首次报道慢性间质性肺病的组织病理学以来,相关研究不断深入,其中特发性肺纤维化(IPF)发病机制的研究也取得了一定进展,但仅个别药物可能对IPF具有潜在益处.依据2011年《特发性肺纤维化诊治循证指南》,本文简要综述指南提出的4种IPF药物治疗方案的研究现状.     

细胞衰老与特发性肺纤维化相关机制的研究进展

特发性肺纤维化(IPF)是一种随着年龄增长逐渐加重,主要表现为活动性呼吸困难,进行性加重,且不可逆的疾病。细胞衰老是衰老的标志,其定义是响应细胞损伤和压力而稳定退出细胞周期。在IPF中,导致细胞衰老的机制包括端粒功能障碍、DNA损伤、细胞衰老表型、线粒体功能障碍、炎症反应及自噬失调等,随着对衰老相关的研究进步,IPF与细胞衰老的研究也愈演愈烈,该文就这些因素与IPF的发生发展关系进行综述。     

细胞衰老与特发性肺纤维化药物治疗研究进展

特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF)是一种病因不明的破坏性肺部疾病,它的特点是细胞外基质蛋白(如胶原蛋白和纤连蛋白)在肺间质中沉积,导致呼吸衰竭。我们对IPF的病理生物学的理解仍然不完整;然而,人们普遍认为,衰老是该疾病的主要危险因素。衰老是一个复杂的过程,以不可逆的细胞周期停滞和分泌衰老相关的表型(senescence-associated secretory phenotype, SASP)为特征,导致衰老细胞不断累积和炎症发生。细胞衰老与IPF疾病进展密切相关。该文主要探讨细胞衰老的分子机制,端粒缩短、线粒体功能障碍、自噬不足及细胞凋亡抵抗等细胞衰老相关的各种诱发因素在IPF发病中的作用以及用于治疗IPF疾病的抗衰老药物,为将来治疗IPF提供理论依据和治疗方法。     

博莱霉素诱导的肺纤维化动物模型评价及应用研究进展

特发性肺纤维化(IPF)是一种发病原因不明的严重损伤性肺部疾病,缺乏理想的治疗药物。在临床上肿瘤患者使用博莱霉素治疗后,少数患者出现肺纤维化病变。目前博莱霉素已被广泛用于制备IPF动物模型。本文对博莱霉素诱导肺纤维化动物模型的研究现状进行总结,并与临床IPF的作用机制、病理变化等进行对比评价,以期对IPF发病机制研究和药物研发有所帮助。     

特发性肺纤维化的研究进展及其治疗

特发性肺纤维化(IPF)是一种进行性加重且目前尚无有效治疗药物的疾病,相关病因尚未明确.近期研究发现了IPF新的治疗靶点.本文综述IPF的发病机制、诊断的最新研究,以及其治疗的研究进展.     

特发性肺纤维化的药物治疗

特发性肺纤维化(IPF)是最难治的慢性纤维化肺部疾病,其死亡率甚至超过许多癌症.尽管过去十年间IPF临床治疗有了很大的进步,但2011年《特发性肺纤维化诊治循证指南》依然宣布到目前为止IPF尚无特效治疗药物.本文综述最近几年国内外有关IPF治疗的研究成果,展望未来IPF治疗药物的研发前景,探索新的治疗靶点及其研究策略的制定.     

免疫细胞在特发性肺纤维化中的研究进展

特发性肺纤维化（idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF）是慢性进展性肺间质疾病,其发病率呈逐年上升趋势,且预后差、病死率高。现有指南仅推荐尼达尼布和吡非尼酮用于IPF治疗,但二者均因价格昂贵导致临床应用受限。虽然IPF发病机制至今未完全阐明,但是免疫细胞及其相互作用在IPF发病中起着重要作用。本文结合近年来研究热点,通过总结分析IPF相关的免疫细胞作用机制及相关药物研究,为进一步探索免疫治疗提供参考。     

特发性肺纤维化治疗药物的研究进展

特发性肺纤维化(IPF)是一种不可逆、进展性、致死性的慢性肺纤维化疾病,其进展较快,存活率较低,缺乏有效诊疗手段和治疗药物。近年来随着对其发病机制的了解,IPF治疗药物的开发也取得了一定进展。全球新批准并上市的治疗药物有吡非尼酮和尼达尼布,处于研发I、II期的有10多种,另外也有一些曾经有希望但已经不推荐用于IPF治疗的药物。     

Pirfenidone

InterMune公司宣布日本厚生劳动省日前批准该公司的Pirfenidone（吡非尼酮）用于治疗特发性肺纤维化（IPF）。Pirfenidone是第一个在全球获得批准用于治疗IPF的药物，并已经获得美国罕见病药物和紧密跟踪设计及欧洲罕用病药物设计授权。     

治疗特发性肺纤维化新药尼达尼布的研究进展

目的:介绍尼达尼布在特发性肺纤维化(IPF)治疗中的研究进展,为其临床应用提供参考。方法:查阅近年来国内外相关文献,对尼达尼布应用于IPF的药理机制、临床研究、安全性评价等方面的资料进行归纳和总结。结果与结论:尼达尼布在IPF治疗中能够减缓肺纤维化的进展,延缓肺功能下降,降低轻/中度肺纤维化的急性加重发生率,提高患者的生存质量,且临床使用相对安全。     

Oxidative/nitrosative stress,autophagy and apoptosis as therapeutic targets of melatonin in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease associated with disruption of alveolar epithelial cell layer and expansion of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts. Excessive levels of oxidative/nitrosative stress, induction of apoptosis, and insufficient autophagy may be involved in IPF pathogenesis; hence, the targeting of these pathways may ameliorate IPF.

Areas covered: We describe the ameliorative effect of melatonin on IPF. We summarize the research on IPF pathogenesis with a focus on oxidative/nitrosative stress, autophagy and apoptosis pathways and discuss the potential effects of melatonin on these pathways.

Expert opinion: Oxidative/nitrosative stress, apoptosis and autophagy could be interesting targets for therapeutic intervention in IPF. Melatonin, as a potent antioxidant, induces the expression of antioxidant enzymes, scavenges free radicals and modulates apoptosis and autophagy pathways. The effect of melatonin in the induction of autophagy could be an important mechanism against fibrotic process in IPF lungs. Further clinical studies are necessary to determine if melatonin could be a candidate for treating IPF.     

Update on models of pulmonary fibrosis therapy for preclinical drug research

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality for which current medications are not effective. Therefore, identification of potential therapies is of paramount importance. The preclinical evaluation of novel compounds in animal models represents a critical step in drug development. Objective: To describe features and limitations of common animal models of pulmonary fibrosis and discuss relevant preclinical and clinical data on novel potential IPF therapies. Methods: Review of the existing literature on such models with a special focus on the bleomycin model and its usefulness for the IPF preclinical drug testing. Conclusions: The model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis has the advantages of being well established, reproducible and both time- and cost-efficient. However, it has major limitations as it only mimics some features of human IPF. Most importantly, it is initiated by acute lung injury and is at least partially reversible, which is strikingly different from IPF. The failure in establishing effective IPF therapies despite strong efforts in the last decade is partly attributable to our uncritical trust in the models of lung fibrosis and the false belief that they truly reflect what is going on in human disease.     

Emerging drugs for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis is often the end stage of chronic, persistent, low-level lung injury, either of known or unknown cause. The most severe form of pulmonary fibrosis is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a disease process of unknown aetiology and one that often leads to respiratory failure and death. At present there are no proven or effective drug therapies for IPF. Recent advances in understanding of disease pathogenesis have focused attention on drug targeting of fibrogenic pathways, as opposed to traditional anti-inflammatory approaches. In this report, the present status of drug development of a number of emerging antifibrotic strategies and agents that may prove more effective in the therapy of this progressive, debilitating and fatal disease are reviewed.     

Emerging drugs for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis is often the end stage of chronic, persistent, low-level lung injury, either of known or unknown cause. The most severe form of pulmonary fibrosis is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a disease process of unknown aetiology and one that often leads to respiratory failure and death. At present there are no proven or effective drug therapies for IPF. Recent advances in understanding of disease pathogenesis have focused attention on drug targeting of fibrogenic pathways, as opposed to traditional anti-inflammatory approaches. In this report, the present status of drug development of a number of emerging antifibrotic strategies and agents that may prove more effective in the therapy of this progressive, debilitating and fatal disease are reviewed.     

Effect of Rho-ROCK signaling pathway on pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by progressive lung scarring, reduced median survival, poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options, leading to great need for new pharmacologic therapies. In recent years, researchers have found that Rho-ROCK signaling pathway may be a new drug target in the prevention of IPF. This article reviewed the role of Rho-ROCK pathway in pulmonary fibrosis and the application of ROCK inhibitors in experimental models of IPF. Multiple lines of evidence therefore indicated that ROCK inhibition has great potential to be a powerful therapeutic tool in the prevention and treatment of IPF in clinic.     

Precision medicine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis therapy: From translational research to patient-centered care

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, irreversible fibrotic chronic lung disease affecting predominantly older adults, with a history of smoking. The current model of disease natural course is that recurrent injury of the alveolar epithelium in the context of advanced aging/cellular senescence is followed by defective re-epithelialization and scar tissue formation. Currently, two drugs, nintedanib and pirfenidone, that modify disease progression have been approved worldwide for the treatment of IPF. However, despite treatment, patients with IPF are not cured, and eventually, disease advances in most treated patients. Enhancing biogenomic and metabolic research output, its translation into clinical precision and optimal service delivery through patient-centeredness are key elements to support effective IPF care. In this review, we summarize therapeutic options currently investigated for IPF based on the major pathogenetic pathways and molecular targets that drive pulmonary fibrosis.     

特发性肺间质纤维化合并社区获得性肺炎患者的药学监护实践

目的探讨特发性肺间质纤维化并社区获得性肺炎患者的药学监护模式。方法结合特发性肺间质纤维化治疗研究进展,介绍参与1例特发性肺间质纤维化并社区获得性肺炎患者药学监护的经验。结果临床药师与医师一同制定药物治疗方案,对患者进行药学监护,提供药学服务,提高了患者的治疗效果,减少了药物不良反应的发生。结论通过临床药师实施药学监护,可及时发现患者的药物治疗问题,促进临床合理用药,对延缓病程发展,提高患者生活质量有重要意义。     

氧化应激在特发性肺纤维化中的作用及其机制研究进展

特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF)是以弥漫性肺泡炎和成纤维细胞病理性增生最终导致肺间质纤维化为病理特征的慢性进展性疾病。IPF发病机制尚未完全明确。成肌纤维细胞(myofibroblast)增多是目前学术界认为最为重要的IPF发生致病的主要机制。同时氧化/抗氧化失衡引起的氧化应激反应是其发病重要机制之一。纠正体内氧化/抗氧化失衡能减轻肺纤维化的程度,因此有望成为治疗特发性肺纤维化的一种新方法。该文就近年来氧化应激反应在IPF中的作用及其机制研究进展作一综述。     

S1PR1 serves as a viable drug target against pulmonary fibrosis by increasing the integrity of the endothelial barrier of the lung

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with unclear etiology and limited treatment options. The median survival time for IPF patients is approximately 2–3 years and there is no effective intervention to treat IPF other than lung transplantation. As important components of lung tissue, endothelial cells (ECs) are associated with pulmonary diseases. However, the role of endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is incompletely understood. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor highly expressed in lung ECs. Its expression is markedly reduced in patients with IPF. Herein, we generated an endothelial-conditional S1pr1 knockout mouse model which exhibited inflammation and fibrosis with or without bleomycin (BLM) challenge. Selective activation of S1PR1 with an S1PR1 agonist, IMMH002, exerted a potent therapeutic effect in mice with bleomycin-induced fibrosis by protecting the integrity of the endothelial barrier. These results suggest that S1PR1 might be a promising drug target for IPF therapy.