肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌6例诊治研究

目的：探讨肾移植后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌的诊治方法。方法：回顾性分析6例肾移植术后自体尿路上皮多器官癌的临床资料。结果：发现6例中1例为亲属肾移植。5例临床表现为肾移植术后2～48个月出现间歇性血尿,1例B超发现膀胱占位病变。6例均为非同时发生的移行细胞癌,非同时发生肿瘤的时间为1．5～16个月。6例患者因肿瘤复发或新发而接受2～5次肿瘤切除术,1例行全膀胱切除术及移植肾输尿管皮肤造瘘术,1例行全膀胱切除术、移植肾输尿管皮肤造瘘术及全尿道切除术。术后通过膀胱灌注给予丝裂霉素、吡柔比星、表阿霉素等进行化疔。治疗效果比较满意。结论：肾移植术后的尿路上皮多器官癌往往进展快,易扩散和转移,预后较差。对肾移植后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌应高度重视,严把受体关,密切随访,早期诊断,积极治疗,慎重对待移植肾切除。     

肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌六例的临床分析

目的 探讨6例肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌的病因、临床诊断及治疗结果.方法 回顾性分析6例肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌患者的临床资料,对肿瘤的发生原因、临床诊断和治疗结果进行了总结.结果 6例患者肾移植术后均采用环孢素A(CsA)或他克莫司(Tac)+霉酚酸酯(MMF)+泼尼松(Pred)的三联免疫抑制方案;并以抗CD3单克隆抗体(OKT3)或达利珠单抗进行免疫诱导.6例患者发生肿瘤的时间在肾移植术后2～48个月,平均为26个月.除1例是在使用B型超声波复查时发现膀胱肿瘤外,其余患者均以间歇性血尿为首发症状,临床症状发生后通过B型超声波、尿找脱落瘤细胞、膀胱镜、输尿管镜、静脉尿路造影(IVU)、逆行肾盂造影及CT明确诊断,并经内窥镜下取材活检证实.6例患者均为非同时发生的尿路上皮多器官癌,非同时发生肿瘤的间隔期为1.5～15个月.每例患者均因肿瘤复发或新发而接受了2～5次肿瘤切除术,其中1例行全膀胱切除术及移植肾输尿管皮肤造瘘术,1例行全膀胱切除术、移植肾输尿管皮肤造瘘术及全尿道切除术.术后均通过膀胱灌注给予丝裂霉素、吡柔比星和表柔比星等进行化疗.治疗效果满意,但复发率高.结论 肾移植术后并发的尿路上皮多器官癌与免疫抑制剂的使用密切相关;并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌往往进展快,易扩散和转移,因此,应注重患者移植后的筛查,做到早期诊断,积极治疗,慎重对待移植肾切除.     

肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤的临床分析

目的 分析肾移植患者并发尿路上皮肿瘤的特点，探讨其诊治方法。方法 自1998～2003年肾移植患者1293例，术后发生尿路上皮恶性肿瘤21例（1．6％）。男4例，女17例。17例原发病为慢性问质性肾炎。发生尿路上皮肿瘤距肾移植6～62个月，平均26个月。其中膀胱癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管、膀胱癌8例，双侧肾盂输尿管癌1例。10例上尿路肿瘤发生部位与移植肾同侧，4例发生于移植肾对侧。临床症状以无痛性肉服血尿和反复泌尿系感染为主。19例行手术治疗，术后所有患者免疫抑制剂用量减少1／3并辅以局部灌注化疗。结果 2例行姑息性治疗的晚期肿瘤患者分别于发现肿瘤5、8个月死亡。余19例现已随访2～5年。13例肿瘤复发，复发部位为膀胱或对侧原。肾、输尿管。所有患者在免疫抑制剂减量期间均未出现急性排斥。2例因切除移植肾恢复透析，17例肾功能正常。结论 慢性间质性。肾炎导致。肾功能衰竭的。肾移植患者和女性肾移植患者易发生移植后尿路上皮肿瘤；移植肾同侧上尿路较对侧好发肿瘤；对移植肾对侧为首发的上尿路发生肿瘤者可预防性行双侧上尿路根治性切除。     

肾移植术后自体泌尿系统肿瘤25例临床分析

目的 总结肾移植术后并发自体泌尿系统肿瘤的诊断和治疗经验.方法 25例肾移植受者,发生肿瘤的时间平均为移植术后48.2个月(29～72个月),其中23例以间歇性血尿为首发症状,2例为体检时发现.25例中,3例为肾癌,行腹腔镜下肾癌根治术；8例为上尿路的尿路上皮肿瘤,行经腹腹腔镜下肾盂癌根治术,其中3例同时合并浅表膀胱肿瘤；14例为膀胱尿路上皮肿瘤,13例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,1例行全膀胱切除并移植肾输尿管造口.术后将吗替麦考酚酯减量至原剂量的2/3,环孢素A或他克莫司减量至2/3或1/2.4例受者将环孢素A或他克莫司转换为西罗莫司.结果 随访12～84个月.1例肾癌患者因对侧复发,合并双肺及胸壁多发转移,6个月后死亡.2例合并淋巴结转移的肾盂输尿管肿瘤患者分别于术后14和20个月,因多发转移死亡.其余22例患者存活,血清肌酐维持在98～163 μmol/L.结论 肾移植术后出现血尿的患者需注意筛查自体泌尿系统肿瘤.确诊的患者需要手术切除病变,术后调整免疫抑制方案.     

中国人肾移植后自体上尿路肿瘤的临床分析

目的分析肾移植后自体上尿路肿瘤的临床病理特征。方法报告1例肾移植后自体上尿路肿瘤并结合文献总结分析我国肾移植后自体上尿路肿瘤的临床表现、临床病理学特点。结果肾移植后自体上尿路肿瘤49例,主要病理组织学类型为肾细胞癌36.7%（18/49）、移行细胞癌59.2%（29/49）、肾肉瘤6.1%（3/49）,肾移植后自体上尿路多发性肿瘤18例。肾移植后自体上尿路肿瘤1年和5年生存率分别为61.7%、32.3%。结论移植后自体上尿路肿瘤不同于普通人群,易发生多发性肿瘤,且预后差。     

肾移植术后并发自体泌尿系统移行细胞癌九例的诊治体会

目的总结肾移植后并发自体泌尿系统移行细胞癌的诊治体会。方法9例患者在肾移植术后11～48个月出现间歇性血尿，通过B型超声波、静脉尿路造影（IVU）、膀胱镜、输尿管镜、逆行肾盂造影、CT及内窥镜下取材活检等，证实3例为肾盂肿瘤，2例为输尿管肿瘤，4例为膀胱肿瘤。肾盂肿瘤和输尿管肿瘤的5例均采取肾、输尿管全程及膀胱部分切除术；4例膀胱肿瘤患者中，3例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术，1例施行膀胱全切及移植肾切除术。有2例患者因肿瘤复发或新发而接受了2次肿瘤切除术。术后通过膀胱灌注给予丝裂霉素、吡柔比星、表阿霉素等进行化疗。结果9例患者11次手术均顺利，治疗效果比较满意，在施行肿瘤切除术前后不需调整免疫抑制治疗方案。结论对肾移植后并发自体泌尿系统移行细胞癌的患者，关键在于早期诊断、积极治疗，应慎重对待肾移植后出现血尿的患者，以免漏诊。     

自体肾移植治疗输尿管癌的探讨

目的：探讨输尿管癌自体肾移植治疗的理论基础和优点。方法：对9例输尿管癌患者行自体肾移植术治疗．切除输尿管癌上方3cm正常输尿管及下方输尿管全长．并做膀胱输尿管入口处的袖套状切除术；患侧肾行同侧髂窝肾移植、输尿管膀胱再吻合术。结果：9例输尿管癌包括T34例和T24例中．各有1例膀胱癌复发，其余无尿路上皮肿瘤复发．其生存率1年为100％，2年为88．8％．5年为66．7％。结论：自体肾移植术对输尿管癌患者的治疗效果基本等同于传统的根治性肾输尿管切除术(包括膀胱袖套状切除)．对于孤立肾及双肾功能不良的患者也是个好的手术方式，为以往不能行保留肾功能的高分期孤立肾及双肾功能不良的输尿管癌患者争取到手术机会。为输尿管上段肿瘤患者也提供了一个可选择的保肾手术方式。     

肾移植术后发生自体肾肿瘤4例报告

目的:了解肾移植术后发生自体肾肿瘤的发病率,探讨其发病机理和临床处理经验。方法:回顾性分析1999年12月~2014年3月收治的4例肾移植术后发生自体肾肿瘤患者的临床资料:3例行手术治疗,1例行保守治疗。结果:4例患者经术后病理检查证实均为肾移植术后自体肾肿瘤。结论:肾移植术后发生自体肾肿瘤的发生率明显高于一般人群;治疗上应强调早期诊断,及早适当调整免疫抑制药物,积极手术治疗。     

孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌治疗策略

目的探讨孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌的治疗对策。方法回顾分析5例孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌患者的临床资料,所有患者行手术治疗。其中4例患者行保肾手术,1例行开放手术,3例行腔内技术治疗。结果5例患者手术均顺利得到随访,时间2个月～60个月,平均21个月。1例肾盂癌患者于术后2个月死于肺部疾病,1例肾盂癌术后19个月肿瘤局部并膀胱复发死于尿毒症,1例肾盂癌伴输尿管癌于术后25个月死于肿瘤转移,另2例无瘤存活。结论孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌是施行保肾手术的适应症,采用腔内手术治疗是一种安全和可行的术式。保肾手术后应行肾盂灌注化疗预防肿瘤复发并长期随访。     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾移植后自体上尿路上皮癌九例

目的 探讨腹腔镜治疗肾移植术后尿路上皮癌的效果.方法 1130例肾移植受者中9例(0.8％,9/1130)发生自体上尿路上皮癌,其中右侧输尿管肿瘤2例,右侧肾盂肿瘤2例,左侧肾盂肿瘤2例,左侧输尿管上段肿瘤1例,双侧上尿路同时或先后发生肿瘤2例(1例为双侧输尿管肿瘤,1例为右侧输尿管肿瘤合并左侧肾盂肿瘤).9例中,男性1例,女性8例.左侧肾盂和输尿管肿瘤采用经腹膜后途径腹腔镜肾脏和输尿管全切联合经尿道电切的方法治疗.右侧上尿路肿瘤采用70°斜卧位经腹腔途径肾脏和输尿管切除并膀胱袖状切除.术后通过膀胱灌注化疗.将钙调磷酸酶类免疫抑制剂转换为西罗莫司.结果 9例手术(包括2例双侧手术)均获得成功,术后病理检查结果均证实为尿路上皮癌.随访6个月至4年,未发现切口肿瘤种植转移.1例术后8个月死于尿路上皮癌肺转移,1例术后7个月发生乳腺癌,其他7例目前无瘤存活,肾功能均正常.结论 腹腔镜手术治疗肾移植术后自体尿路上皮癌效果较好,具有创伤小、恢复快等优点.左侧和右侧肿瘤应采用不同的手术方法.     

肾动脉狭窄支架植入后狭窄复发的自体肾移植治疗(附6例报告)

目的：探讨肾动脉狭窄(RAS)经皮支架植入术后狭窄复发的治疗措施。方法：对6例肾动脉内支架植入后再狭窄患者行自体肾移植术治疗。结果：随访8～88个月(平均29个月)，6例自体肾移植后，2例血压转为正常，4例得到改善。3例肾功能不全中，1例改善，2例稳定。结论：自体肾移植术对肾动脉内支架植入后狭窄复发是一种安全、有效的治疗方法，能明显降低血压和改善肾功能，可列为首选。     

Renal autotransplantation for the treatment of complex renovascular hypertension

OBJECTIVE: In individuals with complicated renal vascular disease, renal autotransplantation has been used as an alternative to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, which may be unsuccessful or hazardous in these situations. We evaluated the outcomes of renal autotransplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between February 1989 and December 2005, we performed 5 renal autotransplantation procedures. The surgical strategy included renal explantation, ex vivo renal preservation, ex vivo reconstruction of the renal artery if necessary, and renal heterotopic autotransplantation. RESULTS: The study subjects (3 men and 2 women) exhibited one of the following indications for surgery: fibromuscular dysplasia (2 patients), Takayasu's arteritis (1), or atherosclerosis (2). All patients exhibited uncontrolled hypertension before renal autotransplantation. Renal arteries of patients were anastomosed either to the external or internal iliac arteries or to both when there were multiple renal arteries. The renal vein was anastomosed end-to-side to the external iliac vein, and ureteral reimplantation was not performed. Mean posttransplantation follow-up was 9.8 +/- 5.7 years (range, 1-16 years). Mortality and morbidity were not observed during the follow-up, and hypertension and renal function normalized or improved in all 5 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Renal autotransplantation is a highly effective procedure to treat complex renovascular lesions; ex vivo renal repair is a safe and effective surgical procedure in the clinical setting.     

The role of renal autotransplantation in pediatric and young adult patients with renal artery disease

From 1977 to 1984, renal autotransplantation was attempted in 16 pediatric and young adult patients with renal artery disease, ranging in age from 10 months to 21 years. Renal revascularization was indicated as treatment for severe hypertension in 15 patients and to prevent rupture of an arterial aneurysm in one patient. The reasons for undertaking renal autotransplantation were branch renal artery disease requiring extracorporeal revascularization (n = 14), abdominal aortic hypoplasia (n = 1), and renal artery disease in a small infant (n = 1). Renal revascularization was successfully accomplished in 14 of 16 patients, including one patient who underwent staged bilateral extracorporeal repairs. Obliteration of the inferior vena cava and iliac veins precluded autotransplantation in one patient and a nephrectomy was done. In one patient extracorporeal ligation of an inaccessible renal arterial branch was accomplished with autotransplantation. Currently all 16 patients are normotensive with excellent renal function. Extracorporeal surgery and autotransplantation have been important additions to the surgical armamentarium for renal artery disease.     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic approach to renal harvest for autotransplantation

PURPOSE: To describe a laparoscopic hand-assisted approach to renal autotransplantation that allows both harvest and transplant through the same incision. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three patients underwent renal autotransplantation from May 2003 to April 2004, two for loin pain-hematuria syndrome and one for severe ureteral-stricture disease. Two patients underwent autotransplantation on the left and one on the right. Hand-assisted laparoscopy was planned such that inferomedial extension of the hand-port incision would provide adequate exposure of the iliac vessels for autotransplantation. RESULTS: The average operative time was 240 minutes, the warm ischemia time was 2 minutes 43 seconds, and the hospital stay was 3 days. All three patients had successful graft function by postoperative renal scan with a mean follow-up of 7.1 months. CONCLUSION: Hand-assisted laparoscopic renal harvest for autotransplantation can be completed with placement of the hand port such that transplantation can be accomplished through the same incision. As many of these patients have had multiple prior retroperitoneal operations, the intracorporeal hand can greatly facilitate these potentially difficult dissections with no added morbidity.     

Successful ex vivo renal artery reconstruction and renal autotransplantation

Background : The increasing experience with renal allotransplantation has led to continuing development in vascular surgical techniques. These improvements have enabled complex ex vivo renal artery surgery and renal autotransplantation to be performed. The aims of the present study were to describe the results achieved with renal autotransplantation and ex vivo renal artery reconstruction (RAR) at the Newcastle Transplant Unit, John Hunter Hospital, and to review the current indications for such surgery. Methods : A retrospective review was performed of patients who required renal autotransplantation with or without RAR at John Hunter Hospital, between 1991 and 1999. Data were obtained from the Newcastle Transplant Unit and the Medical Record Department of John Hunter Hospital. Results : Two patients required ex vivo RAR and renal autotransplantation for severe fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) complicated by stenoses and renal artery branch aneurysms. The third patient required autotransplantation for bilateral retroperitoneal fibrosis. There was one postoperative complication of pelviureteric junction obstruction that was treated successfully with a temporary ureteric stent. All patients demonstrated normal graft function and were normotensive on follow up, which ranged from 2.5 to 5 years. Conclusion : The present review confirms the long‐term benefits of ex vivo RAR and renal autotransplantation that have been demonstrated by previous studies. In transplant units experienced with this surgery it has been shown to be a successful and durable technique for the treatment of a variety of vascular, urologic and other diseases.     

Aneurysms of the renal artery: surgical management with special reference to extracorporeal surgery and autotransplantation

27 patients underwent surgical arterial reconstruction for renal artery aneurysms. Hypertension was present in 21 cases. The indication for surgery was the prevention of hemorrhagic rupture in association with hypertension. Extracorporeal surgery was performed 13 times for complex aneurysms involving several branches of the renal artery. Simple autotransplantation was performed 3 times for aneurysms located on the main renal artery. In situ surgery was performed on 11 patients (5 aneurysmectomy-arteriorrhaphies and 7 bypass operations). Results on high blood pressure showed that 10 of the 14 hypertensive patients operated by extracorporeal surgery and/or autotransplantation were cured. 1 delayed nephrectomy was performed in this group and 1 death was observed. 39 of the 46 peripheral anastomoses were patent postoperatively. All patients treated with aneurysmectomy-arteriorrhaphy were cured. In patients treated with bypass operations, 3 thromboses of the bypass and 2 failures on hypertension were observed. Aneurysmectomy and simple arterioplasty are preferred for simple renal artery aneurysms. For complex lesions involving several branches and of an intrarenal location, extracorporeal surgery and autotransplantation represent an effective treatment on hypertension and preservation of kidney function.     

Total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue for renal hyperparathyroidism. A one- to six-year follow-up.

From 1975 to 1981 total parathyroidectomy and parathyroid autotransplantation were carried out in 62 patients for renal (secondary) hyperparathyroidism. The paper reports on 46 patients followed for one to six years (mean 2.2 +/- 1.2 years). Forty-one were on chronic hemodialysis, three were predialytic, two had a functioning renal graft. There have been two different groups of indications: one in which hypercalcemia was the main reason for surgery (59%), the other in which severe renal osteopathy (bone pain, radiologic and histologic signs, elevation of alkaline phosphatase, and parathyroid hormone) was observed. Among 45 patients not previously operated on for hyperparathyroidism, five parathyroid glands were removed in three patients, four glands were removed in 36 patients, and three glands were removed in five patients. In one patient previously operated (thyroid surgery), two glands were removed. Tissue was immediately autografted into a forearm muscle. One patient (two glands removed) received a cryopreserved tissue six months after neck exploration. An improvement of bone pain, pruritus, and radiologic signs of renal osteopathy was noted in about 80% of patients. At one to six years no patient was hypercalcemic, in 44 patients the grafted tissue was functioning normally after an average time of 5.8 +/- 1.4 months. One patient is still on low-dose, supplemental therapy for slight hypocalcemia 14 months after autotransplantation. In another patient a part of the grafted tissue was removed for increasing parathyroid hormone levels. Serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase and serum parathyroid hormone decreased after surgery. One- to six-year results after total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation for renal hyperparathyroidism are considered to be extremely satisfactory.     

The role of renal autotransplantation in complex urological reconstruction

From 1972 to 1988, 108 patients underwent renal autotransplantation for renal artery disease (67), ureteral replacement (27), or renal cell carcinoma present bilaterally or in a solitary kidney (14). The most common indication for renal autotransplantation was to allow extracorporeal repair of complex branch renal artery lesions. Of the 54 patients in this group technically satisfactory branch renal arterial reconstruction and a successful clinical outcome were achieved in 52 (96%). Renal autotransplantation is the treatment of choice in these patients and also in selected children with main renal artery disease. Renal autotransplantation provided excellent results in 25 of 27 patients (92%) who required replacement of all or a major portion of the ureter. Over-all renal function was well preserved in these patients and only 1 has experienced chronic bacteriuria. Renal autotransplantation is a useful alternative to ileal interposition in this setting. Extracorporeal partial nephrectomy and renal autotransplantation were successful in 12 of 14 patients (85%) undergoing a nephron-sparing operation for renal cell carcinoma. In situ techniques are associated with less morbidity and currently are preferred in this group.     

Laparoscopic retroperitoneal live donor right nephrectomy for purposes of allotransplantation and autotransplantation

PURPOSE: We report the technique of and initial experience with retroperitoneal laparoscopic live donor right nephrectomy for purposes of renal allotransplantation and autotransplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 5 patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic live donor nephrectomy of the right kidney for autotransplantation in 4 and living related renal donation in 1. Indications for autotransplantation included a large proximal ureteral tumor, a long distal ureteral stricture and 2 cases of the loin pain hematuria syndrome. In all cases a 3-port retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach and a pelvic muscle splitting Gibson incision for kidney extraction were used. In patients undergoing autotransplantation the same incision was used for subsequent transplantation. RESULTS: All procedures were successfully accomplished without technical or surgical complications. Total mean operating time was 5.8 hours and average laparoscopic donor nephrectomy time was 3.1 hours. Mean renal warm ischemia time, including endoscopic cross clamping of the renal artery to ex vivo cold perfusion, was 4 minutes. Average blood loss for the entire procedure was 400 cc. Radionuclide scan on postoperative day 1 confirmed good blood flow and function in all transplanted kidneys. Mean analgesic requirement was 58 mg. fentanyl. Mean hospital stay was 4 days (range 2 to 8), and convalescence was completed in 3 to 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: In the occasional patient requiring renal autotransplantation live donor nephrectomy can be performed laparoscopically with renal extraction and subsequent transplantation through a single standard extraperitoneal Gibson incision, thus, minimizing the overall operative morbidity. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that live donor nephrectomy of the right kidney can be performed safely using a retroperitoneal approach with an adequate length of the right renal vein obtained for allotransplantation or autotransplantation.     

Renal autotransplantation: an alternative to standard renal revascularization procedures

From January 1978 through December 1987, 22 patients underwent 23 renal autotransplantation procedures for the treatment of renovascular hypertension through the retroperitoneal approach. The causes of the renal artery stenosis were as follows: atherosclerosis (15), fibromuscular dysplasia (6), and Takayasu's arteritis (1). Indications for renal autotransplantation were as follow: disease extending into the renal artery branches (10), stenosis of multiple renal arteries (6), atherosclerotic aorta in high-risk patients (4), and stenosis of renal artery in children (2). The mean preoperative blood pressure of 205 +/- 6/109 +/- 3 mm Hg decreased significantly to 139 +/- 4/77 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). The serum creatinine decreased significantly from a mean preoperative level of 2.2 +/- 0.8 mg/dl to a mean postoperative level of 1.4 +/- 0.4 mg/dl (p less than 0.05). Eleven patients with preoperative renal dysfunction had a significant decrease in the serum creatinine from a mean preoperative level of 3.4 +/- 0.3 mg/dl to a mean postoperative level of 1.9 +/- 0.2 mg/dl (p less than 0.001). One operative death occurred as a result of myocardial infarction. There were three postoperative complications, none of which affected the ultimate result in blood pressure or renal function. This experience demonstrates that in selected patients, renal autotransplantation is an excellent alternative in the surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension.