经CD34+纯化的自体外周造血干细胞移植治疗小儿皮肌炎1例报告

目的探讨经CD34^＋纯化的自体外周造血干细胞移植治疗小儿皮肌炎的疗效。方法1例3岁皮肌炎患儿接受经CD34^＋纯化的自体外周造血干细胞移植。采用环磷酰胺（CTX）＋粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）方案动员外周血干细胞后,通过CliniMACS细胞分选仪分选CD34＋细胞,预处理选用CTX、兔抗人T淋巴免疫球蛋白（ATG）和马法兰（MeL）。0天回输CD34^＋细胞数9.45×10^6/kg。观察症状体征变化、造血重建及免疫恢复情况。结果动员获得单核细胞数为1.04×10^7/kg,经纯化获得CD34^＋细胞占94%,CD34^＋细胞回收率达67%,去除3个对数级CD3^＋。＋9d粒系植入,＋14d巨核系植入。＋19d皮损恢复正常,四肢肌力由移植前Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级转为Ⅳ级。＋180d免疫恢复,＋210d肌力恢复Ⅴ级。结论对常规治疗无效的小儿皮肌炎,可选择CD34^＋纯化自体外周造血干细胞移植。     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血临床分析

目的探讨异基因造血干细胞移植在儿童再生障碍性贫血治疗中的作用。方法10例再障患儿中,5例行HLA相合同胞供者异基因外周造血干细胞移植,3例行无关供者异基因外周造血干细胞移植,1例行无关供者骨髓移植,1例行脐血移植。结果1例接受脐血移植者未植活,其余9例均植入。中位植入时间14d（8～24d）,中性粒细胞〉0.5×10^9/L中位时间12d（8～19d）,血小板〉20×10^9/L中位时间17d（9～40d）。2例发生排斥,1例接受了第二次移植,1例移植后3个月血象开始自行恢复。结论如有HLA相合的同胞供者,异基因造血干细胞移植可作为儿童再障的一线治疗;临床重症感染无法控制的患儿,并非移植绝对反指征,相反可通过移植后的造血重建控制感染。     

湿疹血小板减少伴免疫缺陷综合征1例

患儿，男，1岁，因反复皮疹11个月、双下肢皮肤坏疽3d入院。入院前11个月患儿无明确诱因反复出现皮疹，首次入本院。查体：头颈、躯干见弥散性分布的斑丘疹，糜烂、渗血，皮肤小疖肿。血WBC 38．4×10^9／L，RBC 4．3×10^12／L，Hb 120g／L．PLT 100×10^9／L，ESR 36mm／1h，C反应蛋白（CRP）76mg/L。脓液及皮肤创面分泌物培养均为金黄色葡萄球菌。     

亲代外周血造血干细胞移植成功治愈重型β-地中海贫血1例

目的 研究了亲代供者外周血造血干细胞移植治疗重型β-地中海贫血(简称地贫)的相关问题。方法 改进了预处理方案：采用生理反馈机制，即在预处理前进行了高频输注红细胞悬液，使Hb达130g/L以上，同时口服羟基脲抑制造血使术前地贫骨髓的富细胞性变成贫细胞性，使用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)加强对宿主淋巴细胞的攻击力度，结合使用马利兰、氟达拉宾和环磷酰胺。预处理后输异基因外周血干细胞3次。三次输入MNC分别为3．5×10^9／k，4．8×10^8/kg及6．2×10^7／kg。结果移植过程中出现Ⅱ°皮肤GVHD、出血性膀胱炎、霉菌感染等并发症，均得到有效控制。+16d(移植后为+)外周血等位基因PCR-STR检测13位点证实10个不相同位点均转为供体型(供受者本身有三个位点相同)，完全植入。并于移植后+70d复查证实仍为完全植入状态。目前患儿移植后已5月余，无cGVHD表现。已五个月未输血制品，白细胞正常，血小板维持在90G／L，血红蛋白维持在110g/L。结论 亲代所供HLA一个亚型不相含的外周血造血干细胞移植治疗重症β-地中海贫血是简单、可行的。     

胚胎干细胞诱导分化为造血干细胞重建造血功能的作用

目的探讨胚胎干细胞（ESC）定向分化来源的造血干细胞（HSC）体内重建造血功能的作用。方法将小鼠E14.1胚胎干细胞采用三步诱导法在体外分化发育为HSC,流式细胞仪检测HSC表面标志性抗原CD34^＋/Sca-1^＋的表达,体内畸胎瘤形成实验检测其致瘤性,造血克隆形成（CFU）实验观察其体外造血集落形成情况,免疫磁珠分选纯化HSC移植给经亚致死剂量γ射线照射的雌性小鼠观察其体内重建造血的功能。结果多种造血刺激因子联合应用能有效促进ESC发育为含丰富造血前体细胞的胚胎体（EB）,诱导14 d后,EB中CD34^＋/Sca-1^＋细胞数达峰值,为（13.72±2.07）%。收获此阶段的EB行第二步诱导分化16 d后,CD34^＋/Sca-1^＋细胞数可增至（24.62±2.50）%,CFU培养出现红系和粒系造血克隆;在骨髓基质细胞加胎肝基质细胞上清液培养体系中进行第三步诱导分化15 d后,CD34^＋/Sca-1^＋细胞达峰值,为（58.64±4.20）%,CFU培养能形成较多的红系、粒系/巨噬细胞系及混合细胞集落,W right-G iemsa染色显示为原始的造血细胞。此阶段的HSC经分选纯化后移植给经γ射线照射后的小鼠,移植组小鼠＋10 d造血功能开始恢复,观察40 d后除血小板恢复较慢外,白细胞、红细胞、血红蛋白等指标已接近正常,植入率为71.4%,存活率为43.0%,染色体检测证实已由受体鼠的XX转为供体鼠的XY。结论采用分阶段诱导的方法,可在体外定向诱导小鼠ESC分化发育为HSC,此来源的HSC较安全,无致瘤性,并具备体内重建造血功能的能力。     

川崎病并发双腋动脉瘤一例

患儿男，6个月。因发热2d，皮疹半天人院，不伴有呕吐、腹泻及咳嗽。体检：T39．1℃，P124次／min，R30次／min，体重7．5kg。神清，精神较萎靡，全身皮肤可见有散在红色皮疹，左上臂卡介苗接种处红肿、无波动感。全身浅表淋巴结未扪及肿大。双眼结合膜充血。口唇红，无皲裂，无杨梅舌，咽充血（＋＋）。双肺呼吸音稍粗，未闻及有干、湿性哕音。心、腹（-）。手足无肿胀，指、趾端无脱屑。肛周皮肤不红、无脱皮。神经系统无异常。血常规：WBC12．4×10^9／L，HB96g,／L，PLT261×10^9／L，中性粒细胞（GRA）0．622，淋巴细胞（LY）0．316，中间细胞（MO）0．062。     

造血干细胞移植治疗重型先天性中性粒细胞缺乏症的临床研究

目的探讨造血干细胞移植对重型先天性中性粒细胞缺乏症（SCN）的治疗效果。方法1例2岁7个月SCN患儿,经粒细胞集落刺激因子（G．CSF）治疗7个月无效后行HLA不全相合无关脐血移植,预处理采用BU／CY＋Flud方案[马利兰（BU）1．2mg／kg·次,每6h一次,连用4d;环磷酰胺（CY）60mg／（kg·d）,连用2d;氟达拉滨（Flud）30mg／（m^2·d）,连用4d。输入脐血有核细胞11．24×10^7／kg,CD34＋细胞6．41×10^5／kg。移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）的预防采用抗胸腺球蛋白＋环胞菌素A＋吗替麦考酚酯。移植后应用G．CSF加速造血重建。结果＋17d粒细胞植入,＋21d血小板植入,＋20d取患儿骨髓经STR基因位点检测证实为完全供者型嵌合状态,此后嵌合稳定。＋24d出现Ⅱ度GVHD;无肝静脉闭塞病、间质性肺炎、出血性膀胱炎等并发症,未出现慢性GVHD。随访14个月,前囟闭合,身高增加3cm,复查颅骨及膝关节x线片,骨质疏松明显好转,免疫球蛋白及补体正常,T细胞、B细胞亚群及NK细胞基本正常。结论本例为我国首例采用造血干细胞移植治疗SCN成功,为今后SCN的治疗积累了初步的经验。     

新生儿痰真菌生长的临床意义及相关因素探讨

目的探讨新生儿痰真菌生长的临床意义及相关因素。方法回顾性分析149例诊断为新生儿肺炎且痰培养结果阳性住院新生儿的临床资料,根据痰培养结果将患儿分为真菌组、混合组和细菌组,运用Х^2检验及方差分析等统计学方法,比较三组的临床资料。结果（1）真菌组40例、混合组30例和细菌组79例,痰真菌生长占47．0％（70／149）。（2）三组间白细胞数分别为（10．3±3．5）×10^9／L、（11．7±5．2）×10^9／L和（14．4±10．5）×10^9／L,F=3．78,P=0．03;中性粒细胞数分别为（5．1±3．3）×10^9／L、（7．4±4．7）×10^9／L、（9．0±7．4）×10^9／L,F=5．50,P=0．01;下列因素所占比例,三组分别为：早产儿32．5％（13／40）、20％（6／30）和12．7％（10／79）,Х^2=6．68,P=0．04;母产前使用糖皮质激素10．0％（4／40）、6．7％（2／30）和0％（0／79）,P=0．01;使用三联抗生素治疗10．0％（4／40）、16．7％（5／30）和2．5％（2／79）,P=0．02;碳青霉烯类药物治疗32．5％（13／40）、63．3％（19／30）和17．7％（14／79）,Х^2=21．26,P=0．00。上述6个因素三组间差异均有显著统计学意义。（3）以痰真菌生长作为因变量进行Logistic回归分析,共2个变量进入最佳回归方程：碳青霉烯类药物（克倍宁或泰能）治疗（X1）、早产儿（X2）,建立影响痰真菌生长的主效应模型Logistic（SCF）=β0（0．12）＋1．63X1＋1．20X2（Х^2=43．04,P〈0．05）。（4）仅一次痰真菌生长,抗真菌治疗与否未愈率分别为10．0％（2／22）和0％（0／43）,P=0．111;继续住院时间分别为（225．8±7．7）d和（434．1±4．7）d,t=1．095,P=0．278,均无统计学意义。结论（1）在新生儿肺炎中,痰真菌生长比较普遍,以白色念珠菌为主。（2）早产儿、碳青霉烯类抗生素治疗可作为痰真菌生长的独立危险因素。（3）仅一次痰真菌生长只提示需作进一步真菌检查,不能凭此确诊肺部真菌感染或决定是否抗真菌治疗。     

幼年型类风湿性关节炎临床及免疫学特点

目的：探讨感染及免疫功能紊乱与幼年型类风湿性关节炎（JRA）发病的关系。方法：回顾分析30例JRA患儿临床及实验室资料。结果：30例JRA中全身型占63．3％（19例）；病原检出率达56．7％（17／30例），病毒为第1位，依次为EB病毒（EBU）、柯萨奇病毒（CVB）、乙肝病毒（HBV），细菌以溶血性链球菌及肠道球、杆菌为主，同时检出2种及3种病原各1例；活动期C反应蛋白（CRP）明显升高（P＜0．01），免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA显著高于对照组（P＜0．01），CD8^ 增高（P＜0．05），CD3^ 、CD4^ ／CD8^ 比值显著降低（P均＜0．01），CD4^ 无显著变化（P＞0．05），自然杀伤细胞（NK），淋巴因子激活杀伤细胞活性明显降低（P均＜0．001）。结论：持续感染反复抗原刺激可能破坏了机体的免疫自稳，启动病理性免疫应答，与JRA的发生发展有关。JRA患儿机体自身免疫监控能力下降。     

抗磷脂综合征随诊一例

患儿女,9岁,因“皮疹1个月,右侧肢体无力3h”于2006年10月20日入院。入院前1个月无诱因出现双下肢反复红色皮疹,伴瘙痒,有少许渗液,未治疗。入院前12d出现发热,家长见左侧腹股沟处1个1cm×1cm包块伴肿痛,在当地医院抗感染治疗1周后热退,左侧腹股沟处肿痛缓解。但患儿左侧下肢肿胀逐渐明显,于入院前4d在当地医院住院,查血常规：白细胞15×10^9／L～12×10^9／L,中性分类0．80,血红蛋白83g/L,血小板50×10^9／L～70×10^9／L,D-二聚体增高,两次B超声提示左下肢深静脉血栓形成,腹部未见异常。急诊生化及凝血四项正常,单纯疱疹病毒IgM及支原体IgM阳性,EB病毒及细菌抗体全套检查,结核菌素试验均阴性。疑诊为“血管炎综合征”,予丙种球蛋白及低分子肝素钙等,并继续抗感染治疗及血浆等支持治疗3d症状无改善。入院当天出现头痛,同时伴右侧肢体无力,活动障碍,在当地医院急诊查头颅CT：左侧顶叶脑出血。[第一段]     

Long-term follow-up of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory juvenile dermatomyositis: a case-series study

Objective

To follow up the refractory juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) in a long time and to investigate whether AHSCT is effective and safe to treat refractory JDM.

Methods

We collected the AHSCT and follow-up data of three patients with refractory JDM who received autologous peripheral blood CD34+ cell transplantation in our hospital between June 2004 and July 2015. Those data include: hight, weight, routine blood and urine tests, ESR, CK, ALT, AST, LDH, renal functional tests, lymphocyte subpopulations, HRCT and muscle MRI. The last follow-up was done in June 2017.

Results

All three patients had complete remission and could stop prednisone after 3–12 months. None of them relapsed at 144, 113 and 23 months follow-up. Twelve months after their AHSCT, all of their monitoring indexes have returned to normal and they have stopped all medications. Until the date of this article, none of them relapsed or need medicine.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that AHSCT is safe and effective in treating refractory JDM, and it can provides long term drug-free survival. However, more cases are needed for further confirmation.

     

Duration of illness is an important variable for untreated children with juvenile dermatomyositis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of duration of untreated symptoms in children with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) on clinical and laboratory status at diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: We examined physical and laboratory data from the first physician visit for 166 untreated children with JDM. Disease activity scores (DASs) assessed skin and muscle involvement. Height and weight were compared with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III dataset. Duration of untreated illness was designated as the time from first sign of rash or weakness to diagnostic visit. RESULTS: Boys and girls with untreated JDM were shorter and lighter than national norms (P > .0005 for both), and nonwhite children were weaker than white children (P > .0005). Older children had more dysphagia (P = .017) and arthritis (P > .001). Duration of untreated JDM was negatively associated with DAS weakness (P > .0005), unrelated to DAS skin, and positively associated with pathological calcifications (P = .006). With untreated disease > or = 4.7 months, serum levels of 4 muscle enzymes (aldolase, lactic dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase/aspartate aminotransferase) tended toward normal (P > .01 for each). CONCLUSIONS: Duration of untreated symptoms is an important variable and should be included in decisions concerning both diagnostic criteria and intensity of therapy for children with JDM.     

A randomized clinical trial of dietary calcium to improve bone accretion in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE: To examine a behavioral intervention (BI) to increase calcium intake in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) on calcium intake and bone mass 6 and 12 months after treatment. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized trial compared a 6-session BI to a 3-session enhanced standard of care (ESC) with 49 children ages 4 to 10 years with JRA. Calcium intake was assessed via 3-day diet diaries. Total body bone mineral content (BMC), arms and legs BMC, and lumbar spine bone mineral density were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: BI maintained an average calcium intake of 1500 mg/d at 6- and 12-month follow-up. This was greater than their baseline level of 972 mg/d, but not greater than the intake of 1300 mg/day maintained by ESC (P=.09). The BI had a 4% and 2.9% greater gain in total body bone mineral content than ESC at 6 and 12 months, respectively (P=.005), and a 7.1% and 5.3% greater gain in arms and legs BMC at 6 and 12 months than ESC (P=.0007). CONCLUSIONS: BI is effective in increasing calcium intake and BMC in children with JRA over a 12-month period.     

儿童第二次非血缘供者造血干细胞移植2例

目的探索非血缘造血干细胞移植后复发病例进行第二次移植的可行性。方法患幼年型慢性粒单细胞性白血病(JMML)及重型β-地中海贫血的两例患儿接受非血缘供者造血干细胞移植后分别于移植后的10个月和1个月后原疾病复发,前者给予福达华加环磷酰胺预处理后输注原供者干细胞,降低预防移植物抗宿主病强度;后者给予含TBI预处理,移植另一非血缘供者外周血干细胞。结果两例患者第二次移植后均获得稳定植入,JMML患者并发急慢性移植物抗宿主病,完全缓解至+24月;地中海贫血患者已完全脱离输血状态至+23月。结论对于非血缘造血干细胞移植后复发的患儿,第二次非血缘供者造血干细胞移植是可行的。     

Screening for coeliac disease in Dutch children with associated diseases

Our objective was to assess the frequency of coeliac disease in children with associated disorders in the province of "Zuid-Holland", The Netherlands. We therefore screened 115 children with Down's syndrome, 62 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and 46 children with diabetes mellitus for CD using the IgA- class of antigliadin, antiendomysium and antireticulin antibodies in serum, and a functional sugar absorption test. The antiendomysium antibody test was the screening test that performed the best. Every patient who had at least one positive test underwent a jejunal biopsy for the diagnosis of CD. No association could be demonstrated between CD and diabetes mellitus. The frequency of CD in Down's syndrome was 7.0%, which is much higher than that found from screening the general population. CD was found in one child with JRA (1.5%), who also had Down's syndrome. We recommend screening for CD in all persons with Down's syndrome using at least the antiendomysium antibody test.     

Efficacy of thalidomide in a girl with inflammatory calcinosis, a severe complication of juvenile dermatomyositis

We report a 14-year-old girl with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) complicated by severe inflammatory calcinosis successfully treated with thalidomide. She was diagnosed as JDM when she was 4 years old after a few months of increasing lethargy, muscle pain, muscle weakness, and rash. During three months, clinical manifestations and abnormal laboratory findings were effectively treated with oral prednisolone. However, calcinosis was recognized 18 months after disease onset. Generalized calcinosis rapidly progressed with high fever, multiple skin/subcutaneous inflammatory lesions, and increased level of CRP. Fifty mg/day (1.3 mg/kg day) of oral thalidomide was given for the first four weeks, and then the dose was increased to 75 mg/day. Clinical manifestations subsided, and inflammatory markers had clearly improved. Frequent high fever and local severe pain with calcinosis were suppressed. The levels of FDP-E, IgG, and tryglyceride, which were all elevated before the thalidomide treatment, were gradually returned to the normal range. Over the 18 months of observation up to the present, she has had no inflammatory calcinosis, or needed any hospitalization, although established calcium deposits still remain. Her condition became painless, less extensive and less inflammatory with the CRP level below 3.08 mg/dL. Recent examination by whole-body 18F-FDG-PET-CT over the 15 months of thalidomide treatment demonstrated fewer hot spots around the subcutaneous calcified lesions.     

Preschool sarcoidosis mimicking juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: The significance of gallium scintigraphy and skin biopsy in the differential diagnosis

Preschool sarcoidosis occurring in children less than 6 years old is rare and characterized by the triad of skin, joint and eye manifestations without any pulmonary lesion. Because of similar clinical manifestations, the diagnosis of preschool sarcoidosis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is confusing. A girl with preschool sarcoidosis, initially diagnosed and treated as having JRA, is reported here. Ophthalmologic examinations revealed posterior involvement of the eye. A gallium scintigram of the head showed panda appearance. Biopsy of the cutaneous lesion demonstrated non-caseating granuloma. Gallium scanning may be an important clue to correct diagnosis.     

Pleuritic Chest Pain; Where Should We Search for?

Pleuritic pain is not an unusual problem in children. Other concomitant symptoms should be considered for diagnostic approach in a child with pleuritic chest pain. In this report we discuss chest pain in a 6-year-old child with regard to other signs and symptoms. Finally, we found a rare life-threatening complication of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) in our patient.     

X连锁多内分泌腺病肠病伴免疫失调综合征一例基因及蛋白表达研究

目的 探讨表现为顽固性腹泻、皮疹以及有或无胰岛素依赖性糖尿病的疑似X连锁多内分泌腺病肠病伴免疫失调综合征(IPEX)患儿FOXP3基因变异及其蛋白表达水平.方法 对近两年来我院收治的4例表现为早发性顽固性腹泻、皮疹以及有或无胰岛素依赖性糖尿病的疑似IPEX男性患儿进行FOXP3基因扩增及测序分析,将发现的可疑突变位点通过数据库查询及与100例健康儿童相同位点序列比较,采用流式细胞仪检测CD4~+CD25~+FOXP3~+调节性T细胞比例和FOXP3蛋白表达.结果 4例疑似患儿中发现1例FOXP3突变,为11号外显子66位碱基错义突变(G>A),导致FOXP3蛋白370位氨基酸由甲硫氨酸替换为异亮氨酸(Met370Ile),患儿母亲为携带者.100例正常儿童FOXP3基因相同位点未见变异,故可排除该位点多态性可能.该突变为此前未见报道的新突变,患儿CD4~+CD25~+FOXP3~+调节性T细胞比例升高而FOXP3表达量无减低.结论 通过临床、免疫学筛查和基因分析,发现我国首例IPEX患儿(g:13128 G>A c:1298 G>A Met370Ile),对早发胰岛素依赖性糖尿病、顽固性腹泻及不明肾脏损害婴幼儿,应考虑IPEX可能并进行FOXP3基因分析.     

幼年型皮肌炎42例临床回顾分析

目的　探讨幼年型皮肌炎的临床特点。方法　对 4 2例幼年型皮肌炎进行临床分析。结果　首发症状中单纯皮疹占 33 3% ,皮疹伴肌炎占 4 0 5 % ,单纯肌炎占 16 7%。后期钙质沉着占 2 6 2 %。实验室检查乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)、天冬氨酸转氨酶 (AST)、磷酸肌酸激酶 (CPK)升高分别为 94 7%、83 4 %、6 2 2 % ,类风湿因子 (RF)和抗核抗体 (ANA)阳性率分别为 37 5 %、2 5 0 %。内脏损害中心脏、肺、胃肠道分别占 5 9 5 %、5 7 1%、19 1% ,无一例伴发恶性肿瘤。肌电图显示肌源性改变占 91 7% ,肌活检异常占 91 7%。结论　幼年型皮肌炎以皮肤损害为首发症状 ,后期可引起广泛钙质沉着 ;实验室检查中肌酶升高频率LDH >AST >CPK ;RF阳性率高于ANA ;内脏损害中以心脏和肺损害多见。