大学生完美主义与自尊、主观幸福感的关系

目的研究完美主义与大学生自尊、主观幸福感的关系及其影响因素，为开展心理辅导提供依据。方法采用完美主义量表、自尊量表和幸福感量表对大学生290名进行测试。结果在完美主义的各个维度中，担心出错和对行动的疑虑与自尊、幸福感量表的得分均存在显著的负相关，组织性与自尊、幸福感量表的得分存在显著的正相关；担心出错、组织性和对行动的疑虑对大学生自尊产生影响，担心出错和组织性对大学生主观幸福感产生影响。顺应良好和顺应不良的完美主义分别与自尊和幸福感量表的得分存在显著的正相关和负相关关系。结论完美主义与大学生自尊和主观幸福感存在相关关系，完美主义对大学生自尊和主观幸福感产生一定影响。     

杭州市大学生完美主义羞怯及面子心理的相关分析

目的了解杭州市大学生完美主义，羞怯、面子心理之间的相互关系，为高校大学生心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用完美主义量表、羞怯量表、丢面子量表对340名大学生进行调查，应用SPSS软件进行统计学分析。结果乡村大学生在羞怯量表上得分（2．71±0．49）高于城市大学生得分（2．55±0．58），非独生子女得分（2．71±0．50）高于独生子女羞怯量表得分（2．54±0．57）。羞怯与积极完美主义呈负相关关系（r=-0．27），与消极完美主义呈正相关关系（r=0．34），与丢面子心理呈正相关关系（r=0．22）；丢面子与积极完美主义（r=0．11）和消极完美主义（r=0．17）都呈正相关关系。结论羞怯倾向于消极的心理方面，而面子心理可能是积极的，也可能是消极的。     

完美主义理论研究综述

完美主义是一种重要人格特质,与多种心理现象和行为关系密切并参与其发生机制。完美主义领域内目前仍存在概念界定不一、性质与核心特征存有争议等一些具有重要意义的基础性研究问题,需要进一步探讨。本文就完美主义的定性描述、测量工具、理论模型、完美主义积极成分与消极成分的区分、完美主义的人群聚类研究等问题进行了系统的综述,提出了未来应借助多种研究方法探索完美主义的核心特征和拓展研究视域,建立中国人的完美主义心理结构理论。     

拖延与完美主义关系研究

目的探讨完美主义与拖延之间的关系。方法采用Frost多维完美主义量表和拖延问卷对700名大学生进行问卷调查。结果高校学生拖延得分(2.70±0.54),完美主义得分(2.78±0.54);高完美主义者在延迟开始、坐失时机、拖延总分上得分高于低完美主义者(P<0.05);完美主义各因子与拖延各因子之间存在不同程度的相关(r=-0.09～0.41,P<0.05);除父母期望外,完美主义各因子对拖延有预测作用。结论高完美主义倾向的个体表现出更多的拖延行为,完美主义对拖延产生重要的影响。     

拖延与完美主义关系研究

目的探讨完美主义与拖延之间的关系。方法采用Frost多维完美主义量表和拖延问卷对700名大学生进行问卷调查。结果高校学生拖延得分（2．70±0．54）,完美主义得分（2．78±0．54）;高完美主义者在延迟开始、坐失时机、拖延总分上得分高于低完美主义者（P〈0．05）;完美主义各因子与拖延各因子之间存在不同程度的相关（r=-0．0940．41,P〈0．05）;除父母期望外,完美主义各因子对拖延有预测作用。结论高完美主义倾向的个体表现出更多的拖延行为,完美主义对拖延产生重要的影响。     

创造性倾向在大学生人格和完美主义与自我效能关系模型中的作用

目的考察创造性倾向在大学生人格、完美主义与自我效能的关系模型中的直接效应和干扰效应,在以前研究的基础上进一步拓展大学生人格、完美主义与自我效能的关系模型。方法采用威廉斯创造力倾向量表、森克人格问卷成人式、父母教养方式量表、中文版佛洛斯特多维完美主义心理量表和一般自我效能量表对湖南省6所高校随机选取2006~2009级1 644名大学生进行测量。结果积极完美在内外向、神经质、精神质与自我效能关系的中介作用是(z=2.73、4.09、-7.3,P<0.01);消极完美在内外向、神经质、精神质与自我效能关系的中介作用是(z=-2.58、2.33、2.33,P<0.01);创造性人格对人格、完美主义与自我效能的关系模型起着调节作用,科创大学生和普通大学生的人格、完美主义与自我效能的关系模型差异有统计学意义(χ2=73.42,χ2=50.47;P<0.01)。结论完美主义是人格和自我效能关系的中介变量,在创造性倾向和组别起调节作用。     

师范类大学生主动拖延在完美主义与焦虑间的中介作用

考察大学师范生完美主义、主动拖延与焦虑的关系,为开展心理健康教育提供依据.方法 采用多维度完美主义量表、主动拖延量表、焦虑量表,对方便抽取的潮州市2所师范院校1 589名师范类大学生进行调查.结果 男生完美主义、主动拖延得分均高于女生(t值分别为4.35,8.58,P值均<0.01),理工类学生主动拖延得分高于文史类学生(t=-3.54,P<0.01).师范类大学生完美主义、主动拖延与焦虑间存在正相关(r值分别为0.21,0.20,P值均<0.01),完美主义与主动拖延间也呈正相关(r=0.37,P<0.01).完美主义(β=0.21,P<0.01)、主动拖延(β=0.20,P<0.01)在单独及共同进入回归方程时(β=0.15,P<0.01)均能预测焦虑.主动拖延在完美主义与焦虑间起部分中介作用.结论 师范类大学生完美主义、主动拖延与焦虑关系密切.可通过改善完美主义和主动拖延水平,提高大学师范生的心理健康水平.     

医学研究生完美主义和睡眠质量相关性分析

完美主义是一种人格特质或是一种认知方式,国内外各种对完美主义的研究表明,人体的心理健康和生理健康或多或少都会受到完美主义的影响,完美主义对人们的日常生活具有重大意义。睡眠是人们日常生活中必不可少的部分,因此完美主义与睡眠质量之间有关联。本研究采用问卷调查法,使用中文 Frost 多维度完美主义问卷、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数为工具,以天津市三所医学高等院校的95名医学研究生为被试者,探讨医学研究生完美主义和睡眠质量的关系。得出结论：医学研究生的完美主义与睡眠质量呈正相关。根据医学研究生的完美主义倾向,采取一定的方法提高医学研究生的睡眠质量具有重要意义。     

企业员工完美主义与职业倦怠的关系:自我效能感的中介作用

目的采用结构方程模型探讨自我效能感在完美主义和企业员工职业倦怠关系上的中介作用。方法采用中文版Frost多维完美主义量表、一般自我效能感量表和Maslach职业倦怠调查问卷对307名企业员工进行调查。结果条理化、自我效能感与职业倦怠呈显著负相关,非适应性完美主义与职业倦怠呈显著正相关;结构方程显示,非适应性完美主义对职业倦怠具有直接的正向预测作用,自我效能感作为中介变量缓解完美主义对职业倦怠的消极影响。结论完美主义和自我效能感作为人格特质可以预测员工的职业倦怠。     

大学生完美主义倾向和家庭功能的关系

[目的]探讨完美主义人格与家庭功能的关系。[方法]采用Frost多维完美主义量表和家庭功能评定量表(FAD)对297名大学生进行测量。[结果]①男性大学生的完美主义倾向要强于女性,在父母期望和父母批评两个维度上,男性得分显著高于女性;独生子女的完美主义倾向要强于非独生子女,在错误关注、怀疑行为和父母批评3个维度上,独生子女得分显著高于非独生子女;②完美主义和总的家庭功能呈显著正相关,与其他各维度之间也存在一定的相关。[结论]家庭功能在一定程度上影响完美主义人格的形成,角色和情感介入两维度对完美主义具有的预测作用。     

The clinical presentation of Japanese women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: a study of the Eating Disorders Inventory-2

OBJECTIVE: The current study described the clinical presentation of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) in Japan utilizing the Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2) and assessed whether the clinical profile of eating disorder cases in Japan differs significantly from North American data. METHOD: Statistical comparisons of Japanese AN, BN, and non-eating-disordered (NonED) EDI-2 data were conducted across diagnostic groups and with the North American standardization sample. RESULTS: The Japanese diagnostic groups reported significant between-group differences on all eight EDI-2 subscales. Compared with the standardization sample, all the Japanese groups reported significantly greater maturity fears, the Japanese AN-restricting subtype group (AN-R) reported lower levels of drive for thinness and perfectionism, the Japanese BN group reported lower levels of drive for thinness, and the Japanese NonED Group reported lower levels of drive for thinness and perfectionism but higher rates of ineffectiveness. DISCUSSION: Differences between the Japanese and North American groups suggest that certain cultural differences exist in eating disorder profiles.     

Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa: a 6-24-month follow-up study

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between perfectionism and outcome in anorexia nervosa (AN). METHOD: Seventy-three patients received inpatient treatment for AN. Participants completed the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) at admission to (n = 55), at discharge (n = 27), and at a median of 15.9 months (n = 49) after inpatient treatment. At follow-up, participants also completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and their scores were compared with those of healthy controls. RESULTS: EDI Perfectionism was associated with illness status. A lower EDI Perfectionism score at admission was associated with a better response to treatment, which was subsequently associated with better outcome at follow-up. Both the good and poor outcome groups had significantly higher MPS total perfectionism scores than healthy controls. DISCUSSION: The EDI measures an aspect of perfectionism that is sensitive to illness status, whereas the MPS is less dependent on clinical state and may reflect a common personality trait that persists with remission of disease.     

Examining body image discrepancies and perceived weight status in adult Japanese women

This study examined potential differences and similarities between attitudes about body shape and eating behaviors in Japan versus America. Discrepancies between various body ideals (e.g., own versus ideal; Japanese versus American) and perceived weight status were examined in a sample of adult Japanese women. Forty-five adult Japanese women rated various body ideals using the Stunkard Body Shape Questionnaire. They also answered questions about their perceived body weight and completed the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-2). Participants rated the ideal body shape for Japanese women to be significantly thinner than for American women. Body image discrepancy predicted drive for thinness and bulimic symptoms as measured by the EDI-2. Furthermore, there was an interaction between perfectionism and perceived overweight status, such that among participants high on perceived weight status, perfectionism predicted greater bulimic symptomology. The relative importance of the internalization of the Western beauty ideal to the rise of eating disorders in Japan is discussed. Similarities between the findings of this study and studies conducted on American samples are highlighted, and areas for future research are proposed.     

Features associated with excessive exercise in women with eating disorders

OBJECTIVE: Excessive exercise and motor restlessness are observed in a substantial number of patients with eating disorders. This trait has been studied extensively among animal models of activity anorexia nervosa (AN) and may hold particular interest as an endophenotype for AN. We explored features associated with excessive exercise across subtypes of eating disorders. METHOD: Participants were female probands and affected female relatives from the multi-site international Price Foundation Genetic Studies with diagnoses of AN, bulimia nervosa (BN), and both AN and BN or eating disorder not otherwise specified (ED-NOS) (N=1,857). Excessive exercise was defined based on responses to the Structured Interview for Anorexic and Bulimic Disorders (SIAB). RESULTS: Among the eating disorder diagnostic groups, excessive exercise was most common among the purging subtype of AN. Individuals who reported excessive exercise also reported lower minimum BMI, younger age at interview, higher scores on anxiety, perfectionism, and eating disorder symptom measures, more obsessions and compulsions, and greater persistence. CONCLUSION: Excessive exercise may be associated particularly with the purging subtype of AN as well as with a constellation of anxious/obsessional temperament and personality characteristics among women with eating disorders.     

DSM-IV threshold versus subthreshold bulimia nervosa

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present work is to determine whether bulimia nervosa (BN) and eating disorder not otherwise specified, BN type (EDNOS-BN) were qualitatively distinct in terms of eating and general psychopathology. METHOD: This study presents a comparison of 138 women with BN and 57 with EDNOS-BN from a multisite study on eating-related and general psychopathology measures. RESULTS: Although women with BN reported higher lifetime history rates of anorexia nervosa, greater binge eating and vomiting frequency, and more eating concerns, no significant differences were observed between groups on measures of perfectionism, impulsivity, obsessive-compulsiveness, anxiety, depressive symptomatology, or alcohol/substance problems. Based on the partial eta2 values, the distinction between BN and EDNOS-BN accounted for <5% of the criterion variance in general psychopathology measures. Post hoc analyses comparing EDNOS-BN with objective bulimic episodes (OBEs; n=34) versus no OBEs (n=23) found greater EDEQ-4 Restraint subscale scores for EDNOS-BN without OBEs. However, there was no significant difference on the EDEQ-4 Eating Concern subscale between the two EDNOS-BN subgroups. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the clinical significance of BN partial syndrome and prompt reevaluation of existing BN diagnostic boundaries. Post hoc analyses also underscore the need for greater differentiation within EDNOS.     

Is there a perfectionist in each of us? An experimental study on perfectionism and eating disorder symptoms

Previous studies have shown consistent associations between perfectionism and eating disorder (ED) symptoms. However, to date, only one study (Shafran et al., 2006) used an experimental design to examine in a non-clinical sample the causal relationship between perfectionism and ED symptoms. The current experimental study aimed to build on that study by examining the role of trait perfectionism in the effects of an experimental induction of perfectionism and by adopting a multidimensional approach to perfectionism. University students (N=100; Mage=20.6years; SD=2.24) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions, that is, a high Personal Standards condition, a condition combining Personal Standards perfectionism and Evaluative Concerns perfectionism, and a non-perfectionist condition. Compared to the non-perfectionist condition, participants in the two perfectionist conditions reported higher levels of state perfectionism during the next 24h and this effect occurred irrespective of trait perfectionism levels. Further, participants in the perfectionist conditions, compared to those in the non-perfectionist condition, reported significantly higher levels of restraint and binging during the 24h after manipulation. Together, the results suggest that perfectionism can be induced in people irrespective of their levels of trait perfectionism and that perfectionism represents a causal risk factor for ED pathology.     

Eating-related concerns,mood, and personality traits in recovered bulimia nervosa subjects: a replication study

OBJECTIVE: Limited data suggest that eating-related concerns and behaviors, disturbances in mood, and altered temperament persist following recovery from bulimia nervosa (BN). METHOD: In order to replicate and extend such findings, 11 women who were long-term recovered from BN (>1 year with no binging, purging, or restricting behaviors, normal weight, and regular menstrual cycles) were compared with 15 healthy volunteer women on the Eating Disorders Invertory-2 (EDI-2), the Beck Depression Inventory, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). RESULTS: Compared with the control women, the recovered BN women showed elevated levels of the EDI-2 subscales of Drive for Thinness, Body Dissatisfaction, Ineffectiveness, Perfectionism, and Social Insecurity, greater depression and anxiety, elevated levels of the MPQ Stress Reaction dimension and the higher-order factor of Negative Emotionality, and lower levels of the MPQ Well Being and Closeness dimensions. DISCUSSION: Core eating and weight-related concerns, dysphoric affect, social discomfort, and personality traits indicative of perfectionism persist following long-term recovery from BN.     

Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in medical students: a longitudinal investigation

OBJECTIVES: The personality of medical students may have an important impact on both their academic performance and emotional adjustment during medical school. There has been little systematic study of the impact of perfectionism on medical students. The present study sought to compare the perfectionism profile of medical students with that of a general arts student group and to examine the relationship among perfectionism, distress symptoms and academic expectations and satisfaction. DESIGN: Medical students (n=96) and arts students (n=289) completed a baseline assessment including two multidimensional perfectionism scales. The medical students also completed measures of distress symptoms, personality (neuroticism, conscientiousness) and questions about their perceptions of their academic performance. Of the medical students, 58 completed a second set of questionnaires 6 months later (time 2). SUBJECTS: First-, second- and third year medical students and first-year arts students. RESULTS: In comparison with arts students, the perfectionism profile of medical students showed higher personal standards, lower doubts about actions and lower maladaptive perfectionism scores. In the medical students adaptive perfectionism (achievement striving) was significantly correlated with baseline academic performance expectations and conscientiousness and was predictive of dissatisfaction with academic performance at time 2. Maladaptive perfectionism (excessive evaluative concerns) was significantly correlated with baseline distress symptoms and neuroticism and was predictive of symptoms of depression and hopelessness at time 2. CONCLUSIONS: Perfectionism in medical students differs systematically from perfectionism in general arts students. Distinguishing adaptive and maladaptive aspects of perfectionism is important in understanding the cross-sectional and longitudinal implications of perfectionism for medical students.     

Does perfectionism mediate or moderate the relation between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors?

A link between perfectionism and disordered eating has been documented in previous studies. The purpose of the current study was to expand our knowledge of the specific role of perfectionism in disordered eating by examining perfectionism as a mediator or a moderator in the relation between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating (assessed using the EAT-26 and its subscales, and the Binge Scale). We sampled a large ethnically diverse sample of university women (N = 520) using two measures of perfectionism: the Eating Disorder Inventory Perfectionism subscale (EDI-P) and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (H-MPS). In general, socially prescribed and self-oriented perfectionism, but not other-oriented perfectionism, were correlated with disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, except binge eating. Furthermore, perfectionism was found to partially mediate and moderate the relation between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, however the strength of these associations differed depending on both the particular measure of perfectionism (EDI-P versus H-MPS) and the specific dimension of perfectionism (self-oriented, socially prescribed, other-oriented) used in the analyses. The findings are discussed in relation to the need for more informed and theoretically sound models of the development and maintenance of disordered eating.