156例重型颅脑损伤救治体会

目的总结重型颅脑损伤救治经验及影响其预后的因素。方法对我院1996年以来救治的156例重型颅脑损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果按格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)分为良好、中残、重残、植物生存和死亡。结论重型颅脑损伤病情危重、发展快、死亡率高,其死亡率与格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)评分、基底池受压程度、中线移位有关。提高疗效应根据以下11个方面:(1)建立创伤救治体系与实施颅脑创伤早期专科救治;(2)保持呼吸道通畅;(3)对颅脑创伤患者进行CT检查并跟踪观察中脑周围池的变化;(4)病因治疗;(5)充分重视大骨瓣减压的效果;(6)冬眠低温治疗;(7)充分重视高血糖对预后的影响;(8)低氧血症和低血容量的防治;(9)防治脑血管痉挛;(10)早期应用纳络酮;(11)尽早应用高压氧疗。     

颈椎钩突邻近结构薄层断面与MRI对照研究

目的阐明颈椎钩突在薄层断面和MRI断面图像上与周围结构的毗邻关系,为颈椎退行性疾病提供影像学诊断依据。方法选取5例中国数字化可视人体（CVH）数据集中C3-C7椎体上缘清楚显示钩突的薄层断面图像,观察并测量钩突与邻近的椎动脉和颈神经的位置关系,选择对应平面的MRI断面图像对照分析。结果CVH数据集的薄层断面清晰显示颈椎钩突及其周围结构,在断面上测量并得出钩突与颈神经、钩突与椎动脉的距离的平均值,MRI清楚显示颈椎钩突及其邻近结构。结论将CVH数据集中的颈椎钩突平面的薄层断面与对应的MRI图像进行对照研究,可为颈椎病的影像学诊断和治疗提供形态学参考。     

壮族人蛛网膜下池的CT观测

目的　获取壮族人蛛网膜下池的CT解剖数据及其变化规律。方法　对 2 5 4名健康壮族 (男 12 7,女 12 7)的头部CT片进行了测量 ,测量项目为 6项 ,并进行统计分析。结果　头部 6项指标平均值男大于女 ,性别差异有高度显著性。壮族脑池测量值 ,各年龄组间比较 ,大脑纵裂池和鞍上池各年龄组差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5鞍上池的 5 0～岁除外 ) ;环池除相邻年龄组间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )外 ,各年龄组间均存在差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;四叠体池 2 0～岁组与各年龄组及 30～组岁与 6 0～组岁间差异有显著性 ;大脑外侧窝池 5 0岁以前 3个年龄组间无显著性差异。结论　壮族人蛛网膜下池各年龄组间变化有自己的特点和一定的规律性 ;蛛网膜下池的解剖数据男大于女 ,存在性别差异     

Comparative study of thin sectional anatomical images from Chinese Visible Human data set and computed tomography images of superior mediastinum

The structures of superior mediastinum and their spatial relationships are complex and difficult to master. This study aimed to compare visualization of the superior mediastinum based on computed tomography (CT) images and on the thin sections of the Chinese visible human (CVH) data set to provide a sectional anatomical basis for diagnostic imaging of superior mediastinal pathology. CVH sections of the mediastinum of a 35‐year old male were compared with plain and enhanced CT images of a 45‐year old male without apparent abnormalities in the upper chest. In addition, a three‐dimensional model based on the CVH sections was compared with a model based on CT images. Although CT imaging is noninvasive and can be carried out in many individuals, its weakness is clearly the visualization of small soft tissue structures. In this respect, the sectional anatomical approach of the CVH images is complementary, as it visualizes these small soft tissue structures due to the higher resolution in the plain of sectioning and the color of the different structures in the section. Three‐dimensional surface and volume rendering of reconstructions of the CVH data set can help medical students and less experienced thoracic surgeons to familiarize themselves with the topographic anatomy of the superior mediastinal structures and their spatial relationships, and thus with interpreting CT images of patients. Clin. Anat. 25:1051–1061, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

结核性脑膜炎的CT诊断(附16例分析)

目的：通过分析16例结核性脑膜炎的CT表现及其产生的病理基础，提高对本病的认识和诊断水平。方法：16例结核性脑膜炎病人采用常规头颅CT扫描，对其影像及临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：脑基底池、侧裂池变窄12例(75％)，合并密度增高8例(50％)；不同程度的脑积水14例(88％)；脑梗塞8例(50％)；结核瘤1例(6％)。结论：结核性脑膜炎的主要CT征象是脑基底池、侧裂池变窄，同时有不同程度的脑积水。如同时伴有脑结核瘤，可作出诊断。     

PC机上基于CT、MRI图像构建的颌面部三维数字模型

背景：近年来国内外学者对个人PC机上重建颌面部骨组织、皮肤、肌肉三维可视化模型进行了大量研究,但对于建立颌面部骨骼、皮肤、肌肉、血管的整体三维可视化模型尚无报道。 目的：利用螺旋 CT、MRI 数据及三维重建软件,在普通 PC 机建立颌面部整体的三维可视化模型。 方法：选择1名健康成年男性作为建模对象,分别通过螺旋CT、核磁共振扫描,得到样本的DICOM标准图像。将所有CT、MRI图像导入Mimics,建立颌面部骨骼、部分咀嚼肌、三叉神经池、颈内动脉、颈内静脉的三维可视化模型。选择颌面部骨骼三维模型为基准,将由MRI图像建立的肌肉、血管、三叉神经池模型导入,进行三维模型空间配准。最终得到颌面部整体的三维可视化模型。 结果与结论：成功建立了颌面部骨骼、肌肉、皮肤、三叉神经池、血管的整体三维模型,准确反映了颌面部复杂的解剖结构,可为临床诊断提供可靠的解剖资料,并为今后的模拟手术打下良好的基础。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

Morphologic evaluation of the thoracic vertebrae for safe free-hand pedicle screw placement in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a CT-based anatomical study

Objective  

To evaluate the morphologic characteristics of the thoracic pedicle with regard to safe free-hand thoracic pedicle screw placement, based on multi-planar reconstruction CT images.     

颈部深静脉穿刺置管三维虚拟穿刺仿真模型构建

背景：应用颈部深静脉三维可视化模型进行虚拟穿刺仿真,提高临床深静脉穿刺技能的研究还处在探索阶段。 目的：寻求三维虚拟穿刺仿真技术在颈部深静脉穿刺置管中的应用 方法：取健康志愿者CT断面图像,Mimics软件对颈部各种组织半自动分割和重建,三维化显示颈部深静脉及周围解剖结构,并模拟颈部深静脉穿刺,包括模拟颈内静脉,锁骨上静脉和锁骨下静脉穿刺。 结果与结论：成功模拟颈部3种深静脉穿刺,显示虚拟穿刺针和周围解剖结构三维毗邻关系,并测量穿刺进针的安全角度、深度、最佳穿刺路径。三维虚拟穿刺仿真技术为颈部深静脉穿刺提供直观形态学参考。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

Multidetector computed tomography for preoperative evaluation of vascular anatomy in living renal donors

Background  Currently, multidetector computed tomographic (MDCT) angiography has become a noninvasive alternative imaging modality to catheter renal angiography for the evaluation of renal vascular anatomy in living renal donors. In this study, we investigated the diagnostic accuracy of 16-slice MDCT in the preoperative assessment of living renal donors. Methods  Fifty-nine consecutive living renal donors (32 men, 27 women) underwent MDCT angiography followed by open donor nephrectomy. All MDCT studies were performed by using a 16-slice MDCT scanner with the same protocol consisting of arterial and nephrographic phases followed by conventional abdominal radiography. The MDCT images were assessed retrospectively for the number and branching pattern of the renal arteries and for the number and presence of major or minor variants of the renal veins. The results were compared with open surgical results. Results  The sensitivity and specificity of MDCT for the detection of anatomic variants of renal arteries including the accessory arteries (n = 9), early arterial branching (n = 7) and major renal venous anomalies including the accessory renal veins (n = 3), late venous confluence (n = 4), circumaortic (n = 2) or retroaortic (n = 3) left renal veins were 100%. However, the sensitivity for identification of minor venous variants was 79%. All of three ureteral duplications were correctly identified at excretory phase conventional abdominal radiography. Conclusion  Sixteen-slice MDCT is highly accurate for the identification of anatomic variants of renal arteries and veins. Dual-phase MDCT angiography including arterial and nephrographic phases followed by conventional abdominal radiography enables complete assessment of renal donors without significant increase of radiation dose. However, the evaluation of minor venous variants may be problematic because of their small diameters and poor opacification.     

The study on sectional anatomy and imaging of accessory hepatic veins

To evaluate the distribution and clinical value of accessory hepatic veins (AHVs), we investigated the number and caliber of the AHVs and the angles between the shafts of AHVs and inferior caval vein. We analyzed the anatomical dissections, serial transverse and coronal sections (0.1–0.2 mm) of a frozen liver, and the ultrasonographical and enhanced CT images of healthy patients. We found that: (1) Most of the angles between the AHVs and inferior caval veins on the thin sections (78%) and liver dissections (72%) were acute (P < 0.01), while the AHVs with right angles had significantly larger average calibers (P < 0.05). However, on the contrary, most of the angles between the AHVs and inferior caval veins were right angles as observed in ultrasonography (89%) and spiral CT images (83%) (P < 0.01). The angle parameters appear to be more selective when displaying the AHVs on ultrasonography and spiral CT images. (2) The presentation rates of the AHVs in ultrasonic and spiral CT images were much lower than those of the anatomical dissections (P < 0.01). (3) There were no apparent differences in displaying right inferior hepatic veins between ultrasonography and spiral CT (P > 0.05). However, the presentation rate of small AHVs was much lower in spiral CT images (P < 0.05). (4) The ultrasonographical and spiral CT scans provide effective reference for the diagnosis of Budd-child syndrome, hepatectomy, especially liver hanging maneuver.     

Creation of the Chinese visible human data set

The United States Visible Human Project (VHP) created a digital image data set of complete human male (data acquisition finished in November 1994) and female (data acquisition finished in December 1995) cadavers in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and anatomical (anatomic serial section) modes. VHP aroused worldwide enthusiasm for Visible Human Research (VHR), and the data set is being used in a variety of research and educational domains. The Visible Korean Human (VKH) male was produced in March 2001. To accelerate worldwide VHR and to promote virtual anatomy as a revolutionary break with conventional anatomy, more visible human data sets representative of different populations of the world are in demand. The Chinese Visible Human (CVH) male (created in October 2002) and female (created in February 2003) project achieved greater integrity of images, easier blood vessel identification, and were free of organic lesion (unlike the other visible human projects). We performed data acquisition, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, and visualization with improved technology to create CVH male and female. CVH is the first volumetric data representing a complete normal adult human male and female of an Asian population. This article presents the history of Chinese Visible Human cadavers and the methods and technology used to produce the data set.     

前列腺及其毗邻结构的三维可视化研究

目的：建立正常人前列腺及其毗邻结构的三维可视化数字模型。为解剖教学、临床诊断和男性盆腔手术提供动态三维形态学资料。方法：采用第三军医大学解剖学教研室的第1例中国数字化可视人体数据集1号（CVH1）盆腔连续断面图像分割出前列腺及其毗邻结构的轮廓数据,运用AMIRA商业软件进行计算机三维重建和可视化显示。结果：重建出了前列腺及其毗邻结构的三维可视化模型,该模型可从任意角度进行观察,清晰地显示前列腺与毗邻结构的空间位置关系。结论：前列腺及其毗邻结构的可视化模型为人体解剖教学和临床泌尿外科应用提供三维数字化工具,为CT、MRI男性盆腔断面影像研究提供了形态学资料。     

64层螺旋CT在急性阑尾炎的临床诊断价值分析

目的分析64层螺旋CT在急性阑尾炎的临床诊断价值。方法选取86例急性阑尾炎患者均进行64层螺旋CT平面扫描,观察分析取得的CT诊断结果。计算其诊断敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果急性阑尾炎不同位置分布比例中,盆腔位占23.61%,回肠后位为21.32%、回肠前位为20.23%、盲肠后位为17.96%、盲肠下位为16.85%;不同位置病理诊断化脓性阑尾炎表现率为52.31%,单纯性阑尾炎表现率为25.58%,坏疽、穿孔现象表现率为22.11%。其诊断敏感度为91.36%,特异度为92.59%,准确度为94.19%,阳性预测值为93.83%,阴性预测值为80.01%。结论采用64层螺旋CT能够快速诊断和显示急性阑尾炎早期的病理特点,准确率高,可为临床治疗方案提供有效数据,具有影像学应用价值。     

新型肝脏管道模型的数字化制造研究

目的　设计并制作内部管道与肝实质外形兼备的新型肝脏管道模型。  方法　选取一具新鲜的人体肝脏标本,肝静脉及门静脉灌注后行64排螺旋CT扫描,利用Mimics软件重建门静脉、肝静脉及肝实质三维模型。在Magic4.0软件中设计肝脏管道与肝实质外壳模具的装配结构。将设计好的模型通过快速成型机进行模型的三维打印,并进行组装形成管道铸模模具。将融化的透明果冻蜡注入铸模模具内,待蜡凝固后,除去肝实质壳模具,获得新型肝脏管道模型。  结果　本研究通过三维重建、快速成型及模具技术成功地制作了内部管道与肝实质外形兼备的新型肝脏管道模型。模型清晰地显示肝内管道的分布情况,位置关系,分支关系,管道直径等,快速成型管道的最小直径约为1.2 mm。由透明果冻蜡制作的肝实质外形良好,清晰透明,质地与肝实质相近。   结论　新型肝脏管道模型表现力丰富,容易保存。它拓展了铸型标本在医学教育,科研,临床上的应用。     

腹腔动脉CT数据三维重建与相关解剖学研究

目的:研究基于CT数据腹腔动脉三维重建方法及相关解剖.方法:利用Mimics软件对120例患者64排螺旋CT数据行腹腔动脉三维重建,评价重建模型的效果并统计各分支的显示率、分支类型、开口位置、走行方向及长度.结果:重建模型形态逼真,能准确显示该血管及其分支的解剖结构,显示率分别为:肝总动脉100%,脾动脉100%,胃左动脉78.3%,胃十二指肠动脉100%,肝固有动脉98.3%,肝左动脉79.2%,肝右动脉95%.胃脾肝共干型分支最多,占89.2%,该型腹腔动脉平均长度为2.76cm.开口位置96.7%位于胸12～腰1之间,83.3%向右走行.结论:利用64排螺旋CT增强扫描数据三维重建腹腔动脉,可真实反应其形态结构并测量相关解剖学数据,对介入插管及虚拟手术研究有较高指导价值,为解剖学教学提供了相关数字化图谱.     

主动脉病变16排CT成像技术及其影像学表现特征

通过对21例临床诊断主动脉瘤及主动脉夹层的患者进行西门子16排螺旋CT机(Siemens Somatom Sensation 16)平扫及增强扫描,并同时进行三维重建,以探讨主动脉病变的16排CT成像技术及其影像学表现特征。结果表明:(1)11例主动脉夹层中显示真假腔11例(100%)、内膜片11例(100%)、内膜破口9例(81.8%)、假腔内血栓形成5例(45.5%);(2)壁内血肿1例平扫表现为主动脉壁新月形增厚,密度增高,无内膜撕裂,增扫无强化,为新月形相对较低密度;(3)真性动脉瘤7例均显示动脉瘤大小、范围、腔内附壁血栓及钙化;(4)2例假性动脉瘤均显示动脉旁混杂密度肿块,增扫肿块不均匀强化,强化团与动脉有颈相连。所以16排螺旋CT轴位及3D重建图像,能全面显示主动脉病变的病理解剖改变,为临床治疗提供精细的影像学信息。     

64层CT造影断层图像虚拟技术和CT仿真结肠镜的临床应用

背景：虚拟内窥镜能够充分显示结肠的解剖形态以及病变部位,并从狭窄、梗阻处两端观察肠腔的解剖和病变。结合三维图像还可了解肠壁以及腔外的情况,更有利于肿瘤的定性以及分期诊断。 目的：探讨64层CT造影断层图像虚拟技术和64层螺旋CT三维成像与仿真内镜在结肠肿瘤诊断中的应用价值。 方法：应用Philips/Brilliance 64 CT对10例术后病理标本证实的结肠癌(8例)和结肠息肉(2例)进行容积扫描。Mimics软件用Marching Cubes算法对肠管进行面绘制及用虚拟内镜法重建三维图像及基于CT造影二维图像对大肠及周围结构等各种组织进行三维重建,并与Brilliance workspace工作站三维成像和仿真内镜结果相比较。 结果与结论：10例三维成像效果良好,虚拟内镜与CT仿真内镜显示基本一致。虚拟结肠镜结合多结构数字模型重建可以提供更多信息,有助于病变的准确定位,能准确反映其复杂的解剖结构及空间毗邻关系。说明64层CT造影断层图像虚拟技术能达到与CT仿真内镜结合三维成像同样的敏感性和特异性,加上各种组织三维重建技术可以提供较仿真内镜更丰富的信息。     

Three-dimensional reconstruction of registered and fused Chinese Visible Human and patient MRI images

Radiological images are commonly used as important tools in medical diagnoses and treatment. Different modalities of medical images provide uniquely different content. Hence, it is natural and desirable to combine different image modalities to obtain additional new information to enhance clinical assessment. However, given the current technology, radiological images are not always sufficiently informative to permit diagnosis and treatment. In order to address this problem, we fused selected portions of the Chinese Visible Human (CVH) dataset with MRI images from a patient. Specifically, we segmented the caudate nucleus, the lentiform nucleus, and the thalamus in the CVH dataset and then registered and fused this dataset with corresponding MRI images using both rigid and nonrigid registration techniques. After rigid and nonrigid registration, the CVH and MRI images largely coincided with each other. The shape, relationship, and position of focal areas and neural structures were clearly displayed. Using volume and surface rendering, these images were three-dimensionally reconstructed to display the neural structures of interest within the brain. These structures can be rotated at will and observed from different angles. Our research indicates that the fusion of CVH and patients' MRI images can enhance the amount of neural information available to physicians and lay a foundation for the clinical use of the CVH dataset.     

The geographic distribution of cardiovascular health in the stroke prevention in healthcare delivery environments (SPHERE) study

BackgroundCommunity-level factors have been clearly linked to health outcomes, but are challenging to incorporate into medical practice. Increasing use of electronic health records (EHRs) makes patient-level data available for researchers in a systematic and accessible way, but these data remain siloed from community-level data relevant to health.PurposeThis study sought to link community and EHR data from an older female patient cohort participating in an ongoing intervention at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center to associate community-level data with patient-level cardiovascular health (CVH) as well as to assess the utility of this EHR integration methodology.Materials and methodsCVH was characterized among patients using available EHR data collected May through July of 2013. EHR data for 153 patients were linked to United States census-tract level data to explore feasibility and insights gained from combining these disparate data sources. Analyses were conducted in 2014.ResultsUsing the linked data, weekly per capita expenditure on fruits and vegetables was found to be significantly associated with CVH at the p < 0.05 level and three other community-level attributes (median income, average household size, and unemployment rate) were associated with CVH at the p < 0.10 level.ConclusionsThis work paves the way for future integration of community and EHR-based data into patient care as a novel methodology to gain insight into multi-level factors that affect CVH and other health outcomes. Further, our findings demonstrate the specific architectural and functional challenges associated with integrating decision support technologies and geographic information to support tailored and patient-centered decision making therein.     

Change of the tunnel configuration in the non-anatomic trans-tibial double bundle ACL reconstruction

BackgroundThe objectives of this study were to evaluate tunnel widening and morphologic change at the tunnel aperture.MethodsA prospective study that included 17 trans-tibial double bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) patients was conducted for the evaluation of serial computed tomography (CT) scan. The OsiriX® was used for remodeling of CT images with a tunnel direction. Tunnel widening and change of the aperture morphology were assessed.ResultsWith regard to the comparison of tunnel widening of the anteromedial (AM) tunnel, the entrance (p = 0.01) and mid (p = 0.02) of the coronal image, and the entrance (p <  0.01) and mid (p <  0.01) of the sagittal image showed statistically significant differences. The entrance (p = 0.01) of the sagittal image only showed statistical significance in the posterolateral (PL) tunnel. With regard to the comparison between the AM and PL tunnels, the mid-portion (p = 0.04) of the sagittal image showed statistical differences, and the AM tunnel showed larger widening than the PL tunnel. Change of tunnel aperture was observed in the posterior, medial, and lateral portions of the AM tunnel and the anterior, posterior, and lateral portions of the PL tunnel.ConclusionsIn some aspects, occurrence of tunnel widening was observed in most sites. Widening occurred mainly at the entrance and mid-portions of the AM tunnel and the entrance of the PL tunnel. Change of tunnel aperture was observed at most directions in both tunnels. This is a non-anatomic ACL reconstruction and similar study with anatomic ACL reconstruction would be required in the future.