隔区向缰核的传出及乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性神经元的投射

采用ＷＧＡ－ＨＲＰ顺逆行追踪法和ＷＧＡ－ＨＲＰ与乙酰胆碱酯酶组织化学相结合技术，观察了３９只大鼠隔区主要亚细胞群神经元和乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性神经元向缰内侧核和缰外侧核的投射。结果表明：隔区向缰内侧核发出投射纤维的亚细胞群是隔三角核、隔伞核及斜角带核垂直支腹侧部；隔区向缰外侧核发出投射纤维的亚细胞群为斜角带核垂直支背、腹侧部和斜角带核水平支。其中斜角带核垂直支和斜角带核水平支向缰核发出投射纤维的细胞约二     

斜角带核向扣带皮质的定位和分支投射—HRP法和荧光双标记法研究

应用荧光双标记法和ＨＲＰ法，研究了２６只大鼠斜角带核垂直支背、腹侧部及斜角带核水平支向扣带皮质不同区域的投射和分支投射。ＨＲＰ法研究表明，斜角带核垂直支背、腹侧部及斜角带核水平支均发出纤维投射到扣带皮质前部及后部，向后部的投射多于前部。荧光双标记法研究结果提示，斜角带核垂直支背、腹侧部及斜角带核水平支均有分支投射到扣带皮质不同区域，但投射量不多，说明斜角带核垂直支背、腹侧部及斜角带核水平支分别主要     

神经生长因子（NGF）对基底前脑NGF—受体阳性神经元损伤后的保…

切断老年鼠（２４月龄）左侧穹窿海马伞，造成隔海马碱能系统损伤模型。用免疫组方法脑室注射ＮＧＦ对基底前脑神经生长因子受他（ＮＧＦ－Ｒ）阳性神经元损伤的影响。实验证明损伤一个月，损伤对照组损伤测内侧隔核和斜角带核垂直支ＮＧＦ－Ｒ阳性神经元数量了分别减少了５９．４％和３７．２４％，残存的神经元发生萎缩及表而受体含量增加。ＮＧＦ治疗组，损伤测内侧隔核和斜角带核垂直支的ＮＧＦ－Ｒ阳性神经元数量只减少４．４７     

大鼠前嗅核至伏核的P物质能投射—HRP法和PAP法联合研究

采用ＨＲＰ塑行追踪和ＰＡＰ免疫细胞化学相结合的方法，对大白鼠前嗅核至伏核的纤维投射进行了研究。结果表明：前嗅核外侧部、内侧部和背侧部均有物质能神经元向伏核投射，ＨＲＰ－ＳＰ双标记细胞占ＨＲＰ阳性细胞的６０％。     

神经生长因子（NGF）对基底前脑NGF－受体阳性神经元损伤后的保护作用

切断老年鼠（２４月龄）左侧穹窿海马伞，造成隔海马胆碱能系统损伤模型。用免疫组化方法分析脑室注射ＮＧＦ对基底前脑神经生长因子受体（ＮＧＦ－Ｒ）阳性神经元损伤的影响、实验证明损伤一个月后，损伤对照组损伤例内侧隔核和斜角带核垂直支ＮＧＦ－Ｒ阳性神经元数量分别减少了５９．４％和３７．２４％，残存的神经元发生萎缩及表面受体含量增加。ＮＧＦ治疗组，损伤侧的内侧隔核和斜角带核垂直支的ＮＧＦ－Ｒ阳性神经元数量只减少４．４７％和２．３６％，细胞形态学参数及受体灰度值都类似于正常。提示ＮＧＦ对基底前脑ＮＧＦ－Ｒ阳性神经元损伤后有较好的保护作用。     

大鼠中缝背核向缰核投射的5—羟色胺能神经元对躯体伤害性刺激的fo …

用ＷＧＡ－ＨＲＰ逆行追踪与抗ＦＯＳ和抗５－羟色胺免疫组化的三重标记方法，观察向大鼠一侧有前跖部皮下注射８％福尔马林５０μｌ后，中缝背核与缰核５－羟色胺神经元的ＦＯＳ表达，光镜下发现中缝背核内有七种阳性神经元，即ＨＲＰ，ＰＯＳ，５－ＨＴ单标细胞，ＦＯＳ／ＨＲＰ，ＦＯＳ／５－ＨＴ，ＨＲＰ／５－ＨＴ，双标细胞ＦＯＳ／ＨＲＰ／５－ＨＴ三标细胞，结果表明中缝背核至缰核的５－ＨＴ能投射神经元对躯体的伤害性刺激     

下丘脑外侧核乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性神经元的传入联系

为也观察下丘脑外侧核乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性神经元的传入纤维联系。方法；采用ＨＲＰ与Ａｃｈｅ相结合的双标记方法，对１７只大鼠下丘脑外侧核进行了逆行追踪研究。结果；在下列核团观察到ＨＲＰ－ＡｃｈＥ双标记细胞；斜角带核垂直支腹侧部，斜角带核水平支隔内侧核，中缝背核，蓝斑，臂旁核，下丘脑前核，对侧下丘脑外侧核，小脑间位核及小脑齿状核。     

一氧化氮合酶（NOS）在成年猫脊髓的分布

采用ＮＡＤＰＨｄ 酶组化方法,观察一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性产物在猫脊髓的分布。结果显示：ＮＯＳ的阳性反应物主要分布于脊髓Ⅱ板层的神经膨体及少数神经元内。其它部位除中央管附近及腹角见个别ＮＯＳ阳性神经元及纤维外,几乎未见ＮＯＳ阳性染色。表明在本实验条件下所显示的脊髓Ⅱ板层的神经膨体及少数神经元内的ＮＯＳ阳性产物可能主要与三种类型ＮＯＳ（神经活性ＮＯＳ,诱导性ＮＯＳ,内皮源性ＮＯＳ）中的神经活性ＮＯＳ关系密切。本文结果还提示Ⅱ板层神经膨体和神经元内的ＮＯＳ可能与Ⅱ板层的某些生理功能有关。     

黄眉wu上纹状体腹侧尾核的两条发声控制通路的探讨

用ＨＲＰ顺，逆行追踪方法，研究黄眉ｗｕ端脑新纹状体前部大细胞核外侧部（ＬＭＡＮ）及嗅叶Ｘ区的纤维联系，并ＨＲＰ溶液分别微电泳入端脑上纹状体腹侧尾核（ＨＶｃ）及古纹状体粗核（ＲＡ），观察其传出投射。结果发现：（１）ＩＭＡＮ接受丘脑背外侧核内侧部的传入投射，由ＩＭＡＮ发出的纤维投射至ＲＡ；（２）Ｘ区接受ＨＶｃ的传入投射，并发出纤维投射至丘脑背外侧核的内侧部；（３）ＨＶｃ发出两束纤维，分别投射至ＲＡ及Ｘ     

大鼠脑干内向杏仁中央核投射的神经元对胃肠道伤害性刺激的FOS表达

本文应用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪与ＦＯＳ免疫组化结合的方法，观察了脑干内向杏仁中央核投射的神经元对胃肠道伤害性刺激的ＦＯＳ表达。结果在脑干内见到ＦＯＳ样免疫反应阳性、ＨＲＰ标记和ＦＯＳ／ＨＲＰ双重反应阳性的细胞，它们分布在延髓的孤束核、腹外侧区以及两者之间的网状结构、脑桥臂旁核、中脑导水管周围灰质腹外侧区、中缝背核和被盖背侧核等区域．ＦＯＳ／ＨＲＰ双重反应阳性细胞占ＨＲＰ标记细胞总数的３２．７％．脑干内检出ＦＯＳ／ＨＲＰ双重反应阳性细胞１４８４个，其中延髓占１９．４％，脑桥占７９．５％，中脑仅占１．１％。以上结果提示大鼠脑干内向杏仁中央核投射的神经元中约有１／３参与胃肠道伤害性刺激信息向Ｃｅ的传导，其中绝大多数是通过臂务核中继后投向杏仁中央核的。     

大鼠嗅球向梨状皮质的纤维投射及其一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的分布

目的观察大鼠嗅球向梨状皮质的纤维投射及嗅球内一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性神经元的分布。方法采用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)组织化学法结合辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)逆行追踪技术对20只SD大鼠嗅球向梨状皮质的纤维投射进行逆行追踪观察。结果同侧嗅球僧帽细胞层观察到HRP标记细胞。嗅球内丛层、颗粒细胞层观察到NOS阳性神经元,但未观察到HRP/NOS双标记细胞。结论嗅球僧帽细胞层发出纤维投射到同侧梨状皮质。嗅球内有NO的表达,但嗅球的NOS阳性神经元不投射到梨状皮质。     

一氧化氮合成酶阳性神经元在大鼠前脑的分布

用NADPH—d组织化学方法观察一氧化氮合成酶阳性神经元在大鼠前脑结构的分布和形态,结果显示在大脑皮质、纹状体、嗅球、杏仁核、基底前脑和下丘脑有较多一氧化氮合成酶神经元分布,这些神经元大多显示了Golgi样染色外观,它们尚不能与任何已知的神经递质类型神经元单一相对应.皮质、嗅球、纹状体和Calleja氏岛分别含有中等密度和密集的一氧化氮合成酶阳性纤维,一氧化氮合成酶阳性纤维较细,带有小的或中等大小的膨体,相互编织成疏密不等的纤维网.     

The immunohistochemical localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the basal forebrain of the dog

The present work describes for the first time the anatomical distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity and NADPH-d activity in the basal forebrain of the dog. As in other species, small, intensely nNOS-immunoreactive cells were seen within the olfactory tubercle, caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens and amygdala. In addition, a population of mixed large and small nNOS positive cells was found in the medial septum, diagonal band and nucleus basalis overlapping the distribution of the magnocellular cholinergic system of the basal forebrain. Our results show that the distribution of NOS containing neurons in these nuclei in the dog is more extensive and uniform than that reported in rodents and primates. When double labeling of nNOS and NADPH-d was performed in the same tissue section most neurons were double labeled. However, a considerable number of large perikarya in the diagonal band and nucleus basalis appeared to be single labeled for nNOS. Thought a certain degree of interference between the two procedures could not be completely excluded, these findings suggest that NADPH-d histochemistry, which is frequently used to show the presence of NOS, underestimates the potential of basal forebrains neurons to produce nitric oxide. In addition, a few neurons mainly localized among the fibers of the internal capsule, appeared to be labeled only for NADPH-d. These neurons could be expressing a different isoform of NOS, not recognized by our anti-nNOS antibody, as has been reported in healthy humans and AD patients.     

Afferents to the rostral olfactory bulb in sheep with special emphasis on the cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic connections

The olfactory bulb (OB) is involved in the processing of olfactory information particularly through the activation of its afferents. To localize their cell origin in sheep, a specific retrograde fluorescent tracer, Fluoro-Gold, was injected into the olfactory bulb of seven ewes. By using immunocytochemical techniques, retrogradely labeled neurons were colocalized with choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase and serotonin to characterize cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic Fluoro-Gold-labeled neurons. Most afferents originated from the ipsilateral side of the injection site. The OB received major inputs from the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), the piriform cortex (PC), the olfactory tubercle, the diagonal band of Broca (DBB) and the amygdala. Other retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the taenia tecta, the septum, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the preoptic area, the lateral hypothalamic area, the mediobasal hypothalamus, the lateral part of the premammillary nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, the central grey, the substantia nigra (SN), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the lateral nucleus to the interpeduncular nucleus (lIP), the raphe and the locus coeruleus (LC). Contralateral labeling was also found in the AON, the PC, the SN compacta, the VTA, the lIP and the LC. Cholinergic Fluoro-Gold-labeled neurons belonged to the horizontal and vertical branch of the DBB. Noradrenergic afferents came from the LC and serotoninergic afferents came from the medial raphe nuclei and the lIP. These data are discussed in relation with olfactory learning in the context of maternal behavior in sheep.     

含Calbindin-D28K mRNA的神经元在大鼠前脑中的分布—原位杂交组织化学法观察

本实验应用原位杂交组织化学技术,利用同位素标记的寡核苷酸探针,对大鼠前脑含Calbindin-D28 K mRNA的神经元的分布状况进行了详细的观察。结果发现在不同脑区或核团中,标记神经元的数量和标记强度各不相同。某些部位含许多强阳性神经元,如:前嗅核、大脑皮质、尾壳核、缰核、下丘脑、齿状回及中脑和杏仁复合体中的部分核团;然而,在另外一些脑区中,标记细胞呈中等阳性,如:嗅球的球旁细胞、盖带、梨状区内核、海马的CA1区中的锥体细胞层以及丘脑和杏仁核复合体中的部分核团。少数脑区中的标记细胞呈弱阳性,且数量较少,如;嗅结节、隔区、斜角带核等。这些结果表明含Calbindin-D28K mRNA的神经元在大鼠前脑中具有区域特异性分布特点,从而提示Calbindin-D28K在神经系统中的某些部位可能具有重要的作用。     

Central cholinergic pathways in the rat: An overview based on an alternative nomenclature (Ch1–Ch6)

Monoclonal antibodies to choline acetyltransferase and a histochemical method for the concurrent demonstration of acetylcholinesterase and horseradish peroxidase were used to investigate the organization of ascending cholinergic pathways in the central nervous system of the rat. The cortical mantle, the amygdaloid complex, the hippocampal formation, the olfactory bulb and the thalamic nuclei receive their cholinergic innervation principally, from cholinergic projection neurons of the basal forebrain and upper brainstem. On the basis of connectivity patterns, we subdivided these cholinergic neurons into six major sectors. The Chl and Ch2 sectors are contained within the medial septal nucleus and the vertical limb nucleus of the diagonal band, respectively. They provide the major cholinergic projections of the hippocampus. The Ch3 sector is contained mostly within the lateral portion of the horizontal limb nucleus of the diagonal band and provides the major cholinergic innervation to the olfactory bulb. The Ch4 sector includes cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis, and also within parts of the diagonal band nuclei. Neurons of the Ch4 sector provide the major cholinergic innervation of the cortical mantle and the amygdala. The Ch5–Ch6 sectors are contained mostly within the pedunculopontine nucleus of the pontomesencephalic reticular formation (Ch5) and within the laterodorsal tegmental gray of the periventricular area (Ch6). These sectors provide the major cholinergic innervation of the thalamus. The Ch5–Ch6 neurons also provide a minor component of the corticopetal cholinergic innervation.

These central cholinergic pathways have been implicated in a variety of behaviors and especially in memory function. It appears that the age-related changes of memory function as well as some of the behavioral disturbances seen in the dementia of Alzheimer's Disease may be related to pathological alterations along central cholinergic pathways.     

Transneuronal transport of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) from the olfactory epithelium to the brain of the adult rat

Summary The sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium, as a consequence of their odor detection function, contact both the external environment and the central nervous system. The possibility that substances applied to the epithelium might reach the central nervous system was investigated by the intranasal application of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP). WGA-HRP was transported through olfactory receptor axons to the glomerulus of the olfactory bulb. Reaction product was localized electron microscopically to tubulovesicular profiles and dense bodies in sensory axons. Evidence of transneuronal transport was indicated by reaction product localized in dense bodies in dendrites postsynaptic to receptor cell axons. Periglomerular, tufted and mitral cells in the olfactory bulb also were transneuronally labeled. Anterograde transneuronal labeling occured in the olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex and surrounding the lateral olfactory tract. Retrograde transneuronal label was found in neurons of the basal forebrain with the largest number of perikarya in the lateral nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, a major source of cholinergic afferents to the olfactory bulb. These data suggest that substances, specifically those which bind to receptors, are transported from the olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium to the brain. Thus, the olfactory system may provide a route of entry for exogenous substances to the basal forebrain.Abbreviations AC anterior commissure - CC corpus callosum - CI internal capsule - CP caudate putamen - DBB diagonal band of Broca - FX fornix - GP globus pallidus - IC island of Callelae - LV lateral ventricle - MS medial septum - OC optic chiasm - PIR piriform cortex - RF rhinal fissure - SON supraoptic nucleus - SCN suprachiasmatic nucleus - SM stria medullaris - ST stria terminalis - TOL lateral olfactory tract - TUO olfactory tubercle - III third ventricle