太行山猕猴下颌骨的异速生长分析

目的：探讨太行山猕猴下颌骨随年龄变化的形态学改变,为太行山猕猴的体质学、医学实验、进一步确定其分类地位提供可靠的依据。方法：30例太行山猕猴下颌骨标本,按其齿序及牙齿磨损程度的不同分成6组,并对其18项变量进行了测量、统计和分析。结果：下颌骨的有关变量与齿序和牙齿磨损程度成异速生长,即有关变量在生长、发育过程中的变化与其年龄相关,并且不同变量在不同年龄段呈现不同的生长模式。结论：下颌体各变量的变化趋势与其功能是相适应的,与猕猴的食物组成和其取食习性亦具有相关关系。     

猕猴牙齿的性别判别分析

目的:研究成年太行山猕猴头骨标本的上、下颌牙齿有关变量在性别判别中的作用。方法:采用SPSS11.0 for Windows统计软件中的单因子方差分析和多变量判别分析。结果:太行山猕猴牙齿具有明显的性别差异。结论:成年猕猴牙齿(尤其是犬齿)在性别判别中具有一定的应用价值。在对牙齿进行性别判别时,采用不同的判别方法其判别效果不同。     

太行山猕猴距骨的性别判别分析

太行山猕猴主要分布在太行山南坡中条山南端,是我国黄河以北分布最集中、数量最多、面积最大的猕猴自然分布种群。在形态、行为、遗传、食性、骨学方面均具有其特殊性。踝关节的距骨作为最坚固的骨骼之一,在国内有关该部位的研究报道较少。本研究主要对太行山猕猴距骨进行测量统计分析,找出两性间差异较大的变量,建立判别函数,为太行山猕猴的基础研究和生物学研究积累资料。     

太行山猕猴颅骨变量的相关性研究

目的,方法对１９例太行山猕猴颅骨变量进行了测量,测量定点参数吴汝康,王香等方法。所测变量进行相关分析,Ｒ聚类和回归分析,并同其它猕猴亚种颅骨变量进行比较。结果：所测变量之间呈间长趋势,其相关程度在不同变量之间存在一定差异;与其它猕猴资料比较,表现出一定的形态结构差异。通过聚类分析,可知所计算欧氏距离的远近与其实际地理分布大致吻合。     

成年猕猴盆骨的性别逐步判别分析

目的：探讨盆骨有关变量在性差判别中的作用。方法：对24例(♀15，♂9)成年太行山猕猴盆骨15项变量时行测量，进行单变量性别判别分析和多变量逐步判别分析。结果：有6项变量性别间差异显著。选择盆骨有关变量建立的性别判别函数式，正确判别率为87．5％～100．00％。结论：用猕猴盆骨变量时行性别判别具有较高的应用价值。     

太行山猕猴跟骨性别判别

目的:通过建立判别函数,用猕猴跟骨变量进行性别鉴定.方法:测量太行山猕猴跟骨标本31例(雌19,雄12)的14项变量.运用SPSS13 0进行判别分析.结果:成年猕猴跟骨的性差明显,14项变量中有9项变量性别之间差异有统计学意义.全模型法和逐步法判别分析结果不同,性别正确判别率的范围是90 3%～100 0%.结论:用跟骨某些变量建立判别函数可以有效鉴定猕猴的性别,比较结果表明灵长类(猕猴)和人类性别判别函数具有一定种群特异性.     

猕猴掌(跖)骨长度与质量的性差比较

目的:探讨太行山猕猴掌(跖)骨长度与质量间性别差异.方法:对29例(13雄,16雌)成年太行山猕猴的掌(跖)骨长度和质量进行测量.采用SPSS 13.0软件,用方差分析、判别分析和主成分分析等对掌骨和跖骨长度和质量的性别差异进行比较.结果:猕猴掌骨和跖骨长度或质量的性差显著.长度变量性差大于质量变量性差;掌骨长度或质量的性差大于跖骨长度或质量的性差.结论:猕猴掌骨和跖骨长度或质量性差大小不同.这种性差的起源可能与生命早期的性激素水平有关.     

太行山猕猴掌骨的形态学判别分析

目的:进一步了解太行山猕猴掌骨形态学特征.方法:测量30例成年太行山猕猴掌骨标本10个形态学变量.数据用SPSS13.5统计软件分析处理,建立掌骨的多元判别函数模型.结果:第1根和第5根掌骨正确判别率是100.0％,中间3根正确判别率范围是92.2％～95.6％,回代检验和交互检验结果相似,说明判别函数稳定有效.结论:...     

猕猴跖骨性别逐步判别分析

目的:根据猕猴跖骨形态变量建立判别函数来鉴定性别.方法:测量37例太行山猕猴跖骨的9个形态学变量.数据用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行多变量判别分析.结果:跖骨长度等变量在性别之间有明显差异.用全模型法跖骨性别正确判别率范围为85.3％～94.6％,用逐步判别法跖骨性别正确判别率范围为82.4％～91.2％.在跖骨9个形态学变量中长度变量首先被挑选出来,说明长度变量在性别判别中起重要作用.用判别函数判别性别时跖骨左、右侧无差异.结论:用每根跖骨形态学变量建立多元判别函数可以有效地区分猕猴性别,对灵长类跖骨标本的性别鉴定有一定的理论意义和应用价值.     

太行山猕猴掌面指间Ⅰ区肤纹的性差

目的:为了解太行山猕猴(Macaca mulatta)掌面指间Ⅰ区花纹类型的特征及在性别间是否存在差异。方法:对55例(♂20例,旱35例)太行山猕猴掌面指间Ⅰ区的花纹类型进行调查,并与日本高崎山猕猴和屋久岛猕猴掌面指间Ⅰ区花纹类型进行比较。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0。结果:太行山猕猴指间Ⅰ区斗形纹(W)是最为常见的类型,占78.9%,其次是箕形纹(L),开放形花纹(O)几乎不存在;雌雄性太行山猕猴掌面指间Ⅰ区花纹类型存在显著性差异,屋久岛猕猴和高崎山猕猴掌面指间Ⅰ区花纹类型性别间也存在显著性差异。3组猕猴的掌面指间Ⅰ区斗形纹和双箕形纹均是雄性高于雌性,而Ⅰ区开放形花纹和箕形纹是雌性高于雄性。结论:雄性猕猴掌面指间Ⅰ区花纹类型较雌性更复杂,可能与雌雄个体在群体中角色的不同有关;3组猕猴指间Ⅰ区肤纹特征相互之间均有差异,这主要是由于长期地理分布隔离和遗传漂变所致,推测太行山猕猴、高崎山猕猴和屋久岛猕猴分化的时间较早,分化后交流很少。     

Comparison of discriminant analysis procedures in laboratory differentiation of hypercalcemia

Logistic, linear, and quadratic discriminant analyses were compared in their ability to differentiate hypercalcemic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism from those with malignancy. Linear and quadratic discriminant analyses were performed by use of both untransformed and logarithmically transformed data. Application of principal components analysis with varimax rotation was helpful in revealing the underlying relationships between variables. All discriminant methods identified serum albumin as the best single discriminating test, with the log-quadratic discriminant analysis classifying 81% of patients correctly. The combination of albumin, carboxy-terminal parathyroid hormone, and chloride improved classification accuracy (92% by use of log-quadratic discriminant analysis). Logistic discriminant analysis, using all 20 variables, gave a classification accuracy of 100%. Quadratic discriminant analysis gave better classification than linear discriminant analysis, and both methods performed better when log-transformed data were used. Logistic discriminant analysis followed by discrimination procedures using log-transformed data yielded the highest classification accuracy and reliability of the methods used.     

Pedigree discriminant analysis: A method to identify monogenic segregation

We describe a method for obtaining a linear discriminant function to identify monogenic segregation in multivariate pedigree data. It differs from Fisher's linear discriminant function in that it does not assume that the genotype of each individual in the pedigree already known. The method consists of finding that linear function of the variables that maximizes the likelihood of a set of pedigree data, under the hypothesis of single gene segregation, subject to the constraint that the total sample variance of the function remains constant. To simplify the computation the variables are first transformed to their standardized principal components. Reanalysis of a set of pedigree data suggests that age and powers of age should be considered as extra variables from which the principal components are obtained, and virtually all of the variance should be accounted for by the principal components used to obtain the discriminant function.     

Cognitive control differences in violent juvenile inpatients

A stepwise discriminant analysis was used on a calibration sample (n = 135) of dangerous and nondangerous juvenile inpatients to determine which demographic, psychosocial, and cognitive variables best distinguished the violent inpatients. The resulting statistical model was cross-validated on the remainder of the sample (n = 123). Results show that the violent inpatients were more likely to be younger males whose family had a history of criminal behavior and extensive family discord. Moreover, the cognitive variables showed that violent inpatients showed differences in attention and memory, especially when they were processing aggressive stimuli. Results are discussed in terms of the potential ability of cognitive psychology to adopt an ecological perspective and to contribute to forensic assessment.     

The Rorschach and the assessment of impulsivity

The validity of the Rorschach as an instrument to assess impulsivity was examined in a sample of 55 adolescent psychiatric inpatients. The Rorschach variables considered to be related to impulsivity (D, Adjusted D, M, Afr, X + %, FC:CF + C, and L) were used to predict performance on the Gordon Diagnostic System (GDS). Only the discriminant function for the GDS Delay Task (which assesses the ability to formulate response strategies and to benefit from feedback) was statistically significant, with a 76.36% correct classification of subjects. The Rorschach variables with the highest correlations within the discriminant function were D, FC:CF + C, and M. The results of this study appeared to provide some support for the utility of the Rorschach in the assessment of impulsivity.     

Differentiating violent and nonviolent prison inmates by use of selected MMPI scales

Used multivariate procedures to determine whether prisoners who committed violent acts while in prison could be differentiated from those who did not. Ss were 141 adult male inmates in maximum security prisons. Multiple variable profile analysis that employed 22 MMPI scales and four demographic items significantly differentiated between violent and nonviolent inmates. Discriminant analysis that used all 26 variables yielded a significant root that accounted for 34.9% of the variance between violent and nonviolent inmates. The MMPI scales that contributed most to prediction of group membership were F, PA, PT, and Sc, all of which had discriminant load values above 0.40. Finally, a discriminant function prediction equation was derived to predict the criterion variable (violent or nonviolent behavior). Applying this equation without knowledge of the S's actual group membership correctly classified 72.9% of the violent and 80.6% of the nonviolent inmates.     

On the Validation of Discriminant Functions: An Empirical Analysis Using Event Related Potentials

Discriminant analysis is becoming increasingly popular in psychophysiology. Appropriate use of this technique requires computation of the discriminant function using one set of data followed by its validation using a new data set (i.e., cross-validation). Recent studies have relied on an alternative method of validation referred to as the jackknife or leave-one-out procedure. This study examined the appropriateness of such a procedure in instances like those typical of psychophysiology, where only a subset of the available variables is used in the discriminant function. Results are presented which indicate that the jackknife procedure can be misleading when the variables entering the discriminant function are selected on the basis of differences between the groups (i.e., stepwise discriminant analysis). It is concluded that under such circumstances cross-validation is the more appropriate procedure.     

Influence of partnership on the outcome of psychotherapy

30 patients who had psychosomatic disorders and were living constantly with the same partner were followed up 2-3 years after inpatient psychotherapy. The outcome of psychotherapy was assessed and the patients were interviewed about partnership and disease. The interviews were evaluated by 10 raters who had to score 26 variables. Using a discriminant analysis 4 variables were selected which predicted outcome correctly in 93.3% of the patients: who leaves whom in case of separation; partner's help in coping with illness guided by patient's needs; cognitive reappraisal of the patient, and changes in the extradyadic relation of the partner. The findings clearly demonstrate that the cognitions on partnership are connected with the outcome of psychotherapy to a substantial degree.     

Discriminant analysis of dermatoglyphic measurements in fragile X males and females

Two hundred and eight fragile X subjects (92 males and 116 females) and matched Australian (60 males and 32 females) and British (122 males and 118 females) normal samples were used to calculate 4 discriminant functions, based on dermatoglyphic measurements. The most efficient discriminating variables between fragile X and normal males, selected by means of the Wilk's stepwise method, included: ridge counts on fingers 1-3, the hallucal (f) count on soles, the atd angle, and pattern intensities in palmar areas 2, 4 and 5 as well as on fingers 4 and 5. In females, the ridge breadth, the hallucal (e) count, the atd angle and pattern intensities in palmar areas 3-5 as well as on fingers 1, 3 and 5 comprised the final discriminant. The misclassification rate based on distributions of individual discriminant scores in each pair of samples, and on prior probabilities, was lowest (16.8%) in fragile X males compared with the Australian normal subjects. In both female comparisons, this rate approached 44%. A bias to misclassification rates resulting from various analytical procedures and some properties of the data are discussed. We conclude that the discriminant function based on dermatoglyphic measured variables alone is not good enough for assessing carrier probabilities for fragile X, especially in females. However, we have been able to select the best discriminators which may be used, together with other measured body characteristics, to obtain a more powerful discriminant function. Moreover, a consideration of discriminant scores based on dermatoglyphic traits only may help in estimating carrier probabilities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)