异丙酚对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤时海马解偶联蛋白-2表达的影响

目的 探讨异丙酚对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤时海马解偶联蛋白-2(ucP-2)表达的影响.方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠72只,体重250～300 g,随机分为3组,每组24只:对照组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和异丙酚组(P组).采用二血管阻断法建立前脑缺血再灌注模型.C组于暴露双侧颈总动脉后,左侧脑室注射生理盐水1 mg/kg;I/R组脑缺血10 min,再灌注即刻左侧脑室注射生理盐水1 mg/kg;P组脑缺血10 min,再灌注即刻左侧脑室注射异丙酚1 mg/kg.I/R组和P组分别于再灌注即刻、再灌注6、12和24 h(T1-4)时断头取脑分离海马组织.光镜下观察海马组织病理学;RT-PCR法检测海马UCP-2 mRNA表达;免疫组化法检测海马组织UCP-2蛋白表达.结果 与C组比较,I/R组各时点UCP-2 mRNA表达上调(P<0.05);与I/R组比较,P组T2-3时UCP-2 mRNA表达上调,T3时UCP-2蛋白表达上调(P<0.05).P组较I/R组脑组织病理损伤减轻.结论 异丙酚可减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与其上调海马组织UCP-2表达有关.     

已酮可可碱对沙鼠全脑缺血/再灌注的保护作用

目的观察已酮可可碱(PTX)对沙鼠全脑缺血／再灌注模型的作用效果,并对其作用机制进行初步探讨。方法夹闭双侧颈动脉,诱导沙鼠全脑缺血,30分钟后松夹,再灌注90min。在缺血诱导时,静脉给予25mg·kg     

抑肽酶对家兔全脑缺血-再灌注期白细胞介素-8基因的影响

目的 观察抑肽酶对家兔全脑缺血－再灌注期血清白细胞介素（IL）－8合成和释放的影响,并探讨其脑保护机制。方法 利用“六血管”阻断建立全脑缺血模型,24只家兔随机分为假手要组（A组）,缺血－再灌注组（B组）和抑肽酶组（C组）,每组8只兔。C组缺血30min再灌注4h,缺血前静注抑肽酶30000kIU/kg,随后每小时微量泵输注抑肽酶10000kIU/kg直至实验结束,B组为缺血－再灌注组,A组仅分离血管不阻断血流。分别在缺血前15min(10)及再灌注30min（R1）、2h（R2）和4h（R3）取颈内静脉血,测定血清IL－8浓度,实验结束取皮层苏木素－伊红染色,光镜观察白细胞浸润及神经元损伤程度。结果 C组IL－8随再灌注时间延长差异无显著性。B组由R1时的0.89ng/L迅速上升至R3时的1.46ng/L,分别增加2.28、2.97、3.74倍,同C组和A组相比差异有显著性;光镜下C组白细胞浸润及神经元损伤程度较B组明显减轻。结论 抑肽酶能有效抑制IL－8的合成和释放,这可能是抑肽酶减轻脑缺血－再 灌注损伤的重要机制。     

门静脉注射异丙酚对家兔肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨麻醉药物异丙酚经门静脉给药对肝脏缺血再灌注（I／R）损伤的保护作用及其可能机制。方法 将动物随机分为4组，每组8只。A组为假手术组，仅开关腹；B组为单纯阻断入肝血流30min再灌注60min（I／R）组；C组为I／R组＋颈静脉注射异丙酚组；D组为I／R组＋门静脉注射异丙酚组；检测各组家兔血清ALT和AST、肝组织及血液中内皮素-1（ET-1）和一氧化氮（NO）以及肝组织中ATP含量。结果 门静脉注射异丙酚可降低I／R期间血清ALT，AST及肝组织和血液中ET-1，提高肝组织和血液中NO及肝组织中ATP含量，其对肝I／R损伤的保护效应优于颈静脉给药。结论 经门静脉注射异丙酚对肝脏I／R损伤有明显的保护作用，此作用可能是通过调节ET-1与NO浓度的失衡及提高肝组织中ATP含量而实现的。     

异丙酚对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的作用

有研究表明异丙酚在麻醉浓度下对心、脑等组织过氧化损伤有保护作用,但异丙酚对肠缺血再灌注损伤的作用尚无定论。本实验拟探讨异丙酚对肠缺血再灌注损伤的作用,为临床研究提供参考。材料和方法动物选择及分组SD大鼠32只,雌雄各半,体重230-300g,随机分为4组,假手术组(C组)、肠缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、异丙酚预先用药组(P1)组和异丙酚治疗组(P2组),每组8只。     

地氟烷预处理对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨地氟烷预处理对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法96只Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为4组：假手术组（S组）、缺血再灌注组（I／R组）、地氟烷组（D组）、5．羟葵酸组（5．HD组），每组24只。采用双侧颈总动脉夹闭＋全身低血压（MAP控制在35—45mmHg）法制备全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型，实验过程中监测MAP、血气各项指标。全脑缺血10min恢复灌注。D组脑缺血前吸入5．9％（1．0MAC）地氟烷1h，5．HD组在吸地氟烷前即刻静脉注射5．羟葵酸5mg／kg。分别于再灌注6、24和48h进行神经行为学评价，神经行为学评价后各处死8只大鼠，光镜下观察海马CA1区组织病理学改变，并计数该区神经细胞存活数目。结果缺血再灌注导致大鼠出现行为学缺陷，D组再灌注各时点、5．HD组再灌注6h神经行为学好于I／R组，I／R组再灌注各时点海马CA1区存活神经细胞数目减少，D组再灌注各时点、5．HD组再灌注6h海马CA1区存活神经细胞数目增加（P〈0．05）。结论1．0MAC地氟烷预处理对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤有一定的保护作用，可能与ATP敏感性钾离子通道的激活有关。     

异丙酚对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时NF-κB及iNOS的影响

目的 探讨异丙酚对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时核因子κB(NF-κB)及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的影响.方法 成年SD大鼠24只,体重200～300 g,雌雄不拘,随机分为3组(n=8):对照组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和异丙酚组(P组).建立Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型,K-H液平衡20 min后开始实验.C组灌注K-H液110 min;I/R组灌注K-H液20 min后,全心停灌30 min,再灌注60 min;P组用含50 μmol/L异丙酚的K-H液灌注20 min,全心停灌30 min,再用含50 μmol/L异丙酚的K-H液灌注60 min.于平衡末、再灌注10 min和60 min时测定冠状动脉流出液心肌肌钙蛋白(cTnI)浓度;于再灌注60 min时测定心肌SOD活性、MDA含量、iNOS活性及NF-κB、IκB的表达水平.结果 与C组比较,I/R组再灌注期间冠状动脉流出液cTnI浓度升高,P组再灌注期间60 min时升高(P＜0.05或0.01),I/R组心肌SOD活性降低,MDA含量增多,iNOS活性升高(P＜0.01),I/R组和P组心肌NF-κB表达升高,kB表达降低(P＜0.05或0.01).与I/R组比较,P组再灌注期间冠状动脉流出液cTnI浓度、心肌MDA含量、NF-κB表达、iNOS活性均降低,心肌SOD活性和IκB表达升高(P＜0.01).结论 异丙酚可抑制心肌NF-κB的激活,降低iNOS的活性,从而减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤.     

PI3K/AKT信号通路在异丙酚减轻离体大鼠心脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 探讨PI3K／AKT信号传导通路在异丙酚减轻离体大鼠心脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用。方法 成年SD大鼠32只，随机分为4组：缺血再灌注组（I／R组）、异丙酚组（P组）、渥曼青霉素组（W组）和异丙酚＋渥曼青霉素组（PW组），每组8只。建立Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型，灌注压10kPa,灌注速率7．10ml／min，I／R组用K-H液灌注，P组用含50μmol／L异丙酚的K-H液灌注，W组用含100nmol／L渥曼青霉素的K-H液灌注；PW组用含50μmol／L异丙酚＋100nmol／L渥曼青霉素的K-H液灌注，灌注15min，全心缺血30min，再灌注60min。测定再灌注10、40min时冠脉流出液中心肌肌钙蛋白（cTnI）浓度，再灌注60min时测定心肌组织丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性，电镜下观察心肌细胞超微结构。结果 与I／R组比较，P组再灌注期间cTnI浓度明显降低，心肌组织SOD活性升高，MDA含量降低（P〈0．05），其余2组上述指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；与缺血前比较，P组再灌注40min时cTnI浓度升高，其余各组再灌注期间cTnI浓度均升高（P〈0．05或0．01）。P组电镜下心肌超微结构改变减轻。结论 异丙酚减轻离体大鼠心脏缺血再灌注损伤可能通过PI3K／AKT信号传导通路介导。     

异丙酚对大鼠肠缺血再灌注后肺损伤的影响

目的探讨异丙酚对大鼠肠缺血再灌注后肺损伤的影响。方法32只成年SD大鼠,随机分为4组（n=8）,缺血再灌注组（I/R组）缺血1 h,再灌注2 h;异丙酚1组（P1组）在缺血前10 min、异丙酚2组（P2组）在再灌注前10min静脉注射异丙酚10mg,kg,然后以10mg·kg^-1·h^-1持续输注,余处理同I/R组;假手术组（C组）不行缺血再灌注及异丙酚输注。所有大鼠在再灌注120 min时处死。光镜下观察肺组织形态学及细胞凋亡;测定肺组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量及含水量。结果I/R组光镜下可见大量肺泡塌陷、实变,肺实质水肿及中性粒细胞浸润聚集。与C组比较,I/R组及P2组肺组织细胞凋亡计数增加,I/R组肺组织SOD活性降低,MDA含量升高,含水量升高（P＜0．05或0．01）;与I/R组比较,P1组SOD活性升高,MDA含量降低（P＜0．01）。结论细胞凋亡参与了大鼠肠缺血再灌注后肺损伤的发生,肠缺血前给予异丙酚可明显减轻肠缺血再灌注后肺损伤。     

p38 MAPK在沙土鼠前脑缺血再灌注损伤及缺血预处理中的作用

目的 研究p38 MAPK在沙土鼠前脑缺血再灌注损伤及缺血预处理中的作用。方法 雄性蒙古沙土鼠384只，体重50-80 g，随机分为6组，每组64只。假手术组（SH组）：仅游离双侧颈总动脉但不阻断;缺血再灌注组（I／R组）：夹闭双侧颈总动脉，前脑缺血5min后恢复灌注;缺血预处理组（IP组）：前脑缺血3 min后恢复灌注，24 h后再行前脑缺血5 min;P组：于前脑缺血前20 min侧脑室内注射0．8μg p38 MAPK特异性激动剂P79350;SB组：于前脑缺血前20 min侧脑室内注射0．4μg p38 MAPK特异性抑制剂SB202190;溶剂对照组（VE组）：于前脑缺血前20min侧脑室内注射1％二甲基亚砜4μl。各组于再灌注15min、2h、4h、6h分别取8只沙土鼠，测定海马CA1区p-p38 MAPK的表达，再灌注1、3、5、7d分别取8只沙土鼠，采用开阔法观察行为学，然后测定海马CA1区存活神经元计数、凋亡神经元计数及p-p38 MAPK、HSP27、Bcl-2、Bax的表达。结果 I／R组再灌注期p-p38 MAPK表达上调，IP组及SB组再灌注各时点p-p38 MAPK表达水平低于I／R组，P组再灌注各时点高于I／R组、IP组及SB组（P〈0．05）;IP组、SB组较I／R组及vE组沙土鼠探索活动减少，CA1区再灌注期凋亡神经元数减少，HSP27、Bax表达下调，存活神经元数增加，Bcl-2表达上调（P〈0．05）;P组再灌注1 d探索活动增加，再灌注各时点p38 MAPK及HSP27表达均较I／R组上调（P〈0．05）。结论 沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤及神经元凋亡与p38 MAPK的激活有关;缺血预处理可通过抑制p38 MAPK的激活，下调HSP27及Bax的表达、上调Bcl-2的表达。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.