强迫障碍与人格障碍共病及其与童年期创伤性经历的关系

目的:研究强迫障碍(OCD)与人格障碍共病及其与童年期创伤性经历的关系.方法:符合DSM-Ⅳ临床诊断标准的44例OCD患者为被试,应用PDQ+4筛查,筛查阳性后再用PDI-Ⅳ做半定式查询确定其中的人格障碍患者.用童年期创伤问卷(CTIQ-SF)测查OCD患者的童年期创伤性经历.结果:有32例OCD患者共病人格障碍.OCD与人格障碍共病除性虐待、情感忽视外,情感虐待(Wald x2=6.428,P＜0.05)、躯体忽视(Wald X2=4.608,P＜0.05)、躯体虐待(Wald x2=5.031,P＜0.05)三因子进入Logistic回归方程.其中情感虐待(b=1.021,exp(b)=2.776)和躯体忽视(b=0.617,exp(b)=1.853)两因子的回归系数(b)均＞0、比值比(OR)=exp(b)均＞1,而躯体虐待(b=-1.435,exp(b)=0.238)的回归系数(b)＜0、比值比(OR)=exp(b)＜1.结论:童年期的情感虐待和躯体忽视是OCD与人格障碍共病的危险因素,而躯体虐待则可能不是OCD与人格障碍共病的危险因素.     

强迫障碍共病轴I及其与童年期创伤性经历的关系

目的研究强迫障碍(OCD)共病轴I及其与童年期创伤性经历的关系。方法符合DSM-IV临床诊断标准的44例OCD患者为被试,应用DSM-IV-TR轴I障碍定式临床检查病人版(SCID-I/P)半定试检查OCD患者共病轴心境障碍、焦虑障碍的情况,确定共病轴I障碍患者。用童年期创伤问卷(CTQ-SF)测查OCD患者的童年期创伤性经历。结果有25例OCD患者共病轴I心境障碍和或焦虑障碍。OCD共病轴I障碍除了情感虐待、躯体虐待、情感忽视和躯体忽视外,只有性虐待(Waldχ2=4.036,P0.05)1个因子进入Logistic回归方程。其中性虐待b=1.813,exp(b)=6.131,exp(b)95%的C.I.为(1.045～35.960),性虐待因子的回归系数(b)0,比值比(OR)=exp(b)1。结论 OCD患者童年期的性虐待是OCD共病轴I心境障碍和或焦虑障碍的危险因素。     

大学生抑郁症症状水平与儿童期创伤经历关系初探

目的研究大学生抑郁症症状水平与儿童期创伤经历的关系。方法对抑郁症组39名大学生进行抑郁症症状的评定,同时发放儿童期创伤经历问卷(CTQ-SF);给正常组77名大学生发放儿童期创伤经历问卷(CTQ-SF)。结果与正常组相比,重度抑郁症组情感虐待、情感忽视的汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)得分显著偏高(t=2.506,3.117;P均0.05),轻中度抑郁症组情感忽视的HAMD得分显著偏高(t=2.831,P0.05);情感虐待因子、性虐待因子分别进入抑郁症症状水平与焦虑症症状水平的回归方程(标准偏回归系数分别为0.342和0.372)。结论情感虐待、情感忽视是影响大学生抑郁症症状水平的重要因素,性虐待则是影响大学生抑郁症患者焦虑症状的重要因素。     

南充市两所大学大学生儿童期虐待经历调查

目的:了解南充市两所大学大学生的儿童期虐待经历情况并探讨其影响因素,为预防儿童虐待的发生和维护儿童的健康成长提供参考依据。方法:采用随机整群抽样的方法使用自编问卷对南充市两所高校共918名大学生进行不记名调查。结果:大学生儿童期虐待经历的发生率为67.43%,5种虐待的发生率依次为躯体忽视38.89%、情感忽视36.82%、情感虐待35.29%、躯体虐待16.45%、性虐待7.08%。男生躯体虐待(χ~2=12.774,P0.05)、躯体忽视(χ~2=4.173,P0.05)和性虐待(χ~2=14.240,P0.05)发生率高于女生。不同家庭经济的学生儿童期至少经历1种虐待(χ~2=12.257,P0.05)、情感虐待(χ~2=7.971,P0.05)、情感忽视(χ~2=13.629,P0.05)和躯体忽视(χ~2=10.014,P0.05)的发生率不同。结论:大学生在儿童期经历虐待问题较普遍,以忽视和情感虐待为主,男性和家庭经济状况差的儿童更容易遭受儿童虐待。     

单亲家庭儿童童年期创伤经历及行为问题调查

目的调查某市儿童童年期创伤经历和行为问题,并探讨单亲对儿童行为问题的影响。方法采用自编一般情况调查问卷、童年期创伤问卷(CTQ-SF)和儿童行为量表(CBCL)对248例单亲家庭儿童及346例完整家庭儿童进行评定和对照。结果 1单亲家庭的儿童在情感虐待、躯体虐待、性虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视及总得分上均高于非单亲家庭(t=4.119,11.869,3.175,10.790,15.170,14.746;P0.05);2单亲家庭男生各维度得分均高于非单亲家庭;单亲家庭女生除违纪维度外,其他维度得分均高于非单亲家庭。结论单亲家庭更易造成童年期的创伤体验,容易引发行为问题,应尽早进行干预。     

血浆生长因子、失眠和儿童期创伤与抑郁症的关系

目的:探讨血浆VEGF和NGF、儿童期创伤、失眠与抑郁症的关系及儿童期创伤与抑郁严重程度间可能的中介作用。方法:(1)采用病例对照,将纳入的51名抑郁症患者作为病例组,同期选取健康体检中心的61名健康人群为对照组;(2)采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-24)、28项简版儿童期创伤量表(CTQ-SF)、阿森斯睡眠量表(AIS)对所有研究对象的临床症状、睡眠及儿童创伤史进行评估;(3)采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法测定血浆VEGF、NGF水平。结果:(1)与健康对照组相比,病例组血浆VEGF水平显著升高(t=2.957,P0.05),情感虐待、躯体虐待、性虐待、情感忽视及躯体忽视得分、HAMD-24总分、AIS总分也明显高于对照组(t=39.275,9.962,6.521,4.857,3.032;P0.05);(2)Logistic回归分析显示,情感虐待(OR=12.836,P0.01)、失眠(OR=10.637,P0.01)可能是抑郁症患病的危险因素;(3)中介分析显示,失眠在情感虐待与抑郁严重程度间具有部分中介作用。结论:情感虐待和失眠可能是抑郁症患病风险因素。     

强迫障碍患者与其童年期创伤性经历的关系

目的研究强迫障碍(Obsessive-Com pu lsive D isorder,OCD)患者的发病与其童年期创伤性经历的关系。方法符合DSM-IV临床诊断标准的45例OCD患者为被试,用童年期创伤问卷(CTQ-SF)施测。另招募正常对照50例施测CTQ-SF。结果 OCD患者除情感虐待、性虐待外,情感忽视、躯体忽视、躯体虐待3因素进入Log istic回归方程。情感忽视(W ald卡方=13.473,P<0.001),躯体忽视(W ald卡方=4.602,P<0.05),躯体虐待(W ald卡方=9.977,P<0.05)。其中情感忽视(b=0.429,exp(b)=1.536)、躯体忽视(b=0.242,exp(b)=1.273)两因素的回归系数(b)均>0、比值比(OR)=exp(b)均>1,而躯体虐待(b=-0.559,exp(b)=0.572)的回归系数(b)<0、比值比(OR)=exp(b)<1。结论 OCD患者的童年期的情感忽视和躯体忽视是OCD发病的危险因素,而躯体虐待则不是OCD发病的危险因素。     

B群人格障碍与童年期被虐待经历的关系

目的：研究B群人格障碍与童年期被虐待经历的关系。方法：在3140名大学生和600名劳教人员中，用PDQ“和童年期创伤性经历问卷做筛查和问卷测查，用个性障碍晤谈手册（PDI-IV）做半定式查询。结果：3140名大学生和600名劳教人员中共确诊B群人格障碍患者117人，大学生38人，检出率1．21％，劳教人员79人，检出率13．17％。情感虐待、躯体虐待和性虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视与反社会型人格障碍呈正相关（r值为0．16、0．27、0．20、0．31、0．24，P〈0．01）。情感虐待、性虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视与边缘型人格障碍呈正相关（r值为0．16、0．16、0．23和0．12，P〈0．05）。性虐待与自恋型人格障碍正相关（r=0．15，P〈0．05）。躯体虐待进入反社会型人格障碍的回归方程（Wald卡方=9．29，P〈0．01）；情感忽视进人边缘型人格障碍的回归方程（Wald卡方=4．24，P〈0．05）。结论：躯体虐待是反社会型人格障碍、情感忽视是边缘型人格障碍发病的危险因素。     

强迫障碍及其与人格障碍共病患者的童年期被虐待经历

目的：研究强迫障碍（OCD）与人格障碍共病患者的童年期被虐待经历。方法：符合DSM-IV临床诊断标准的OCD患者,应用DSM-IV-TR轴I障碍定式临床检查病人版（SCID-I/P）做定式检查,最终确诊44例患者为被试,用PDQ＋4在OCD患者中筛查,再用（PDI-IV）做半定式查询确定人格障碍患者,用童年期创伤问卷（CTQ-SF）施测。另招募正常对照50例施测CTQ-SF。结果：OCD患者除躯体虐待外,情感虐待、性虐待、躯体忽视、情感忽视和总分均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）。除躯体虐待外,伴有人格障碍组的CTQ-SF各因子和总分均显著高于对照组（55.50/32.54,49.63/36.30,55.84/32.32,51.03/34.76,52.72/34.32,P〈0.01）。不伴有人格障碍组则只有情感忽视显著高于对照组（42.50/28.25,P〈0.05）。结论：OCD与人格障碍共病患者的童年期创伤性经历较正常对照组严重,提示共病人格障碍的OCD患者童年期遭遇过较多的情感虐待、性虐待、情感忽视和躯体忽视,而“纯粹OCD”患者则受到较多的情感忽视。     

抑郁症伴精神病性症状患者童年期虐待与依恋类型的病例对照研究

目的:探讨抑郁症伴精神病性症状患者童年期虐待及与依恋类型的关系。方法:选取安徽省精神卫生中心门诊及住院抑郁症患者160例,其中抑郁症伴精神病性症状患者和抑郁症不伴精神病性症状患者各80例,采用儿童期虐待问卷-简易版(CTQ-SF)和亲密关系经历量表(ECR)评估童年期虐待与依恋类型。结果:伴精神病性症状患者组CTQ-SF各维度得分及ECR的2个分量表得分均高于不伴精神病性症状患者组(均P0.05)。安全型依恋是抑郁症伴精神病性症状的保护性因素(OR=2.25),而不安全依恋是抑郁症伴精神病性症状危险因素(OR=14.84),其中恐惧型依恋的风险最大(OR=8.79)。结论:童年期虐待和不安全依恋可能是抑郁症伴精神病性症性症状患者发病的相关因素。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.