大学生艾滋病知识、信念、行为意向问卷的信度、效度分析

目的 :考核自编大学生艾滋病 /安全性行为知识、信念、行为意向问卷的信度和效度。方法 :基于该问卷在 5 98名大学生中的调查资料和 6 3名大学生中的重测资料 ,计算了该问卷的内部一致性、重测信度和结构效度。结果 :该问卷信度较好 ,多数部分的 Cronbachα系数达到 0 .7以上 ,重测系数基本达到 0 .6以上 ;效度尚可 ,公因子解释问卷全部内容的比例为 5 8.85 % ,与所依据理论的结构基本一致。结论 :该问卷可以用于测量大学生艾滋病 /安全性行为相关知识、信念和行为意向 ,但需进一步完善。     

合肥市小学生抑郁症状及相关因素分析

目的:了解小学生抑郁症状现况,探讨可能的相关影响因素。方法:采用儿童抑郁量表(CDI)及自编问卷对合肥市2078名小学生进行抑郁症状及其生活方式、社会支持等情况调查。结果:小学生抑郁症状检出率为11.9%,男生检出率高于女生(13.6%/9.6%,χ2=7.01,P<0.01)。早上起床感觉不好、晚上睡觉时间迟及睡眠不好者出现抑郁症状的危险性是没有该情况者的2倍,有节食行为与一周吃早饭天数<3天可使抑郁症状发生的危险性增加1.5倍。学校生活状况,父母支持、伙伴支持及老师支持是降低抑郁症状发生的保护因素,各得分每增加1分,发生抑郁的危险性可降低约1/2。结论:建立良好的学校、家庭、伙伴等社会支持环境,培养良好的生活与学习习惯,有利于降低小学生抑郁症状的发生。     

自恋人格问卷的编制及信效度的初步检验

目的:编制适用于中国普通人群的自恋人格测量工具.方法:根据开放式问卷、访谈和参考有关问卷,编制自恋人格问卷.在检验信效度的过程中,一共有623名大学生被试完成了自编自恋人格问卷、自尊问卷、特质焦虑问卷及生活满意度问卷.结果:①对于自编自恋人格问卷,研究一的探索性因素分析提取了三个因素,包括权欲、优越感和自我欣赏,研究二的验证性因素分析显示三因素模型拟合度符合统计学要求;②三个因素及总问卷的Cronbach alpha系数从0.796到0.929;③男性大学生的自恋水平高于女生;④自恋总分与自尊存在显著的正相关,与焦虑呈负相关,与生活满意相关不显著;自尊在自恋与焦虑的关系中起到中介作用.结论:自编自恋人格问卷有满意的内部一致性,有较好的结构效度和较高的效标关联效度.     

中国军人睡眠质量量表的编制

目的:编制测量中国军人睡眠质量的评估工具.方法:采用文献回顾、访谈和开放式问卷等方法收集量表条目,通过对857名军人的测量以考察其信、效度.被试同时还分别完成了测量焦虑、抑郁和睡眠状况等的量表.结果:探索性因素分析表明中国军人睡眠质量量表由情绪状态、睡眠效果、睡眠感受、睡眠可持续性、睡眠潜伏期和日间功能等六个因子构成,可解释总变异的54.66%;总量表与因子一至因子六的Crenbach'sα系数分别为0.79、0.77、0.76、0.76、0.74、0.62、0.82;睡眠质量量表与抑郁、焦虑和睡眠状况自评量表的相关系数分别为-0.44、-0.40、-0.50,均在0.001水平上显著.同时,本研究中的军人被试在睡眠质量量表上的分数分布表明,超过70%的人对他们的睡眠质量是满意的.结论:军人睡眠质量量表具有较好的信、效度,可以用于对军人睡眠状态的评估.     

老年人身体活动及久坐时间与静态平衡能力的相关性

目的 探究老年人和青年人身体活动、久坐行为和平衡能力的差异,以及不同强度身体活动水平和久坐行为与平衡能力的相关性。方法 选取74名老年人和60名青年人,采用三轴加速度计对其身体活动和久坐行为进行监测,并运用三维测力台对其静态平衡能力进行测量。结果 老年女性中高强度身体活动与静态平衡能力之间呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),久坐时间与静态平衡能力呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05);老年男性久坐中断次数与静态平衡能力呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。结论 与青年人相比,老年人每日轻度身体活动水平更高,久坐时间更少。在老年人中,尤其是老年女性,拥有较高的中高强度身体活动水平者或较少久坐时间者静态平衡控制能力更好。身体活动对平衡能力控制存在一定积极作用。     

癌症患者的抑郁特点及相关因素

目的 :探讨癌症患者抑郁情绪的特点及其相关因素。方法 :用自编一般情况问卷、Beck抑郁问卷 (BDl)、中国传统价值观问卷及简易应对方式问卷 (CPS)对 10 0例癌症患者及采用BDI对 62例抑郁症患者评估。结果 :10 0例癌症患者分为癌症抑郁组 ( 65例 )和癌症非抑郁组 ( 3 5例 )。抑郁组抑郁总分及抑郁、失败感、悲观、不满、自我失望感、自杀意向、活动抑制、自责、社会退缩九因子均分低于抑郁症组(P <0 0 1) ;癌症抑郁患者道家价值观及正性应对方式均分低于癌症非抑郁组 (P <0 0 1)。以是否抑郁为因变量 ,对有关变量进行Logistic回归分析 ,卡氏评分、P分、疼痛、工作应激及知情变量依次进入方程。结论 :癌症患者抑郁程度较抑郁症患者轻 ,主要表现为精神及躯体运动抑制 ,生物学症状不具鉴别价值。癌症抑郁的发生与卡氏评分、P分、疼痛、工作应激及知情等相关。     

抑郁与A型行为关系研究

目的:探讨不同抑郁状态个体的A型行为.方法:以BDI、SDS、CCMD-3和汉密顿抑郁量表为工具筛选出了79名正常对照组、170名抑郁情绪组、24名抑郁康复组和24名抑郁患者组成员,所有被试完成A型行为类型问卷测量.结果:A型行为各因子与抑郁得分显著正相关,相关系数在0.226～0.372之间,其中以A型行为总分与BDI的相关系数最高:四组被试的A型行为各因子分有显著差异(F=21.975,F=24.193,F=30.092,P<0.01),除竞争性得分抑郁情绪组与抑郁康复组无显著差别外.其余得分抑郁患者组和抑郁康复组显著高于正常对照组和抑郁情绪组(P<0.05);不同A型行为得分时抑郁得分(BDI,SDS)有显著差异(F=29.875,F=18.611,P<0.01),A型行为类型得分较高,B型行为类型得分较低.结论:A型行为与抑郁得分显著正相关,A型行为是抑郁的特质特征而非状态特征.     

贫困大学生抑郁症状与血浆皮质醇、认知倾向及应对方式的相关研究

目的:了解贫困大学生抑郁症的相关影响因素.方法:采用自编一般情况调查表、认知倾向问卷(COAT)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对天津某高校的258名非贫困大学生和173名贫困大学生进行调查,并检测血浆皮质醇含量.结果:①贫困与非贫困大学生相比,抑郁粗分(38.02±8.22)、消极应对(9.31±3.64)得分显著高于后者;乐观因子(7.42±2.86)以及认知总分(11.07±3.52)显著低于后者.②抑郁组贫困生乐观因子分(6.02±2.76)以及认知总分(10.23±3.48)低于非抑郁组(P＜0.01),且抑郁程度与乐观因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.37,P＜0.01);抑郁组贫闲生消极应对(10.26±4.85)得分高于非抑郁组,积极应对(20.08±6.72)分低于非抑郁组(P＜0.01),且抑郁程度与消极应对呈显著正相关(r=0.33,P＜0.01);抑郁组贫困生血浆皮质醇水平(365.4±51.8)高于非抑郁组(P＜0.01),且抑郁严重程度与皮质醇水平呈正相关(r=0.46,P＜0.01).③回归分析显示,乐观因子和血浆皮质醇水平可能是贫困生抑郁症状的预测变量.结论:贫困大学生抑郁症状可能与认知倾向、应对方式以及血浆皮质醇水平相关.     

青少年网络行为问卷的编制及信效度分析

目的:编制青少年网络行为问卷,为系统评估网络成瘾青少年的网络相关行为特点提供工具。方法:通过开放式访谈和文献复习,建立问卷的初始条目库。采用探索性因素分析技术筛选条目。在湖南永州和长沙市分别取样490例和606例,进行问卷的有关信效度检验。结果:青少年网络行为问卷最终由56个条目构成,其中反映网络使用时间和上网条件等一般情况的条目16条,余40个条目可归纳为9个因子,分别为信息与技术、性与游戏、娱乐放松、网络人际关系、网络效能感、对网络的积极评价、消极评价、上网焦虑、网络满意度。9因子累计可解释方差变异的51.651%。验证性因素分析表明,9因子结构拟合良好,χ2/df=2.780,NFI=0.961,RFI=0.957,IFI=0.975,TLI=0.972,CFI=0.975,RMSEA=0.054。除少数分量表外,各分量表的"系数和重测相关系数较高。结论:青少年网络行为问卷具有较好的结构效度和信度。其实证效度有待进一步检验。     

高校H1N1流感期间大学生心态及行为调查分析

目的了解高校H1N1流感期间大学生心态和行为以及大学生面对应激事件时的焦虑、抑郁、恐惧等情绪反应。方法采用自编"H1N1流感期间大学生心态及行为调查"问卷,共30个项目,每个项目1～4级评分。在3类区域共发放710份问卷进行调查。结果对H1N1流感性质的认知,各类区域的学生之间没有显著差异;隔离区域大学生焦虑、抑郁、恐惧、敌对情绪因子的阳性检出率和均值都明显高于同校非隔离学生和周边院校学生。结论在面对甲型H1N1流感时,被隔离的学生产生的焦虑、抑郁、恐惧、敌对等情绪问题可能与隔离环境、人对未来的不可控性和不可预测性以及应对方式有关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.