萨提亚模式团体心理干预对大学生心理健康的提升作用

目的:探索萨提亚模式团体心理干预对大学生心理健康提升效果。方法:采用方便取样的方式选择大学生实验组30人和对照组30人,对实验组进行每周1次的萨提亚模式团体心理干预,共计8次干预,对照组大学生不参加任何心理辅导活动和个体心理咨询。两组大学生在干预前后采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行测评。结果:实验组大学生干预后SCL-90问卷的总分和各个因子分均显著低于干预前,差异有显著性意义(t=2.892～7.347,P0.01～0.001);对照组大学生SCL-90问卷总分和各个因子在干预前与干预后得分的差异无显著性意义(P0.05);干预前,两组大学生SCL-90问卷总分和各个因子得分的差异无显著性意义(P0.05);干预后,实验组大学生SCL-90问卷总分和各个因子得分显著低于对照组得分,差异有显著性意义(t=-4.312～-2.098;P0.001～0.05)。结论:萨提亚模式团体心理干预能够提升大学生心理健康水平。     

精神分裂症患者前瞻性记忆及其与睡眠的关系

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者前瞻性记忆(PM)及其与睡眠的关系。方法:选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准的精神分裂症门诊及住院患者55例,正常对照45例。采用剑桥前瞻性记忆量表评估前瞻性记忆功能,包括基于事件的PM(EBPM)和基于时间的PM(TBPM);采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和Stroop测验检测对象的执行和注意功能;采用精神分裂症阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估患者的精神病性症状及阴性症状;采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)评估睡眠质量。结果:精神分裂症组TBPM[(8.6±5.1)vs.(13.4±3.9),P0.001]与EBPM得分[(10.1±4.2)vs.(14.4±2.9),P0.001]均低于正常对照组,PSQI总分高于正常对照组[11.0(6.0,17.0)vs.9.0(5.0,14.0)];患者组与正常对照组相比,患者组入睡时间(Z=2.01,P=0.025)较长,睡眠障碍(Z=-2.71,P=0.004)较严重、催眠药物使用(Z=-4.75,P0.001)多、日间功能障碍(Z=-3.72,P0.001)严重。多重线性回归分析结果显示,TBPM与年龄(β=-0.26)、日间功能障碍(β=-0.71)呈负向关联,与教育程度(β=0.45)及睡眠效率(β=0.86)呈正向关联;EBPM分与年龄(β=-0.11)及PSQI日间功能障碍分(β=-0.09)呈负向关联,与受教育程度(β=0.32)、WSCT完成分类数(β=0.41)呈正向关联。结论:精神分裂症患者PM明显受损,并可能与睡眠紊乱相关。     

监狱服刑人员的自杀风险与其心理健康及睡眠质量的关系

目的:探讨监狱服刑人员的自杀风险与其心理健康及睡眠质量的关系。方法:采用简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、匹兹堡睡眠指数问卷(PSQI)对803名在监服刑人员进行调查。结果:(1)803名服刑人员中,最近一个月有自杀风险的人数为34人(4.2%);(2)服刑人员PSQI总分(7.16±3.29),睡眠质量较差;(3)除睡眠药物和睡眠时间因子外,有自杀风险的服刑人员在SCL-90各因子得分、PSQI总分及其他各维度得分上均高于无自杀风险的服刑人员,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(4)Logistic回归分析显示,抑郁因子、恐怖因子对自杀风险具有显著的正向预测作用(β=1.71,P0.01;β=0.99,P0.05);刑期因子对自杀风险具有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.47,P0.05)。结论:心理健康状况及睡眠质量是监狱服刑人员自杀风险的影响因素。     

某部军队医护人员睡眠质量及影响因素

目的:探讨某部102名军队医护人员睡眠质量及相关影响因素。方法:采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)量表、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和自编一般情况调查表,对某部102名军队医护人员进行调查。结果:1某部102名军队医护人员PSQI总均分为(5.84±3.29)分,与国内正常人群比较,差异有统计学意义(t=7.26,P0.01);军队医护人员睡眠问题的检出率为23.5%,PSQI各项因子检出率居高的前三位分别是入睡时间(45.1%)、主观睡眠质量(26.5%)、睡眠障碍(24.5%);2PSQI总分与SCL-90总均分呈正相关(r=0.679,P0.01),经多元回归分析结果显示,SCL-90的抑郁、躯体化因子进入回归方程;3性别(r=-0.215,P0.05)、受教育程度(r=0.239,P0.05)与PSQI总分相关。结论:某部军队医护人员睡眠质量较一般人群差,睡眠质量与心理健康状况密切相关,其中躯体化和抑郁情绪对睡眠质量有预测效应。     

医学生睡眠质量与心理健康及总体幸福感的关系

目的了解医学生睡眠质量状况,探讨睡眠质量与心理健康和总体幸福感的关系。方法采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI),症状自评量表(SCL-90)和总体幸福感量表(GWB)对348名医学生进行问卷调查。结果①医学生PSQI总分为(5.86±2.51),有24.4%的医学生睡眠质量差;男生、女生在入睡时间因子上有显著差异(t=-2.40,P0.05);低年级、高年级在入睡时间因子上有显著差异(t=2.13,P0.05);②医学生SCL-90得分与全国青年常模相比,在SCL-90总分、人际敏感、抑郁和偏执因子上有显著差异(t=-11.79,-4.79;P0.01;t=-2.46,P0.05;t=-5.59,P0.01);不同性别医学生心理健康状况无显著差异;低年级、高年级医学生在SCL-90总分和各因子得分上差异显著(P0.05);③PSQI总分、主观睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠障碍、催眠药物、日间功能障碍因子与SCL-90得分显著正相关(P0.01),而与GWB得分显著负相关(P0.01)。结论医学生睡眠质量总体状况较差;医学生心理健康水平总体上好于全国青年常模,高年级优于低年级;医学生睡眠质量越差其心理健康水平和总体幸福感也越低。     

探讨心理行为干预对宫颈癌患者心理健康和生活质量的影响

目的:分析心理行为干预对宫颈癌患者心理健康和生活质量的影响。方法:选取2015年3月至2017年4月我院诊治的宫颈癌患者160例,按入院顺序编号,应用随机数表法将其分为观察组、对照组各80例,两组均实施新辅助化疗,化疗期间对照组实施常规护理,观察组在此基础上给予心理行为干预。采用汉密顿抑郁自评量表(HAMD)、汉密顿焦虑自评量表(HAMA)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、生命质量核心量表(QLQ-C30)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)评价两组负性情绪、睡眠质量、生活质量及心理健康状况,并分析两组干预前后治疗依从性。结果:干预3周后,观察组HAMD评分(11.45±1.42)分、HAMA评分(12.10±1.15)分、PSQI评分(6.93±1.26)分较对照组低(t=-19.630,-16.873,-20.187;P0.01),而SCL-90评分(80.45±5.77)分、QLQ-C30评分(87.15±10.21)分高于对照组(t=7.650,6.752;P0.01);干预后观察组治疗依从性明显高于对照组(Z=7.666,P0.01)。结论:心理行为干预可明显改善宫颈癌患者负性情绪、生活质量,提高其心理健康水平及新辅助化疗依从性,值得在临床推广实践。     

萨提亚模式团体心理干预对大学生心理健康的提升作用

目的：探索萨提亚模式团体心理干预对大学生心理健康提升效果。方法：采用方便取样的方式选择大学生实验组30人和对照组30人,对实验组进行每周1次的萨提亚模式团体心理干预,共计8次干预,对照组大学生不参加任何心理辅导活动和个体心理咨询。两组大学生在干预前后采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）进行测评。结果：实验组大学生干预后SCL-90问卷的总分和各个因子分均显著低于干预前,差异有显著性意义（t=2.892～7.347,P0.01～0.001）;对照组大学生SCL-90问卷总分和各个因子在干预前与干预后得分的差异无显著性意义（P0.05）;干预前,两组大学生SCL-90问卷总分和各个因子得分的差异无显著性意义（P0.05）;干预后,实验组大学生SCL-90问卷总分和各个因子得分显著低于对照组得分,差异有显著性意义（t=-4.312～-2.098;P0.001～0.05）。结论：萨提亚模式团体心理干预能够提升大学生心理健康水平。     

不同兵种军人心理健康状况及睡眠质量关联性及影响因素

目的:探讨不同兵种军人心理健康状况及睡眠质量关联性及影响因素。方法:随机选取不同兵种军人2000名,应用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)以及症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行调查,分析不同病种军人心理健康、睡眠质量以及两者关联性。结果:不同兵种军人的SCL-90总分以及各因子得分有明显区别(F=12.843,11.519,12.873,11.056,12.843,11.148,12.761,10.005,11.453,10.458,11.228;P0.05);睡眠质量方面,PSQI评分当中日间功能障碍评分最高,其他评分较高的指标包括睡眠障碍、入睡时间以及主观睡眠质量等;不同兵种军人睡眠质量以及心理状况对比方面,野战部队睡眠质量显著低于后勤以及边海防(t=5.732,6.329;P0.05),同时不同军种在PSQI评分以及SCL-90评分方面均存在显著区别(F=11.624,12.059,11.386,10.993,12.115,10.684,11.351,12.016,11.519;P0.05);睡眠质量同心理健康关联性分析方面,PSQI得分同SCL-90得分存在显著正相关关系(P0.05)。结论:不同兵种军人的睡眠质量存在显著区别,同时其睡眠质量同心理健康状况存在密切联系。     

抑郁症患者睡眠质量与神经认知的相关研究

目的:比较抑郁症患者与正常者睡眠质量及其神经认知功能水平,探讨患者睡眠质量与神经认知及情绪症状间的关系。方法:采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、阿森斯失眠量表(AIS)、连线实验(TMT)、数字广度测验(DST)、言语流畅性测验(VLT)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、Stroop色词测验(SCWT)、听觉词语学习测验(AVLT)对43名抑郁症患者和31名正常者进行评估,患者组同时进行汉密尔顿抑郁(HAMD)及汉密尔顿焦虑(HAMA)量表评估,分析患者睡眠质量与认知功能及抑郁焦虑症状间的关系。结果:患者组PSQI总分和AIS评分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(Z=-5.914,-6.120;P0.01);与对照组相比,患者组TMT-B评分高于对照组(Z=-2.405,P0.05),AVLT即刻记忆(Z=-3.324,P0.01)和延迟记忆(Z=-2.710,P0.01)评分均低于对照组,具有统计学意义,SCWT评分高于对照组(Z=-1.956,P=0.051),具有统计学意义趋势;相关分析显示,患者组PSQI总分和AIS评分与HAMD和HAMA评分均呈正相关,PSQI总分与MoCA总分(r=-0.433,P0.01)间呈负相关,具有统计学意义,与VLT评分和TMT-A评分相关性具有统计学意义趋势;AIS总分与MoCA总分间具有统计学意义趋势。控制HAMD和HAMA评分后,PSQI总分与MoCA总分间仍存在相关性(r=-0.387,P=0.013)。结论:抑郁症患者存在睡眠障碍和认知功能损害,其睡眠质量与认知功能存在相关,而且这种关联独立于抑郁焦虑症状。     

综合医院护理人员睡眠质量与抑郁焦虑状况的相关性

目的:了解综合医院护理人员睡眠质量与抑郁焦虑状况的关系,为改善护理人员的睡眠质量提供参考。方法:采用匹兹堡睡眠指数量表(PSQI)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)对109名综合医院护理人员进行测评。结果:本组护理人员PSQI总分及各因子分均高于正常人群(U=5.76~15.33,P0.01),且41.3%(45/109)护理人员PSQI总分大于7分,远高于正常人群(χ2=69.11,P0.001);本组护理人员的SDS总分和SAS总分均高于我国常模(U=12.12,12.39;P0.01);SAS总分和SDS总分均与PSQI总分呈正向相关(r=0.534,0.897;P0.01)。结论:综合医院护理人员的睡眠质量较差,改善其抑郁焦虑状况有助于睡眠质量的改善。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.