胰腺常见囊性肿瘤的影像诊断方法探讨

目的探讨胰腺常见囊性肿瘤的影像诊断方法。方法将80例胰腺囊性肿瘤患者的影像学资料,包括MRI与MSCT资料,进行回顾性分析,包括浆液性囊性肿瘤（SCN）32例,黏液性囊性肿瘤（MCN）28例以及导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（IPMN）20例。结果 SCN患者中,形态为分叶状,囊小且多,且均具有中心痕,T2WI可显示其囊性特征;MCN囊大而少,边缘绝大多数为光滑;IPMN与胰管之间进行相连,单房者一般多表现为杵状指样的囊,多房者囊的形态较多。结论将MSCT与MRI应用于常见的胰腺囊性肿瘤的临床诊断之中,其影像学表现对诊断与鉴别诊断具有一定的提示性作用。     

70例胰腺肿瘤的临床病理学特征分析

目的探讨胰腺肿瘤临床病理学特征、免疫组织化学染色及鉴别诊断。方法应用形态学观察、免疫组织化学染色回顾性分析70例胰腺肿瘤的临床及病理学特点。结果①70例胰腺肿瘤中患者年龄14-84岁,平均年龄53.3岁;女性40例(57.1%),男性30例(43.9%);肿瘤位于胰头42例(60.0%),胰体10例(14.3%),胰尾18例(25.7%)。②70例胰腺肿瘤中30例导管腺癌(42.9%),17例实性假乳头状肿瘤(24.3%),12例粘液性囊性肿瘤(17.1%),3例浆液性囊腺瘤(4.3%);4例神经内分泌肿瘤(5.7%);2例导管内乳头状粘液癌(2.9%),1例胰腺低分化粘液表皮样癌(1.4%);1例继发性黑色素瘤(1.4%)。③47例(67.1%)患者有腹胀、腹痛、上腹不适症状,41例(58.5%)有黄疸。④胰腺恶性肿瘤病理分期:病理分期I期27例,II期25例,III期5例,IV期2例。⑤在17例胰腺实性假乳头状肿瘤中,男性患者1例,占5.8%,对其中6例患者进行预后随访3-36个月,均无转移及复发。⑥在12例粘液性囊性肿瘤中,男性患者4例。结论 70例胰腺肿瘤中导管腺癌发病率最高,其次是胰腺实性假乳头状肿瘤,粘液性囊性肿瘤占第3位,其中胰腺实性假乳头状肿瘤以年轻女性为主,也可发生于男性,随访无复发及死亡病例。粘液性囊性肿瘤,发生于男性患者并不罕见。发现1例胰腺原发性低分化粘液表皮样癌,属罕见病例,预后较差。     

胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤的超声诊断价值

目的探讨胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤的超声表现与诊断。方法对2000年1月至2008年5月中山医院外科手术病理证实的36例胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤的超声表现进行回顾性分析。结果36例37个病灶，超声显示34个，检出率91．9％（34／37），其中4个超声定位错误，定位诊断符合率81．1％（3N37）。超声表现囊实性17例，囊性8例，实性9例；超声诊断良性病变28例，良恶性诊断符合率82．4％（28／34），但仅8例诊断正确，诊断正确率仅23．5％。结论胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤的典型超声声像图表现是由无数个小囊组成的多房囊性病灶，根据典型声像图可作出正确诊断，表现不典型时需结合其他影像学检查。     

The contribution of ultrasonography and computed tomography in the diagnosis of nonfunctioning islet cell tumors of the pancreas

The personal series of 12 nonfunctioning islet cell tumors (NFIT) of the pancreas is reported. The ultrasound and computed tomography features of NFIT are analyzed, and a few signs are identified that may be useful in the differential diagnosis vs ductal carcinoma. The necessity to complete the diagnostic work up by means of fine needle aspiration biopsy and cytologic smears is also emphasized.     

29例胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的超声诊断

目的探讨胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的超声表现与诊断。方法对2000年6月至2008年12月中山医院外科手术病理证实的29例胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的超声表现进行回顾性分析。结果超声表现囊性或囊性为主22例,囊实性实性为主5例,实性2例;病理诊断良性20例,交界性4例,恶性5例;超声诊断良性病变12例,恶性病变6例,良恶性诊断符合率72.4%(21/29),其中9例诊断囊腺瘤。结论胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的超声声像图表现多样,图像典型时超声可作出正确诊断,声像图表现不典型时要诊断黏液性囊性肿瘤及其良恶性确有困难。     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的影像表现

目的 探讨胰腺实性假乳头状瘤(SPTP)的影像学特征。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的34例SPTP患者的CT和MR资料。结果 SPTP位于胰头部14例(14/34, 41.18%), 胰腺颈部及体部各4例(4/34, 11.76%), 胰尾部12例(12/34, 35.29%)。21例囊实性(21/34, 61.76%), 7例囊性为主(7/34, 20.59%), 6例实性为主(6/34, 17.65%)。CT平扫囊性部分呈低密度, 实性部分呈等低密度;MR平扫T1WI呈不均匀混杂信号, T2WI以高信号为主。增强扫描实性部分及包膜静脉期及平衡期强化, 囊性部分不强化。2例中心见点片状钙化, 6例边缘呈环状钙化;2例胰管扩张;3例十二指肠受压、2例左肾受压、4例脾脏及脾静脉受压、3例胃受压。结论 SPTP CT及MRI具有一定特征, 有助于提高术前诊断SPTP准确率。     

胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤的超声表现

目的探讨胰腺黏液性囊性肿瘤(MCNs)的超声表现。方法回顾性分析42例经手术病理证实的MCNs的超声表现。结果 MCNs多发生于中年女性,大部分位于胰体尾部,肿瘤体积较大,边界清晰,多数有包膜。42例MCNs中,22例为囊性或以囊性为主;18例囊实混合性;2例实性。病理诊断良性病变24例,交界性7例,恶性11例。超声诊断:20例考虑为良性,22例考虑恶性,超声诊断恶性MCNs的敏感度为77.78%(14/18),特异度为66.67%(16/24)。结论 MCNs超声图像表现复杂,肿物内分隔厚度、是否存在实性部分有助于鉴别良、恶性病变。     

Cystic islet cell tumors: Radiologic findings in three cases

We report three cases of cystic islet cell tumors, two caused by gastrinomas and the other by an islet cell carcinoma. All three patients underwent computed tomography (CT) and angiography and two also had magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Several common radiographic findings were present as follows: thickening of the cyst wall and irregularity of the inner surface on postcontrast CT and MR images, neovascularity and a densely staining hypervascular rim on angiography, and moderately increased signal intensity of the cyst content on T1-weighted MR images, which indicated fluid containing blood and/or necrotic tissue. These findings are helpful in defining the nature of these lesions and strongly suggest that cystic islet cell tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis.     

Papillary cystic neoplasm of the pancreas: Radiological findings

We report a series of 10 papillary cystic neoplasms of the pancreas evaluated in our institution. The lesions are analyzed in retrospect to define the existence of eventual specific imaging patterns as well as to point out the existing problems of differential diagnosis versus other pancreatic tumors.     

多层螺旋CT在胰腺实性假乳头状瘤诊断中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）对胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的诊断价值,以提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析了16例经手术病理证实的胰腺实性假乳头状瘤患者的CT资料,16例中12例为年轻女性,男性4例。均行GEDiscovery Ultra 16层螺旋CT平扫及增强,增强扫描包括动脉期、静脉期及平衡期,然后利用后处理软件对图像进行多平面重组（MPR）。结果位于胰头6例,胰体2例,胰尾3例,胰体尾均累及4例,胰头、胰尾多发1例。CT平扫均为混合性肿块,增强后动脉期实性部分不同程度强化,以后逐渐强化明显,部分与增强后正常胰腺一致,可见包膜强化,囊性部分无强化。2例见斑点状钙化,1例伴肝内外胆管扩张,4例囊内自发性出血。结论结合临床特点MSCT增强扫描对胰腺实性假乳头状瘤具有较高的诊断价值。     

细针吸取微小组织学与涂片细胞学在颈淋巴结转移性肿瘤中的诊断价值

目的　探讨微小组织学与涂片细胞学 (FNAC)在淋巴结转移性肿瘤分型中的诊断价值。方法　选取有术后病理组织学对比的 16 8例颈部淋巴结转移病例 ,其中 111例仅行FNAC检查 ,5 7例有微小切片与FNAC检查。结果　微小切片加FNAC组诊断敏感性为 96 5 % ,FNAC组为 79 3%。淋巴结转移性肿瘤分型中微小切片组加FNAC组准确率为 94 7% ,涂片组分型准确率为 82 % ,两者相比差异显著 (P <0 0 5 )。高分化癌转移淋巴结时有较明显的细胞学特征 ,与同组微小切片相比差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;淋巴结转移性低分化肿瘤中涂片组无明显细胞学特征 ,诊断准确率 73% ,微小切片与FNAC结合组诊断准确率 93 6 % ,后者与前者相比差异显著 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　针吸细胞涂片检查在高分化转移性肿瘤中诊断正确性较高 ,淋巴结转移性低分化肿瘤可利用细胞涂片与微小组织学相结合的方法提高分型的准确率     

MSCT后处理技术在诊断胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤中的应用

目的 探讨MSCT后处理技术在胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤(IPMN)中的诊断价值.方法 对18例经手术病理或超声内镜引导下细针穿刺证实的IPMN患者的临床、病理及MSCT检查资料进行回顾性分析,对MSCT双期增强扫描的原始数据均行MPR、MinIP及CPR,观察病变本身及其与胰管、周围结构的关系.结果 18例IPMN患者中,病变与扩张胰管相通18例(18/18,100%),胰管扩张 >1.0 cm 7例(7/18,38.89%),囊性病变17例(17/18,94.44%),囊实性病变1例(1/18,5.56%).主胰管型6例(6/18,33.33%)、分支胰管型9例(9/18,50.00%)、混合型3例(3/18,16.67%).MPR图像能清晰显示IPMN病变的大小、边界、有无强化的壁结节,也可较好显示病变与扩张胰管间的关系以及病变与周围结构之间的关系;MinIP图像在显示扩张胰管的全貌及病变与扩张胰管间关系等方面优于MPR图像及CPR图像;CPR图像有助于显示主胰管扩张的全貌.结论 利用MSCT多种后处理技术可整体显示病变、扩张胰管以及周围结构,在IPMN诊断方面具有重要价值.     

Carcinoid tumors of the pancreas: CT findings

Computed tomographic (CT) and ultrasound (US) findings in four cases of carcinoid tumors of the pancreas are reported. Differential diagnosis with other endocrine and nonendocrine pancreatic tumors is discussed. CT and US techniques play an important role in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of these tumors.     

颅内神经元及神经元与神经胶质混合性肿瘤的MRI诊断(附8例分析)

目的 探讨颅内神经元及神经元与神经胶质混合性肿瘤的MRI表现及诊断价值。方法 8例病人均经手术病理证实为神经元及神经元与神经胶质混合性肿瘤，回顾分析其MRI资料。结果 神经节细胞瘤MRI的T1WI上为低信号，T2WI上为高信号，增强扫描无强化，无占位效应；神经节细胞胶质瘤MRI特征性表现为边界清楚的囊性病变伴有壁内结节，T1W1上为低信号，T2W1上为高信号，注射Gd-DTPA后，囊壁及结节增强；胚胎发育不良神经上皮肿瘤表现轻度占位效应，无瘤周水肿，病灶位于皮层，可有皮层下白质受累，边界清楚，肿瘤呈分叶状或脑回状外观，T1WI上为低信号，T2WI上为高信号，增强扫描少数病例表现轻度增强。结论 神经元及神经元与神经胶质混合性肿瘤是中枢神经系统一种少见的良性肿瘤，癫痫发作为常见症状，MRI检查对确定诊断有重要价值，但须综合考虑临床资料，方能减少误诊率。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤的多层螺旋CT表现与病理对照

目的：探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的多层螺旋CT（MSCT）表现和诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析21例经手术病理确诊的胰腺囊性肿瘤MSCT表现，其中浆液性囊腺瘤5例，黏液性囊腺肿瘤10例，导管内乳头状黏液瘤3例，实性假乳头状瘤3例。男5例，女16例，年龄14—78岁，平均52岁。使用4层和16层螺旋CT，平扫21例，同时增强20例。结果：①浆液性囊腺瘤多表现为多房囊性肿块，囊壁及分隔厚薄均匀，无壁结节。②黏液性囊腺肿瘤表现为多房或单房、边界清楚、无壁结节或壁结节小；而黏液性囊腺癌浸润周围组织、边界不清、壁结节较大。③导管内乳头状黏液瘤为多房或葡萄串样囊性肿块，与扩张的胰管相通。④实性假乳头状瘤边界清，可有较厚包膜，囊性成分与实性成分构成比例不一，实性部分逐步强化。结论：MSCT可以展示胰腺囊性肿瘤的病理特征，对诊断与鉴别诊断有较高的价值。     

胸膜孤立性纤维瘤MSCT表现

目的 探讨胸膜孤立性纤维瘤(SFTP)的CT表现及MSCT诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析12例经手术病理证实的SFTP患者的临床和CT影像资料,并与病理结果进行对照分析。结果 12例SFTP中,10例为良性,2例为交界性。10例呈类圆形或类椭圆形,2例呈不规则形。12例病灶均呈膨胀性或铸型生长,边界较清。1例肿块造成肋骨轻微压迫性骨吸收,1例病灶局部侵犯胸壁软组织。9例病灶平扫密度不均匀,1例伴多发小结节状钙化。9例增强扫描动脉期呈轻至中度均匀或不均匀强化,7例可见明显强化血管影;静脉期各例呈中度至明显持续渐进性不均匀强化,呈"地图样"改变。5例病灶可见坏死囊变区。结论 SFTP的CT表现具有一定特征性,MSCT重建对其定位和定性诊断具有重要价值。     

Pancreatic duct evaluation: accuracy of portal venous phase 64 MDCT

Background  Many patients presenting with nonspecific signs and symptoms often receive CT scans using general protocols, not optimized to evaluate for pancreatic pathology. Therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate portal venous phase 64 multi-row detector CT (MDCT) scans for detecting pancreatic duct strictures, stones, pancreas divisum, and communication between pancreatic ducts and cystic pancreatic lesions. Methods  Institutional review board approval with waived informed consent was obtained for this HIPAA-compliant study. We included all patients that underwent abdominal, portal venous phase, intravenous contrast-enhanced 64 MDCT scans between 6/7/05 and 5/01/07 and MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERCP) within 2 months of the CT. This yielded 93 patients (42 males, 51 females) with a mean age of 59 years. In addition to CT, 75 patients underwent MRCP and 37 patients underwent ERCP. Two radiologists independently evaluated the CT images, including multiplanar and minimum intensity pixel projection reformations, for pancreatic duct strictures, stones, pancreas divisum, or cystic pancreatic lesions. The latter were classified as communicating or not communicating with the pancreatic ducts. Findings on ERCP or MRCP were used to calculate diagnostic performance parameters. Results  On standard of reference examinations, 15 (16%) of the 93 patients had a pancreatic duct stricture. The sensitivity and the specificity for Observer 1 were 87% and 100%, respectively; for Observer 2, 100% and 100%, respectively. Six (6%) of the 93 patients had main pancreatic duct stones. The sensitivity and the specificity for Observer 1 were 83% and 100%, respectively; for Observer 2, 100% and 99%, respectively. Five (5%) patients had pancreas divisum; Observer 1 correctly identified four and Observer 2 correctly identified three cases. Eleven (12%) patients had cystic pancreatic lesions. Observer 1 correctly determined whether or not there was communication between the cystic pancreatic lesion and the pancreatic duct in ten cases; Observer 2 correctly made this determination in nine cases. Conclusion  Portal venous phase 64 MDCT images are moderately sensitive and highly specific for detecting pancreatic duct stricture, stones, and pancreas divisum and moderately accurate for detecting communication between pancreatic ducts and cystic pancreatic lesions.     

Polypoid adenomyomas: sonohysterographic and color Doppler findings with histopathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to describe the sonographic features of polypoid adenomyomas of the uterus and to determine the diagnostic role of sonohysterography and color Doppler sonography in the evaluation of these lesions. METHODS: The sonographic findings for 46 histologically proved cases of polypoid adenomyomas of the uterus, accumulated over 10 years, were reviewed retrospectively. The pathologic diagnoses included typical polypoid adenomyoma (n = 36), atypical polypoid adenomyoma (n = 7), and low-grade adenosarcoma arising in polypoid adenomyoma (n = 3). RESULTS: Of 46 total uterine tumors, 31 were in the corpus, 12 were in the fundus, and 3 were in the isthmus. The mean tumor size was 3.5 cm (range, 0.5-9 cm). The tumors were polypoid in 30 cases, pedunculated in 11 cases, and sessile in the remaining 5 cases. Of the pedunculated tumors, 5 protruded into the endocervical canal and 2 had prolapsed into the vagina. Three distinct sonographic patterns were identified with respect to the presence of cystic areas: a solid mass (pattern 1) in 12 cases, a solid mass with cystic areas (pattern 2) in 32 cases, and a predominantly cystic mass (pattern 3) in 2 cases. The characteristic sonographic features of polypoid adenomyomas included heterogeneous or homogeneous isoechogenicity relative to the myometrium, a smooth surface, a poorly defined margin with the underlying myometrium, hemorrhagic foci, posterior shadowing, a single vascular pedicle entering the mass, and associated adenomyosis in the myometrium. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the sonographic appearance of polypoid adenomyomas may facilitate diagnosis and may help distinguish these tumors from other polypoid uterine tumors.     

Branch duct IPMTs: value of cross-sectional imaging in the assessment of biological behavior and follow-up

Branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous tumors (IPMTs) are increasingly being described and represent a challenge for the physician. Recent imaging modalities, especially computed tomography and magnetic resonance, allow for a correct diagnosis, but IPMTs can manifest with different degrees of cellular atypia so it is very important to be able to establish the biological behavior of the lesion. Sixty-five patients were included in this study: 29 of them underwent surgery, and the other 36 were followed with cross-sectional imaging. Among patients who underwent surgery, 11 had benign lesions and 18 had malignant lesions. Overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in the diagnosis of malignancy for all the cross-sectional imaging techniques were 61%, 81%, and 69%, respectively. Among patients who were followed and had a magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatographic diagnosis of branch duct IPMT with imaging features indicative of benignity, only two showed modifications over the follow-up period. Even considering some important biases (small number of patients and relatively short follow-up), interesting conclusions can be drawn: the imaging diagnosis of malignancy can be trusted, whereas that of benignity cannot be relied upon, but if the signs of malignancy are absent, the slow growth of the lesions justifies watchful follow-up in the correct clinical setting.     

胰腺常见囊性肿瘤的影像表现特征及其鉴别诊断

目的 探讨胰腺常见囊性肿瘤的MSCT和MRI表现特征及其鉴别诊断要点。 方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的41例胰腺囊性肿瘤 的MSCT和MRI表现。 结果 SCN中浆液性微囊性腺瘤7例,呈分叶状,囊小而多,多具有中心瘢痕;浆液性寡囊性腺瘤2例,1例单房、1例多房,囊大而少,边缘分叶;实性浆液性腺瘤1例,CT增强检查明显强化,但T2WI可显示其囊性特征。MCN囊大而少,边缘多光滑。IPMN与胰管相通,单房者多表现为杵状指样的囊,多房者囊常呈多种形态。IPMN胰管可出现远端、近端或全程扩张,而SCN和MCN仅近端扩张。 结论 胰腺常见囊性肿瘤中囊的不同形态对鉴别诊断有提示作用。全程或远端胰管扩张只见于IPMN。