Short- and long-term outcomes in non-aneurysmal non-perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objective: Our aim was to assess the short- and long-term prognosis in patients suffering from non-aneurysmal non-perimesencephalic SAH (Na-NPM-SAH).

Methods: Based on admission CT-scan, SAH was categorized as perimesencephalic (PM) or non-perimesencephalic (NPM). Based on digital subtraction angiography (DSA) results, patients were classified as normal DSA (Na-SAH) or aneurysmal SAH (aSAH). Between 1997 and 2010, 67 of 571 patients with non-traumatic SAH (11.7%) suffered from non-aneurysmal non-perimesencephalic SAH. Retrospective analyses of the 67 patients were undertaken, and compared with the aneurysmal SAH group. Long-term follow-up was assessed.

Results: The cohort consisted of 67 Na-NPM-SAH patients, mean age 54.8 years (range: 21–84), 56.7% male. Acute phase: 10.4% mortality and 3% rebleeding (two patients) during the acute phase. Long-term: extensive follow-up was possible in all except one of the survivors at discharge. Mortality was 6.6% during the 510 patient-years follow-up period (median follow-up time per patient, 8.95 years); rebleeding rate was 0–1.6%. An aneurysmal source was found in 13% of patients who underwent a second angiography. Aneurysmal SAH: 312 patients, with confirmed aneurysm by angiography. The mortality rate for Na-NPM-SAH during the acute phase was 10.4%, vs. 20% for aneurysmal SAH in the general database, p = 0.049.

Discussion: Na-NPM-SAH patients without an identifiable bleeding source on initial angiography might have a more benign short- and long-term prognosis than aneurysmal SAH patients. Our study confirms an important diagnostic advantage of a second arteriography. Still, despite the major concern of an undetected aneurysm, the long-term rebleeding rate was low in this subgroup of patients.     

小儿自发性蛛网膜下腔出血病因及治疗方法探讨

目的：研究小儿自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）的病因与治疗。方法：多数病人行凝血因子，ＣＳＦ，血管造影，ＣＴ，ＤＳＡ，ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ检查以明确该病的病因诊断和手术治疗的临床意义。结果：６３例小儿自发性ＳＡＨ中，有１３例出血性血液病，３３例血管性疾病，８例颅内肿瘤，１例炎症，８例病因不明。结论：脑血管病和颅内肿瘤病人应手术治疗，采用手术治疗对血液病所致的严重ＳＡＨ病人有一定的帮助。     

Systemic interleukin-6 concentrations in patients with perimesencephalic non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Patients with spontaneous non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (non-aSAH) are considered to have a benign illness in contrast to patients with aSAH. The occurrence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome has been linked to worse outcomes in patients with aSAH. We analyzed systemic interleukin (IL)-6, a proinflammatory cytokine, to determine whether its concentration differs between patients with non-aSAH and those with aSAH, reflecting the more benign illness. Daily systemic IL-6 levels were measured in the acute phase in 11 patients with non-aneurysmal perimesencephalic SAH (pmSAH), with bleeding strictly located around the midbrain, and in nine patients with non-aneurysmal non-perimesencephalic (non-pmSAH), with hemorrhage extending into adjacent cisterns (group 1). IL-6 levels were compared with those from patients suffering from aSAH with cerebral vasospasm (CVS) (group 2) and without CVS (group 3). The mean IL-6 level (±standard error of the mean) was significantly lower in group 1 compared to group 2 (9.9±1.9 vs. 29.1±6.7 pg/mL, p=0.018). The difference in mean IL-6 level between group 1 and 3 fell short of significance (9.9±1.9 vs. 14.9±1.1 pg/mL, p=0.073). Patients in group 1 had a significantly better outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score 4-5) compared to group 2 (p<0.001) and a trend towards better outcome compared to group 3 (p=0.102). A subgroup analysis revealed a higher mean IL-6 concentration in patients with non-pmSAH compared to patients with pm-SAH (p=0.001). We concluded that systemic IL-6 concentration reflects the severity of the inflammatory stress response and course of the illness. The more benign illness and good prognosis of patients with pmSAH or non-pmSAH in contrast to patients with aSAH is reflected by the lower concentrations of IL-6.     

无蛛网膜下腔出血的破裂脑动脉瘤

目的 总结无蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的破裂脑动脉瘤的诊治经验.方法 对15例在起病后2 d内首次CT或MRI上表现为脑内出血(ICH),和(或)脑室内出血(IVH)、硬脑膜下血肿(SDH)和壁间出血(IMH)而无SAH的破裂脑动脉瘤患者的临床表现、影像学检查结果 、治疗方法 和预后进行回顾性分析.结果 本组首次CT或MRI检查表现为ICH者3例、IVH合并ICH者6例、SDH者1例、IVH者1例、IMH者3例和等高混合密度者1例.其中动脉瘤位于大脑中动脉6例、前交通动脉4例、后交通动脉3例、大脑前动脉1例和小脑后下动脉1例.开颅手术夹闭动脉瘤13例,血管内栓塞2例.出院时GOS评分:恢复良好8例、中残3例、重残3例和植物生存1例.本组15例占同期破裂脑动脉瘤的3.8%.结论 破裂脑动脉瘤首次CT扫描可表现为单纯ICH,和(或)IVH、SDH、IMH而无SAH,与CT扫描时间、动脉瘤的部位和指向以及出血量有关.早期控制颅内高压、及时诊断和有效处理破裂动脉瘤,是改善预后的关键.     

Cilostazol attenuates cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract

Background and purpose: Cerebral vasospasm is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Cilostazol, a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3, is a peripheral vasodilator, an anti-inflammatory, and causes antiplatelet aggregation. We investigated these effects on cerebral vasospasm after rat SAH.

Methods: Thirty-eight Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: SAH + normal feed (SAH group; n=14), SAH + feed containing 0·1% cilostazol (cilostazol group; n=12) and sham-operated rats (sham group; n=12). The basilar arteries (BA) of all groups were analysed by measuring wall thickness, internal luminal perimeter and cross-sectional area on day 7. Immunohistochemical study with RM-4, an anti-rat macrophage/dendritic cells monoclonal antibody and ultrastructural study with transmission electron microscopy were performed.

Results: Although most animals in the SAH group presented with typical vasospasm, the means of inner perimeter and cross-section area of the BA in the cilostazol group were significantly greater than the SAH group (836 ± 134 μm versus 771 ± 125 μm and 39177 ± 15405 μm² versus 33098 ± 13871 μm², respectively). Wall thickness of the BA in the cilostazol group demonstrated significant decrease, compared with the SAH group (17·4 ± 2·3 versus 21·0 ± 2·7 μm). In immunohistological study, SAH induced an obvious increase in mean perivascular RM-4-positive cell count, whereas cilostazol significantly reduced it by 59%. Ultrastructural study depicted cilostazol markedly attenuating structural deterioration of the vascular wall due to SAH.

Conclusions: This work demonstrates that cilostazol attenuates cerebral vasospasm after SAH in rat, possibly in part due to the anti-inflammatory effect.     

Postpartum angiopathy and other cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes

The phenomenon of reversible cerebral arterial segmental vasoconstriction has been associated with several conditions, including pregnancy and puerperium (“postpartum angiopathy”), thunderclap headache, and use of vasoconstrictive medications. Patients with cerebral vasoconstriction typically present with sudden, severe, and recurrent (“thunderclap”) headaches and can develop strokes. Cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes are under-recognized, are poorly characterized, and are frequently misdiagnosed as primary cerebral vasculitis. This article presents an illustrative case report and reviews the historical aspects, clinical and imaging characteristics, etiology, differential diagnosis, management, and prognosis of cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes.     

淀粉样脑血管病相关性脑出血与高血压脑出血的临床研究

目的 探讨淀粉样脑血管病相关性脑出血(CAAH)与高血压脑出血(HICH)的临床、影像、手术预后的特点.方法 收集3年来6家三级甲等医院经手术治疗的101例自发性脑出血患者的临床资料,所有标本经送我院病理科诊断后分为CAAH组11例,HICH组90例.对两组临床表现、影像学特点、术后病死率进行统计分析.结果 CAAH组发病平均年龄高于HICH组,而术前偏瘫的发生率低于HICH组.CAAH组出血部位多在脑叶,而HICH组以基底节区最常见.CAAH组年龄≥70岁患者术后病死率高于HICH组.随访期内CAAH组2例再次出血,其中1例死亡,4例出院后因长期卧床并发肺部感染,1例出现左眼视力颞侧偏盲,生活基本自理.结论 CAAH在临床和影像学上具有一定的特征,年龄较大者预后较差.外科手术干预近期有较好的效果,术后肺部感染是导致预后不良的常见并发症.     

淀粉样脑血管病相关性脑出血的病理研究

目的 研究新疆少数民族地区自发性脑出血患者中淀粉样脑血管病相关性脑出血(CAAH)的比例及其病理特点.方法 经头颅CT证实为自发性脑出血的124例患者来自于有代表性的南北疆6家三级甲等医院,入组患者接受开颅手术,标本取白血肿腔周围,通过HE染色、刚果红染色偏振光显微镜观察、β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)免疫组化检测明确是否存在脑血管淀粉样变性.结果124例患者中11例为CAAH,占8.9％,其中4例为嗜刚果红血管病,1例表现为斑样血管病,6例为混合型.结论 新疆少数民族地区手术治疗的自发性脑出血患者中8.9％与淀粉样脑血管病(CAA)相关,其比例随年龄增加;CAA表现为受累的血管壁增厚,血管壁正常结构消失,淀粉样物质在血管被膜中层和外膜中沉积;部分患者脑实质内可见β淀粉样蛋白沉积.     

A case of postpartum cerebral angiopathy with intracranial hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage immediately after delivery]

A 32-year-old woman, gravida 0, para 0, was admitted for delivery at 40 weeks of gestation. She had no history of headache, hypertension, and toxemia. She was delivered of a healthy boy. Although she was given no medication during normal delivery, she suddenly became drowsy and developed left hemiparesis immediately after delivery. Computed tomographic (CT) scan of the brain performed on the admission day revealed a subarachnoid hemorrhage and right putaminal hemorrhage. A 4-vessel cerebral angiogram demonstrated multiple irregular narrowing of the anterior cerebral arteries, middle cerebral arteries, and posterior cerebral arteries. Her conditions seemed to improve without any medication, and the multiple stenoses were no longer observed by angiography in a follow-up examination. On the basis of these observations, she was diagnosed as having postpartum cerebral angiopathy (PCA). Pathogenesis of PCA still remaing unclear to date an ergot alkaloid derivate (ergonovine) and the hydrogenated form of the powerful vasoconstrictor ergot (bromocriptine) have been reported as cause of PCA. We will classify PCA into 3 categories: eclampsia, secondary PCA, and primary PCA. "Primary PCA" is of unknown etiology, "secondary PCA" results from a known etiology such as drugs, and "eclampsia" is a PCA with toxemia of pregnancy. We report here, that PCA may occur even in a normal pregnant woman who was given no medication, and should be considered in the diagnosis of postpartum cerebral vascular diseases in women.     

A case of primary subarachnoid hemorrhage due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy]

A 77-year-old man who was suffering from an intracerebral hemorrhage of the left subcortex without hypertension was admitted to our hospital. The only neurological symptom was right arm monoparesis. Brain MRI demonstrated a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the left frontal lobe. On the day of admission, conventional cerebral angiography revealed no abnormalities in brain arteries. His symptom was disappeared immediately after admission. He was discharged without neurological deficit on day 25. However, he was rehospitalized in our hospital on the same day because he experienced a right subcortical hemorrhage. The neurological symptoms were consciousness disturbance, aphasia and right hemiparesis. Brain CT disclosed a subcortical hemorrhage in the left temporal lobe. CT stereo-guided drainage was performed. Then, we examined tissue removed from the brain's surface. Histologically, beta-amyloid protein was deposited on the walls of the meningeal and cortical vessels, and it replaced all the layers of those walls. Therefore, a diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) was made. His condition gradually improved, but CT showed an asymptomatic ICH in the right parietal lobe on day 36. On day 47, he had a symptomatic ICH in the left caudate nuclei and right frontal lobe. He died on day 66 because of pneumonia. Intracranial hemorrhages due to CAA have been reported and the majority of the lesions have been lober hemorrhage. To the best of our knowledge, few reports have been published regarding primary SAH caused by CAA. The cause of SAH should be considered as CAA when SAH appears without hypertension or in elderly patients.     

盐酸法舒地尔治疗蛛网膜下腔出血所致脑血管痉挛的临床Ⅱ期试验研究

目的通过Ⅱ期临床试验评价盐酸法舒地尔(FSD)注射液治疗蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH)所致脑血管痉挛(CVS)的临床疗效和安全性。方法采用随机双盲双模拟、阳性药物对照方法。观察64例颅内动脉瘤破所致SAH。分为A、8两组各32例。治疗方式:手术夹闭47例,介入治疗17例。治疗方法:A组FSD 30mg+生理盐水40mL／次、3次／d,B组尼莫地平8mg(40ml)／次、3次／d。比较用药前后两组临床表现、意识变化以GCS、病情以Hunt&Hess分级、预后以GOS 为指标,CT、TCD,生命体征,肝、肾功能、血K、Na、Cl及血、尿、便常规。结果(1)总体病情两组均明显好转,但两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0．3028)。(2)头颅CT:用药前无低密度区者用药后亦未见到改变。(3)TCD:治疗前MCA平均流速(单位:cm／s)A组97．15±51．01,治疗后第 7、14天分别下降为90．64±40．93,78．52±25．62;B组91．06±22．20,治疗后第7、14天分别为84．53± 26．17,85．88±35．80,两组比较无统计学意义(P>0．06)。(4)预后:总有效率A组93．94％(PP)、 93．94％(ITT)和93．94%(GOS);B组相应为96．88％、94．12％和96．88％。两组间差异无统计学意义。(5)对于肝、肾功能、电解质和血、尿、便常规没有任何影响。结论此药具有安全、可靠和有效性．无毒副作用及不良反应。是一种新型抗CVS药物。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血对脑静脉循环的影响

目的 探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)对脑静脉循环的影响.方法 2014年7月至2016年1月收集aSAH共57例(aSAH组)、颅内未破裂动脉瘤48例(未破裂组)、非动脉瘤病人45例(正常对照组);aSAH病人依据入院时GCS评分分为重型组(GCS评分3～12分)和轻型组(GCS评分13～15分).利用DSA观...     

p38MAPK在蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛中的作用

目的探讨促分裂原活化蛋白激酶p38(p38MAPK)在蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛(CVS) 中的作用。方法采用枕大池二次注血的方法建立SAH模型。用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)、免疫组织化学、测量基底动脉横截面积的方法分别检测兔脑脊液肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF—α)浓度变化及平滑肌细胞p38MAPK的表达与CVS程度变化的关系。结果 TNF—α浓度在注血后第3天达高峰,持续到第5天时,与注血前有明显差异(P< 0．01);平滑肌细胞p38MAPK表达增强;基底动脉横截面积则显著小于对照组(P<0．01)。应用p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580干预后,TNF—α浓度显著降低到注血前水平,平滑肌细胞p38MAPK表达也明显减弱,基底动脉横截面积与对照组相比无明显差异(P>0．05)。结论 SAH后继发性的CVS可能是激活的p38MAPK通过对细胞因子增量调节机制作用的结果。     

蛛网膜下腔出血脑血管造影假阴性原因分析

目的 探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)脑血管造影假阴性发生的可能原因,提高SAH病因诊断的准确性.方法 回顾性分析452例SAH患者的脑血管造影结果初次阴性52例,复查造影25例,发现6例有异常病变:4例前交通动脉瘤,1例C<,2>段动脉瘤,1例脑血管畸形.结果 结合文献对这6例初次脑血管造影假阴性的原因进行分析,总结发生假阴性的原因.结论 SAH造影时应采用高分辨率的造影机;二维造影时要多角度投射,避开血管间的重叠;必要时采用三维血管重建;提高阅片医生的能力;初次阴性病例可配合CTA、MRA检查且必须强调全面细致复查造影.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的诊治分析

目的：探讨脑血管造影（DSA）、颅脑CT、经颅多普勒（TCD）的临床诊断价值,以及动脉瘤夹闭或血管内栓塞术、持续腰大池引流的临床治疗效果。方法61例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者分为观察组和对照组,对照组给予动脉瘤夹闭或血管内栓塞术,观察组在此基础上术后第2天行腰大池持续引流,观察2组患者的临床疗效,并比较术后第1、5、10天M C A血流速度、脑脊液压力、红细胞计数的变化。结果观察组总有效率达90·32％,对照组为76·67％,观察组临床疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0·05）;术后第5、10天观察组大脑中动脉血流速度明显比对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0·05）;术后第5、10天观察组脑脊液压力、红细胞计数均明显比对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0·05）。结论 DSA、颅脑C T扫描、T CD可以明确诊断动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛,并能够评价血管痉挛的程度;采取动脉瘤夹闭或血管内栓塞术、持续腰大池引流治疗动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛有满意效果。     

动脉瘤性SAH继发重度脑血管痉挛相关因素研究

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血继发重度脑血管痉挛的相关因素。方法回顾本院近5年收治的118例动脉瘤性SAH病人临床及影像学资料;评估入院时临床因素,判定脑血管痉挛程度;统计分析其相关因素。结果重度痉挛组年龄为(44.0±10.9)岁,明显小于无痉挛组的(52.1±11.4)岁和轻中度痉挛组的(50.7±10.7)岁(P=0.007);重度痉挛组的脑内血肿量为(24.87±3.72)m l、白细胞计数为(17.40±4.1)×109,大于轻中度痉挛组的(18±3.26)m l、(12.14±2.91)×109和无痉挛组的(9±1.41)m l、(9.08±2.16)×109(P均<0.001);年龄与血管痉挛程度呈负相关r=-0.241(P=0.008);脑内血肿量和白细胞计数峰值均与血管痉挛程度呈正相关r=0.753(P<0.01)和r=0.694(P=0.001)。结论低年龄、较大的脑内血肿量和白细胞计数峰值是重度脑血管痉挛相关因素。