四川凉山地区结核抗酸杆菌痰涂片检查结果分析报告

目的：了解凉山地区近年肺结核感染情况。方法对2013年至2015年4月份期间2530例痰标本行结核抗酸染色检查,对其结果结和相关资料进行统计分析。结果 2530例疑似病例痰涂片抗酸染色后镜检检出抗酸杆菌阳性病例209例。阳性率8．26％。其中男性疑似病例1749例,检出抗酸杆菌阳性病例140例,阳性率8．00％,女性疑似病例781例,检出抗酸杆菌阳性病例69例,阳性率8．83％。男女性别肺结核感染率无明显区别。＜15岁年龄组127人,检出抗酸杆菌阳性病例9例检出抗酸杆菌阳性病例。阳性率7．09％。15～50岁年龄组1048例,检出抗酸杆菌阳性病例130例,阳性率12．40％。 ＞50岁年龄组1355例,检出抗酸杆菌阳性病例70例,阳性率5．17％。其中以青壮年感染率较高。结论凉山地区肺结核感染情况不容乐观。可能与不良生活习惯及对感染人群的管理治疗不够重视有关。对于结核病的防治工作仍需加强。特别是对于社会活动比较频繁的青壮年应加强结核病预防知识的普及,促进良好生活习惯养成。以遏止结核病的传播扩散。     

噬菌体生物扩增法对结核病临床诊断的意义

目的 探讨噬蒲体生物扩增法技术检测临床标本对结核病临床诊断的应用价值.方法 采用噬菌体生物扩增法技术对86例活动性肺结核患者痰标本、73例结核性胸膜炎患者胸水、30例肺结核患者肺泡灌洗液,共计189份临床标本进行检测;对非结核病患者痰标本10例、胸水5例、灌洗液5例共计20份标本进行检测.同份标本同时进行涂片抗酸染色、罗氏培养.结果 86例活动性结核患者痰标本、73例结核性胸膜炎患者胸水、30例肺结核患者肺泡灌洗液噬菌体生物扩增法检测阳性率分别为53.49%(46/86)、49.32%(36/73)、60.00%(18/30);涂片抗酸染色阳性率分别为24.42%(21/86)、2.74%(2/73)、20.00%(6/30);罗氏培养阳性率分别为44.19%(38/86)、4.11%(3/73)、36.67%(11/30).20份非结核患者标本,噬菌体生物扩增法、涂片抗酸染色、罗氏培养都未检出阳性.结论 噬菌体生物扩增法检测结核病标本的阳性率高于涂片法和罗氏培养,该方法 敏感性高、特异性强、操作简便,对结核病临床诊断有较高的应用价值.     

噬菌体生物扩增法对结核病临床诊断的意义

目的探讨噬菌体生物扩增法技术检测临床标本对结核病临床诊断的应用价值。方法采用噬菌体生物扩增法技术对86例活动性肺结核患者痰标本、73例结核性胸膜炎患者胸水、30例肺结核患者肺泡灌洗液,共计189份临床标本进行检测;对非结核病患者痰标本10例、胸水5例、灌洗液5例共计20份标本进行检测。同份标本同时进行涂片抗酸染色、罗氏培养。结果86例活动性结核患者痰标本、73例结核性胸膜炎患者胸水、30例肺结核患者肺泡灌洗液噬菌体生物扩增法检测阳性率分别为53．49％（46／86）、49．32％（36／73）、60．00％（18／30）;涂片抗酸染色阳性率分别为24．42％（21／86）、2．74％（2／73）、20．00％（6／30）;罗氏培养阳性率分别为44．19％（38／861、4．11％（3／73）、36．67％（11／30）。20份非结核患者标本,噬菌体生物扩增法、涂片抗酸染色、罗氏培养都未检出阳性。结论噬菌体生物扩增法检测结核病标本的阳性率高于涂片法和罗氏培养,该方法敏感性高、特异性强、操作简便。对结核病临床诊断有较高的应用价值。     

结核可疑234例痰液检查结果分析

目的:为提高结核病的发现率,对结核可疑者进行痰涂片检查。方法:对234例结核可疑患者分别进行痰液收集,并对不同的标本进行涂片处理,抗酸染色,在显微镜下寻找结核杆菌,将检查结果进行整理分析。结果:在234例病例中,痰菌阳性率仅为24.61%(58/234)。其中男性阳性率为24.67%(38/154),女性阳性率为25.00%(20/80),性别检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:采用收集痰液寻找结核杆菌,能即时发现活动性肺结核,使这些患者得到及时治疗。     

支气管内膜结核临床及支气管镜下特点及分析

目的 总结支气管内膜结核(EBTB)的临床特点、支气管镜下特性。方法 分析通过支气管镜检查，并经刷片、病理活检、结核分支杆菌抗体测定等确诊的114例EBT8患者的临床和镜下表现。结果 EBTB男女发病比例为1:1．15。35岁以下年龄发病占43％，65岁以上占11．4％。病变发生于肺结核非好发部位占51．8％。镜下表现浸润型31．6％，溃疡型30．7％，肉芽型28．1％，纤维狭窄型1．7％，镜下轻度水肿、大致正常者7．9％.活检阳性率88％，合并肺癌4例；刷检发现抗酸杆菌阳性率76．3％；结核杆菌TB-IgM、TB-IgG强阳性率56．1％.结论 EBTB仍好发于青年，男女发病率较以前接近。老年人发病率有增加趋势。EBTB多发生在肺结核非好发部位。对镜下有明确病灶，活检联合刷检是最佳选择，对镜下表现不典型者也不放弃刷检行分泌物抗酸杆菌染色检查。     

Xpert MTB/RIF与涂片抗酸染色在结核病诊断中的应用价值评估

目的:探讨Xpert MTB/RIF技术与涂片抗酸染色在结核病诊断中的应用价值。方法:选取东莞东华医院2017年6月1日至2018年8月31日疑似患结核病的住院患者病例639份,同时进行了涂片抗酸染色以及Xpert MTB/RIF检测,以出院时的临床诊断为标准,比较Xpert MTB/RIF技术与涂片抗酸染色的阳性率和符合率等,以及比较送检标本的类型情况。结果:在639例病例中,Xpert MTB/RIF阳性率为16.1%(103/639),涂片抗酸染色的阳性率为12.7%(81/639),经卡方检验发现两种检测方法存在统计学差异(P0.05),Xpert MTB/RIF比常规的涂片抗酸染色检测的阳性率高。其中在诊断为结核的190个病例中,Xpert MTB/RIF的阳性符合率为50.0%(95/190),阴性符合率为98.2%(441/449);抗酸涂片的阳性符合率为41.1%(78/190),阴性符合率为99.3(446/449)。送检的标本主要以灌洗液和痰为主,灌洗液和痰的Xpert MTB/RIF阳性率分别为17.1%和19.2%,涂片抗酸染色的阳性率分别为12.4%和23.1%。合格痰与不合格痰的阳性检出率分别为39.6%和15.2%,经卡方检验发现合格与不合格痰标本的抗酸杆菌的阳性检出率存在统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:Xpert MTB/RIF技术在诊断结核病中有显著的优势,有助于临床医生对结核患者进行早期快速的诊断治疗,满足临床需要。     

痰培养在肺结核可疑痰涂阴患者中的应用探讨

目的：了解结核病门诊初诊肺结核可疑患者痰涂片抗酸染色阴性标本的痰培养阳性情况,为临床防治提供依据。方法收集本中心2013年1月至2014年8月结核病门诊初诊肺结核可疑痰涂阴患者99例,对痰涂片抗酸染色镜检阴性的标本进行痰培养,并对结果进行分析。结果初诊肺结核可疑痰涂阴患者痰培养阳性23例,阳性率23.2%。结论痰培养可以提高肺结核患者的发现率,各级结核病防治机构应积极开展痰培养检查,弥补痰涂片发现率的不足,以减少漏诊、误诊率,同时为以后开展结核杆菌药敏试验和肺结核耐多药治疗提供依据。     

噬菌体生物扩增法检测不同标本对结核病临床诊断的意义

目的探讨噬菌体生物扩增法技术检测不同标本对结核病临床诊断的应用价值。方法采用噬菌体生物扩增法技术对86例活动性肺结核患者痰标本、73例结核性胸膜炎患者胸水、30例肺结核患者肺泡灌洗液、7例结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液,共计196例结核标本进行检测;对非结核病患者痰标本10例、胸水5例、灌洗液5例,共计20例标本进行检测。每例标本同时进行涂片抗酸染色、罗氏培养。结果86例痰标本、73例胸水、30例肺泡灌洗液、7例脑脊液噬菌体生物扩增法检测阳性率分别为53．49％（46／86）、49．32％（36／73）、60．00％（18／30）、0（0／7）,涂片抗酸染色阳性率分别为24．42％（21／86）、2．74％（2／73）、20．00％（6／30）、0（0／7）,罗氏培养分别为44．19％（38／86）、4．11％（3／73）、36．67％（11／30）、0（0／7）。20例非结核患者标本,噬菌体生物扩增法、涂片抗酸染色、罗氏培养都未检出阳性。结论噬菌体生物扩增法检测结核病标本的阳性率高于涂片和罗氏培养,该方法敏感性高、特异性强、操作简便,对结核病临床诊断有较高的应用价值。     

细针穿刺细胞学与抗酸染色检验在淋巴结核诊断中的比较

目的比较细针穿刺细胞学与抗酸染色在淋巴结核临床诊断中的应用价值。方法对100例淋巴结病变患者穿刺物标本应用细针穿刺细胞学和涂片抗酸染色法检测,对2种检测方法的结果进行比较分析。结果 100例淋巴结核细胞学分型不同时期,抗酸染色阳性例数不同,其中结核结节期44例中抗酸染色阳性2例;干酪样坏死期38例中抗酸染色阳性36例,其他各期抗酸染色阳性几乎为0。结论细针穿刺细胞学诊断淋巴结核不同时期抗酸染色阳性率不同,其中干酪样坏死期抗酸染色阳性率最高,细针穿刺细胞学和抗酸染色相结合在临床上有重要的应用价值。     

细针穿刺细胞学与抗酸染色检验在淋巴结核诊断中的比较

目的比较细针穿刺细胞学与抗酸染色在淋巴结核临床诊断中的应用价值。方法对100例淋巴结病变患者穿刺物标本应用细针穿刺细胞学和涂片抗酸染色法检测,对2种检测方法的结果进行比较分析。结果 100例淋巴结核细胞学分型不同时期,抗酸染色阳性例数不同,其中结核结节期44例中抗酸染色阳性2例;干酪样坏死期38例中抗酸染色阳性36例,其他各期抗酸染色阳性几乎为0。结论细针穿刺细胞学诊断淋巴结核不同时期抗酸染色阳性率不同,其中干酪样坏死期抗酸染色阳性率最高,细针穿刺细胞学和抗酸染色相结合在临床上有重要的应用价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.