ICU患者压疮发生的危险因素分析

目的 分析重症医学科(ICU)患者压疮发生的相关危险因素,探讨预防压疮的护理.方法 回顾分析ICU患者发生压疮组(42例)和无发生压疮组(183例),对比2组各项临床特点,并应用logistic回归分析筛选压疮发生的危险因素.结果 压疮组卧床＞14 d、肠外营养支持、低蛋白血症、吸烟史、发热、糖尿病发生率显著高于对照组;压疮危险因素的logistic回归分析中,卧床＞14 d、低蛋白血症、吸烟史、发热和糖尿病纳入方程.结论 ICU患者压疮的发生与卧床＞14 d、低蛋白血症、吸烟史、发热、糖尿病这些因素有较密切的关系.     

ICU病人压疮危险因素及其评估工具

ICU病人是压疮的高发人群，同时存在多种危险因素，且彼此相互影响。在压疮危险因素评估方面，国外的研究较多，但目前没有一个量表被严谨的科学研究证明在ICU内应用有较高的效度和信度。国内医护人员对压疮的评估和预防还处于经验性的决策阶段。     

ICU病人压疮危险因素及其评估工具

ICU病人是压疮的高发人群,同时存在多种危险因素,且彼此相互影响.在压疮危险因素评估方面,国外的研究较多,但目前没有一个量表被严谨的科学研究证明在ICU内应用有较高的效度和信度.国内医护人员对压疮的评估和预防还处于经验性的决策阶段.     

神经外科患者发生压疮的危险因素分析

目的 分析神经外科患者发生压疮的危险因素,为制定预防压疮有效措施提供依据.方法 收集神经外科有压疮发生危险的129例患者的一般资料及相关指标进行多元逐步Logistic同归分析,找出压疮发生的危险因素.结果 意识水平、活动能力、Braden得分是压疮发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05).结论 神经外科压疮预防应该更加关注意识、活动能力方面的评估,根据Braden量表评估结果进行有针对性的预防.     

肝移植患者急性压疮发生的危险因素分析

目的 分析肝移植手术后患者发生急性压疮的危险因素,寻找护理切入点.方法 收集2005年1月-2013年9月95例肝移植患者的基本资料,记录术前、术中、术后可能与压疮发生有关的指标,对肝移植患者压疮危险因素进行分析,并评价医护因素对肝移植患者急性压疮发生情况的影响.结果 30例患者于手术当天至术后3d出现皮肤异常,其中手术当天出现皮肤异常患者14例（46.67％）,术后1～3 d分别为9例（30.00％）,5例（16.67％）,2例（6.66％）.30例压疮患者中,发生于骶尾部19例（63.33％）、足跟部9例（30.00％）.不同Braden评分、血清总蛋白、手术时间、失血量、首次下床时间及遵医行为患者压疮发生率差异有统计学意义（x2 /Z值分别为6.338,7.787,4.005,12.960,4.163,6.257;P＜0.05）.医护人员对压疮缺乏认知引起者最多为12例（40.00％）,其次为观察评估频次较少引起者7例（23.33％）.结论 肝移植患者发生急性压疮与Braden评分、血清总蛋白、手术时间、失血量、首次下床时间及遵医行为密切相关,针对上述高危因素制定护理措施,可以降低术后压疮的发生危险.     

外科术后患者发生压疮的危险因素分析

目的 分析外科术后患者发生压疮的危险因素,探讨有效的预防措施。方法对211例择期手术患者的一般资料,术前、术中和术后相关指标进行非条件Logistic回归分析。结果年龄、术前血红蛋白、淋巴细胞总数和术后首次下地时间是外科术后患者发生压疮的危险因素,OR值分别为0．950、0．952、0．288、1．021。结论术前的营养状况与术后压疮的发生密切相关,术前应对患者的营养状况进行全面评估,并进行有针对性的干预;术后在病情允许的前提下应鼓励患者尽早下地活动。     

手术患者发生压疮的术中危险因素分析

目的 分析影响手术患者发生压疮的术中危险因素,探讨术中预防压疮的有效措施.方法 对211例择期手术患者的8项术中相关指标进行分析.结果 Logistic回归分析结果与x2检验一致,术中最低SaO2正常组和低于95%组间、术中低血压时间与手术时间比不同组间2项指标的压疮发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),OR值分别为12.908、5.524.结论 术中低血压时间较长等可能引起组织灌注不足的患者是手术室护士与病房护士重点交接班的对象,防止术后压疮的发生.     

脑卒中患者压疮发生危险因素研究

目的探讨脑卒中患者压疮发生的危险因素,为压疮的治疗和护理提供依据。方法将203例脑卒中患者依据是否发生压疮分为压疮组（45例）和对照组（158例）,采用单因素和多因素分析探讨压疮发生的危险因素。结果脑卒中患者压疮发生的危险因素包括营养不良、感觉功能障碍、潮湿环境、压力、摩擦力、剪切力。结论压疮的发生受多方面因素影响,需通过制订护理制度、加强皮肤护理和营养支持、进行冷敷和药物预防以及健康教育指导等措施加以预防及管理。     

脊髓损伤病人发生压疮的危险因素

压疮是脊髓损伤病人最常见的并发症，８５％的ＳＣＩ病人在其生命岁月中将发生至少一处压疮，且在发生一处压疮的病人中，７０％将发生多处压疮。压疮导致的感染骨髓炎等并发症，是７％－８％ＳＣＩ病人的直接死亡原因，现就其危险因素作一综述。     

卧床老年患者压疮发生危险因素量化评估

探讨有效、适合老年病人压疮护理及治疗的新概念、新方法，以适应社会发展与需求。对98例老年病人采用诺顿评分来预测压疮发生的可能性。对于诺顿评分小于14分的患，被认为是压疮发生的高危人群，分数越低发生压疮的危险性越高。通过对卧床老年病人压疮发生危险因素量化评估，可使护士在预防压疮护理中做到心中有数，早预防、早发现、早治疗、早康复。提高老年病人的生存质量。     

Cigarette smoking and risk of pressure ulcer in adult intensive care unit patients

The objective of this study was to assess relationship between smoking, some other risk factors and ulcers development in intensive care unit. This prospective cohort study was performed in two university‐affiliated hospitals. The sample consisted of adult male patients who were admitted to medical–surgical intensive care units. All eligible patients were grouped according to their cigarette smoking status as smoker and non‐smoker. The final sample included 160 smokers and 192 non‐smokers. Pressure ulcer occurred in 62 smoker patients and 28 of non‐smoker who showed significant difference. Also number of pack‐year of cigarettes smoking showed significant association with ulcer development. Ulcer stage was significantly different between the two groups. Besides of smoking, age, length of stay, faecal incontinency, diabetes mellitus, anaemia and trauma were significantly associated with pressure ulcers. Our study showed significant association between smoking and development of pressure ulcers.     

Risk factors and prevention among patients with hospital-acquired and pre-existing pressure ulcers in an acute care hospital

Aims and objectives.  This study aimed to describe and identify risk factors associated with hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers among adults in an acute care hospital compared with patients with pre‐existing pressure ulcers present on admission. A further aim was to identify the preventive measures performed with both groups respectively. Background.  Pressure ulcers occur most often in older and immobile persons with severe acute illness and neurological deficits. However, few studies have addressed risk factors that are associated with hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers compared with patients with pre‐existing pressure ulcers. Design.  A point prevalence study with a cross‐sectional survey design was conducted at a Swedish university hospital. Method.  Data on 535 patients were recorded using a modified version of the protocol developed and tested by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, including the Braden scale for risk assessment. Results.  The prevalence of pressure ulcers was 27% (95% confidence interval, 23–31%). Higher age and a total Braden score below 17 were significantly associated with the presence of pressure ulcers. Among individual risk factors higher age, limited activity level and friction and shear while seated or lying down were associated with hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers, whereas only higher age and friction and shear were associated with the presence of pressure ulcers in the overall sample. There was an overall sparse use of preventive measures to relieve pressure. Conclusion.  The findings of the present study revealed that pressure ulcers and the insufficient use of preventive measure to relieve pressure is still a problem in acute care settings. A continued focus must be placed on staff training in identifying patients at risk for pressure ulcers development. Relevance to clinical practice.  Increasing the ability to identify patients who are at risk for pressure ulcer development can assist in preventing unnecessary complications and suffering as well as reduce costs.     

氧合作用和血流灌注指标对ICU患者压疮发生的预警作用

目的 了解ICU压疮发病特征及氧合作用和血流灌注指标与压疮发生的相关性,为临床预防压疮提供依据.方法 采用自行设计问卷,通过皮肤检查和查阅病历,收集ICU患者的压疮发病情况及氧合作用和血流灌注指标等资料,将226例分为压疮组52例(为医院获得性压疮),非压疮组174例,并用SPSS15.0对各因素进行统计分析.结果 两组在年龄、动脉血酸碱度、动脉二氧化碳分压、收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压及Braden评分等方面的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);经多因素非条件Logistic回归分析,平均动脉压和Braden评分增加为ICU压疮的保护因素,呼吸系统疾病、外伤和其他类型疾病是ICU压疮的危险因素.结论 ICU患者是压疮的危险人群,平均动脉压和Braden评分高者发生压疮的危险较小,呼吸系统疾病、外伤和其他类型疾病的患者发生压疮的危险较大,年龄可能是压疮的间接危险因素.建议临床医护人员加强对ICU患者的血流动力学和动脉血气分析指标的监测,从中获取压疮预警信息,采取适当的预防措施,以降低压疮的发生率.     

智能化辅助NICU发育支持护理的实施

目的 探讨利用信息手段减少对患儿不良刺激及促进发育支持护理规范化执行的效果。方法 在移动护理终端增加医护人员刺激行为的监控提示及为护理人员按发育支持护理进行评估干预提供辅助决策的功能。对我院NICU出生胎龄<32周,体重<1500g的早产儿共73例进行随机分组,观察组37例借助信息系统进行干预,对照组36例行常规照护使用纸质的发育支持护理表格进行干预,比较两组患儿的操作刺激频次、开始经口喂养时间、完全经口喂养时间、每日体重增长情况、行为神经测定（neonatal behavioral neurological assessment,NBNA）,全身运动评估(general movements,GMs)。结果 观察组的日平均干扰频次明显低于对照组（P<0.05）; 纠正胎龄40周NBNA评分干预组高于对照组（P<0.05）,两组全GMs异常发生率无统计学意义（P>0.05）;干预组开始经口喂养时的纠正胎龄和完全经口喂养时的纠正胎龄均小于对照组（P<0.05）;干预组的平均住院天数低于对照组、体重增长速度明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。　结论 发育支持护理的智能化手段应用,可降低护理对患儿不良刺激的干扰频次,缩短住院时间、促进体重增长,改善早产儿预后。     

新生儿重症监护病房多重耐药菌感染的特征和危险因素分析

目的分析新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染的分布特征,并探讨NICU发生MDRO感染的危险因素,为减少MDRO感染提供临床依据。方法回顾性分析MDRO感染的患儿病历资料。根据《MDR、XDR、PDR多重耐药菌暂行标准定义——国际专家建议》,从NICU选出MDRO感染的151例患儿220株细菌,并以同期该病区非MDRO感染的272例患儿为对照。分析MDRO的分布情况,运用单因素及多因素logistic回归分析MDRO感染相关的影响因素。结果不同年份中,NICU检出的最为常见MDRO为大肠埃希菌、其次为葡萄球菌属。产前母亲使用抗生素、PICC置管、腰椎穿刺、低蛋白血症及淋巴细胞比值是NICU发生MDRO感染的影响因素(P均<0.05)。其中母亲产前1周内使用抗生素者相对于母亲产前1周内没有使用抗生素者感染MDRO的风险增加(OR=2.268,95%CI 1.095～4.700),有低蛋白血症者相对于无低蛋白血症者感染MDRO的风险增加(OR=4.999,95%CI 2.849～8.700),行腰椎穿刺者相对于没有行腰椎穿刺者感染MDRO的风险降低(OR=0.36...     

神经外科ICU病人术前访视的方法及效果评价

目的　评价神经外科ICU术前访视的效果 ,证实其有效性并总结其方法。方法　随机分组 ,收集记录访视组和对照组的相关资料后进行统计学分析。结果　访视组病人对术后采取物理约束、禁食水、保留导尿、谢绝家属探视等护理措施的合作率为 94 .5 % ,对照组是 38.5 % ,在物理约束、禁食水和谢绝家属探视 3个方面差异尤其显著 ;访视组病人中使用镇静剂的有3例 ,占 3.8% ;对照组中则有 19例 ,占 2 3.8%。结论　神经外科ICU术前访视可以有效提高病人及家属与医护人员的合作 ,证明了心理护理在护理工作中的重要性 ,更细致的工作会使护理更加人性化 ,更富有人文关怀的人道主义精神。     

ICU护理评分系统在护理人力资源配置中的应用及效果评价

目的探讨重症监护护理评分系统(ICNSS)在ICU护理资源配置中的应用价值。方法组织护理专家对ICNSS评分量表进行翻译,并结合中国实际情况不断修订和完善。将105例ICU患者随机分为观察组(55例)和对照组(50例)。观察组:应用ICNSS计算ICU护理工作量并进行人力资源的配置;对照组:实行平均分床法,每名护士平均分管一定数量患者的护理工作。比较两组在ICU住院时间、医疗费用、在ICU期间并发症的发生率、护理质控评分,以及护士对护理资源配置的满意度。结果观察组在ICU住院时间、医疗费用、在ICU期间并发症的发生率均显著低于对照组(P=0.032,P=0.024,P=0.006);而护理质控评分和护士对护理资源配置的满意度明显高于对照组(P=0.045,P=0.004)。结论应用ICNSS评估ICU护理工作量并配置护理资源,可提高护理质量及护士的满意度。     

监护病房高钠血症发生的危险因素和防治

目的：探讨监护病房高钠血症发生的可能危险因素及防治措施。方法：回顾分析43例患者的临床及辅助检查资料。结果：监护病房内神经系统疾病患者发生高钠血症的比例约为27．1％，住院时间越长发生高血钠的比较越高，其发生主要与临床高渗脱水剂的应用，意识障碍，中枢病变部位及伴发的高热，高血糖有关。结论：高钠血症是监护室常见并发症，应重视并对各种危险因素加以预防。     

Anxiety and depression in intensive care patients six months after admission to an intensive care unit: A cohort study

ObjectivesTo measure the prevalence of anxiety and depression in intensive care patients six months after admission to an intensive care unit and to investigate which variables are associated with anxiety and depression at six months.Research methodologyIn this cohort study, patient-reported outcome measures were collected as soon as possible upon admission and at six months. Two logistic regression models were performed to examine variables associated with reporting anxiety and depression above ≥8 at six months.SettingPatients were recruited from six intensive care units in two Norwegian hospitals between 2018 and 2020.Main outcome measuresThe Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.ResultsA total of 145 patients was included in the study. The patients reported a prevalence of 18.6% (n = 27) and 12.4% (n = 18) of anxiety and depression, respectively. Higher baseline anxiety scores were associated with both higher odds of reporting anxiety and depression above ≥8. Younger age was associated with higher odds of reporting anxiety, and being female was associated with lower odds of reporting depression.ConclusionSeveral intensive care survivors reported having symptoms of anxiety and depression six months after admission to the intensive care unit. Younger age, and higher anxiety scores at baseline were variables associated with higher odds of reporting symptoms of either anxiety or depression, while being female was associated with a lower odds of reporting depression.Implications for clinical practiceScreening patients for anxiety and depression may help to identify vulnerable patients. Structured follow-ups with intensive care nurses in an outpatient setting may be useful to help patients to work through some of the experiences from the intensive care unit.