MHC antigen expression in human oral squamous carcinoma cell lines.

This study quantified the constitutive and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) stimulated expression of MHC class I (HLA-ABC and beta 2 microglobulin) and class II antigens (HLA-DR, -DP, -DQ) on normal and malignant oral keratinocytes using radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemical techniques. Normal keratinocytes and three of four malignant cell lines (H103, H157, H314) expressed MHC class I antigens constitutively; IFN-gamma increased MHC class I expression with significant changes in normals, H157 and H314. Normal keratinocytes expressed significantly more constitutive MHC class I antigens than H103 and H157 and significantly more IFN-gamma stimulated MHC class I antigens than H103, H157 and H314. MHC class II antigens predominantly were not expressed constitutively on normals, H103 and H157 but, in H314, HLA-DR, -DP and -DQ antigens were demonstrated on 35, 11 and 5 per cent of cells, respectively, and resulted in a non-coordinated pattern of expression (HLA-DR greater than -DP = -DQ). IFN-gamma induced HLA-DR on normals, H103 and H157, whilst HLA-DP and -DQ remained undetectable. In H314, IFN-gamma enhanced HLA-DR, -DP and -DQ (significant increase of HLA-DQ) but the interrelationship between these antigens was maintained (HLA-DR greater than -DP = -DQ). Normal keratinocytes expressed significantly more IFN-gamma stimulated HLA-DR than H103 and H157 but significantly less HLA-DR than H314 under similar experimental conditions. One oral malignant cell line (H191) did not express MHC class I and MHC class II antigens either constitutively or in response to IFN-gamma. The results demonstrate aberrant patterns of MHC expression (absence, enhanced, diminished) in the different malignant oral keratinocyte cell lines.     

Histological expression of angiogenic factors: VEGF, PDGFRalpha, and HIF-1alpha in Hodgkin lymphoma

Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for solid tumor growth, but there is relatively limited data regarding Hodgkin lymphoma. The purpose of this study was to examine the immunohistochemical expression of angiogenic and proliferation markers in Hodgkin biopsies in relation to clinical parameters. Immunostaining was performed on 65 Hodgkin biopsies with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha), platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha), Ki-67, and p53. Microvessel density (MVD) was determined by CD31 staining. In all cases, neoplastic cells and reactive background cells were evaluated. The neoplastic population expressed VEGF in 48% of the cases, HIF-1alpha in 54% of the cases, and PDGFRalpha in 95% of the cases. Both Ki-67 and p53 were positive in neoplastic cells in over 60% of the cases. The MVD had a median of 2.6/0.0625mm(2) which was not different from normal lymph nodes. VEGF in the non-neoplastic compartment showed increased staining in Ann Arbor stage I-II versus III-IV. In conclusion, VEGF, HIF-1alpha, and predominantly PDGFRalpha are expressed in neoplastic cells in the majority of Hodgkin lymphomas. As microvessel formation is not increased in Hodgkin, additional functions of these angiogenic molecules should be investigated.     

非小细胞肺癌中Notch1、HIF-1、VEGF蛋白及Notch1 mRNA的表达及意义

目的 探讨Notch1、HIF-1、VEGF蛋白及Notch1 mRNA在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)组织的表达及其临床病理学意义.方法 采用免疫组化SP法和原位杂交法分别检测65例NSCLC组织、15例正常支气管上皮组织中Notch1、HIF-1、VEGF蛋白及Notch1 mRNA的表达.结果 Notch1、HIF-1、VEGF蛋白及Notch1 mRNA在非小细胞肺癌中阳性表达率分别为81.5%(53/65)、96.9%(63/65)、93.8%(61/65)、73.8%(48/65),均明显高于正常支气管上皮组织阳性表达率(P<0.05);NSCLC中Notch1、HIF-1、VEGF蛋白及Notch1 mRNA的表达均与临床分期、淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05);Notch1、HIF-1与VEGF蛋白间均正相关;Notch1蛋白与Notch1 mRNA的表达呈正相关.结论Notch1、HIF-1、VEGF蛋白及Notch1 mRNA在NSCLC中均表达上调,提示在肺癌的发生、发展中可能起重要作用;检测NSCLC组织Notch1蛋白及mRNA可作为判断肿瘤侵袭与转移的重要指标.     

ANO1在口腔鳞癌中的表达及临床分析

 目的 探讨ANO1基因及蛋白在口腔鳞癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法 应用免疫组化SP法及Northern blot检测81例口腔鳞癌组织及相应正常组织的ANO1基因及蛋白的表达进行检测,并结合临床病理资料和基因蛋白表达特征对比作差异显著性检验及相关分析。利用western blot检测ANO1在多株鳞癌细胞株的表达。结果 ANO1在口腔鳞癌组织中的阳性表达明显高于正常组织,有显著性差异( P <0.05);有淋巴结转移的口腔鳞癌组织ANO1阳性表达高于无转移的口腔鳞癌组织。有显著性差异( P <0.05);随着口腔鳞癌临床分期的升高,ANO1的阳性表达率升高(P＜0.05);而ANO1的阳性表达率与病理分级,年龄和性别暂无关(P＞0.05)。Hep-2的内源性ANO1表达最低, 而SCC-25细胞株的内源性ANO1表达最高。 结论 ANO1可能在口腔鳞癌的发生和进展过程中起到重要作用。     

Myoglobin expression in renal cell carcinoma is regulated by hypoxia

Myoglobin is a member of the hemoprotein superfamily, which additionally includes hemoglobin, neuroglobin and cytoglobin. Cytoplasmic localized myoglobin functions as a radical scavenger and prevents hypoxia. Besides muscle tissue MB expression could also be observed in other tissues as well as in different types of cancer.     

The behaviour of human oral squamous cell carcinoma in cell culture.

This study examined the initial behaviour of 48 human oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in cell culture. The early outcome of these cultures (contamination, absence of cell growth, epithelial cell senescence/fibroblast overgrowth, extended keratinocyte growth) did not reflect the clinical characteristics of the tumours of origin. Four new human oral SCC cell lines were characterized more extensively. Each cell line was immortal, 3T3-independent, and expressed low degrees of anchorage independence (CFE less than 4 per cent). Two of the four cell lines were tumorigenic in athymic mice. All of the cell lines expressed keratin intermediate filaments and two showed weak co-expression of vimentin. A wide range of keratins were expressed by the tumour xenografts; cornified keratins (K1, K10) were only expressed in the absence of K19 and vimentin, and vice versa. The nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio and the degree of serum independence correlated with each other and with the STNMP clinical grading of the tumours of origin.     

Expression of HIF-1alpha, VEGF and VEGF receptors in the carotid body of chronically hypoxic rat

We examined the protein expression and localization of HIF-1alpha, VEGF, VEGF receptors in the carotid body (CB) of rats breathing 10% inspired oxygen for up to 4 weeks. The immunoreactivity (IR) of HIF-1alpha was distributed numerously in the nuclei of glomus (type-I) and other cells since hypoxia for 1 day, but was faint and scattered in the normoxic CBs. Cytoplasmic staining of the VEGF was intense in glomus cells of the hypoxic but not the normoxic group. The IR levels of HIF-1alpha and VEGF reached plateau at 4 weeks, and the IRs of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 were strongly positive in the hypoxic group. Yet, the expression of VEGFR-1-IR was mild, whereas the VEGFR-2-IR was intense in normoxic CBs, suggesting an upregulation of VEGFR-1 but not VEGFR-2 in hypoxia. Hence, HIF-1 may activate the expression of VEGF and VEGFR-1 in the CB and the expression of VEGF in the chemoreceptors may play a paracrine role in the vascular remodeling during chronic hypoxia.     

Hypoxia-specific stabilization of HIF-1alpha by human papillomaviruses

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of cervical cancer and have been shown to increase expression of pro-angiogenic factors from infected cells. Many angiogenic factors are regulated by hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). We investigated whether HPV31 affects the levels of HIF-1α under normal and hypoxic conditions. Our studies indicate that cells containing complete HPV31 genomes showed enhanced levels of HIF-1α upon treatment with the hypoxia mimic DFO, which resulted from protein stabilization and led to increased expression of some but not all HIF-1α target genes. Both HPV E6 and E7 were able independently to enhance induction of HIF-1α upon DFO treatment. Enhancement of HIF-1α stability was not restricted to high-risk HPV types, as HPV11, a low risk HPV type, mediated a similar effect. These findings shed light on mechanisms by which HPV contributes to angiogenesis both in benign cervical lesions and in cervical cancers.     

Increased HIF-1alpha expression in tumor cells and lymphocytes of tumor microenvironments predicts unfavorable survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients

The expression of hypoxia-induced factor (HIF)-1α is up-regulated in tumor microenvironments under hypoxia condition. However, the prognostic significance of HIF-1α in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is still elusive. We measured the HIF-1α expression by immunochemistry in tumor specimens from 136 resected ESCC; in the current study, the HIF-1α expression in tumor cells was significantly associated with tumor stage (P = 0.003) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.006); whereas the HIF-1α expression in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) had no relationship with patients’ clinicopathological parameters. Patients with high HIF-1α expression in tumor cells or in TILs showed worse survival related to those with low HIF-1α expression. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that expression of HIF-1α in TILs was an independent factor for DFS (P = 0.007) and OS (P = 0.013). Additionally, the expression of HIF-1α in tumor cells was an independent factor for DFS (P = 0.037) and OS (P = 0.033) in locoregional ESCC patients, whereas the expression of HIF-1α in TILs was an independent factor for DFS (P = 0.048) and OS (P = 0.039) in metastatic ESCC patients. Correlation analysis revealed that expressions of HIF-1α in tumor cells and in TILs were positively correlated, and patients with combined high HIF-1α in both tumor cells and TILs had the worst survivals (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the HIF-1α expressions in different cell populations of ESCC microenvironments have different clinical relevance and prognostic impact on patients.     

AG490对HEL细胞VEGF和HIF-1α表达的影响

 目的: 探讨JAK2抑制剂AG490对人红白血病(HEL)细胞迁移及对VEGF和HIF-1α表达的影响。方法: 用不同浓度的AG490处理HEL细胞,CCK-8法检测细胞活力,Hoechst 33342荧光染色检测细胞凋亡,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡及周期,Transwell小室检测细胞迁移能力,RT-PCR检测JAK2的mRNA水平,Western blot检测p-JAK2、VEGF和HIF-1α的蛋白水平。结果: AG490能够抑制HEL细胞的活力,不同浓度(20、40、60、80和100 μmol/L)AG490作用HEL细胞48 h后,细胞活力分别为88%、75%、48%、10%和0.12%(P<0.05);Hoechst 33342凋亡细胞染色显示80 μmol/L AG490处理细胞48 h后,亮蓝色凋亡细胞较对照组明显增多(P<0.05);流式结果显示80 μmol/L AG490作用细胞48 h后,凋亡率上升;细胞迁移实验结果显示20 μmol/L AG490处理细胞24 h后漏出细胞明显低于对照组(P<0.05);RT-PCR结果显示不同浓度AG490处理HEL细胞48 h后JAK2 mRNA呈剂量依赖性减低;Western blot结果显示实验组细胞的p-JAK2、VEGF和HIF-1α蛋白水平较对照组明显减低(P<0.05)。结论: AG490可通过抑制JAK2信号通路,抑制HEL细胞血管新生因子VEGF和HIF-1α的表达。     

口腔鳞状细胞癌组织中HPV感染及EGFR、Sox2蛋白表达与肿瘤预后的相关性

目的探讨口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC)组织中人乳头状瘤病毒(human papiloma virus,HPV)感染及EGFR、Sox2表达与肿瘤复发的关系。方法收集OSCC组织标本85例,分别采用PCR-DNA反向点杂交及免疫组化SP法检测蜡块组织中HPV感染及EGFR、Sox2表达,收集患者病理资料并进行随访。结果 HPV在OSCC组织中的检出率为29.4%(25/85),阳性患者以非吸烟者居多,高于阴性患者(P0.001)。HPV感染与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、临床分期、分级及淋巴结转移无明显相关性(P0.05);EGFR、Sox2的阳性率分别为69.4%(59/85)、71.8%(61/85);EGFR表达与肿瘤分化程度有关(P0.001);Sox2表达与肿瘤分化程度及TNM分期有关(P0.001、P0.009)。随访2年以上的OSCC患者中17例出现复发(复发组),HPV阳性患者治疗后复发率为5.9%(1/17),低于HPV阴性患者(P=0.037);EGFR、Sox2蛋白在复发组和未复发组中阳性率分别为88.2%、94.1%及64.7%、66.2%;Sox2蛋白在复发组中的阳性率明显高于未复发组(P=0.047)。结论 OSCC中存在一定比例的HPV感染及EGFR、Sox2表达;HPV阳性患者复发率低于阴性患者;EGFR表达与肿瘤分级有关;Sox2表达与肿瘤分级、TNM分期及复发相关。HPV阴性、EGFR及Sox2阳性患者治疗后应定期随诊。     

KiSS‐1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic significance

Downregulated expression of KiSS‐1 has been correlated with tumor progression, metastasis, and patient prognosis in various human malignancies. However, there is no information regarding the expression of KiSS‐1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Our aims were to examine KiSS‐1 expression in OSCC tissue samples and cell lines and to determine its prognostic significance. KiSS‐1 expression was significantly lower in lymph node (LN) metastases than in primary tumor tissues. Five of six OSCC cell lines showed absence or relatively low expression of KiSS‐1. Correlations between KiSS‐1 expression and clinicopathological parameters were statistically assessed. There were significant correlations between KiSS‐1 expression and LN metastasis (p = 0.007), TNM stage (p = 0.024), and local recurrence (p = 0.012). In the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, negative KiSS‐1 expression significantly correlated with poorer overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) (p = 0.000 and 0.000, respectively). Multivariate analysis using Cox regression modeling revealed that KiSS‐1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS (p = 0.001 and 0.000, respectively). Our findings suggested that KiSS‐1 downregulation may play a role in tumor progression and metastasis of OSCC and may be a reliable biomarker for predicting clinical outcome in OSCC.     

缺氧诱导因子-1α参与缺氧条件下小胶质细胞的自噬和凋亡

目的:探讨缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha,HIF-1α)在缺氧诱导小胶质细胞自噬和凋亡中的作用。方法:体外培养大鼠小胶质细胞,缺氧处理后利用Iba1免疫组织化学法标记小胶质细胞;用RT-PCR检测缺氧后HIF-1αm RNA的表达;Western Blot检测HIF-1α和自噬标记物LC3的蛋白表达;TUNEL染色法检测细胞凋亡。针对大鼠HIF-1α基因序列构建特异的si RNA并转染小胶质细胞,检测缺氧后LC3表达与细胞凋亡的改变。结果:与对照组相比,缺氧后Iba1表达明显增强、HIF-1α和自噬标记物LC3-II表达上升(P0.05)、衡量细胞自噬水平的LC-II/LC3-I比值增高(P0.05),TUNEL+细胞百分数(35.6±5.9%)较对照组(6.8±1.2%)比较显著增加(P0.05);沉默HIF-1α表达后,LC3-II蛋白和LC-II/LC3-I比值均降低(P0.05)、TUNEL+细胞百分数(23.0±0.8%)较对照组(40.1±4.5%)比较亦显著减少(P0.05)。结论:HIF-1α参与缺氧条件下小胶质细胞的自噬和凋亡。     

CD34 microvessel density and VEGF expression in basal and squamous cell carcinoma

Angiogenesis is a central process in the growth of solid tumors. The purpose of our study was to analyze the angiogenic pattern in squamous and basal cell carcinomas and to point out differences in microvessel density that could explain their different biological behaviour. Thirty-nine skin tumors (26 basal and 13 squamous cell carcinomas) were analyzed. In all samples, the microvessels density (MVD) and the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA (VEGFmRNA) were analyzed, together with the inter-relationship between these two variables. Using the median value of the entire series (33 vessels per 2.22 mm2), tumors with low and high MVD were identified. The majority of cancers with high vascularization belonged to the squamous histotype (12 of 39), while 19 of the 26 basal cell carcinomas showed a lower number of microvessels than the median value (p = 0.0001). The median value of VEGFcDNA quantitation allowed us to distinguish tumors with high VEGF expression (> 470 molecules cDNA) from those with low (< or = 470 molecules) VEGF expression: 20 of the 26 basal cell carcinomas showed low VEGF expression, while 11 of the 13 squamous cell carcinomas showed high VEGFcDNA levels (p = 0.0003). Moreover, a significant association between a high microvessel density and high VEGFmRNA levels (p = 0.006) was found. Furthermore, when studying VEGF expression by immunohistochemistry, we obtained similar results and noted a correlation with VEGFmRNA expression (p < 0.0001). The association between high vascularization, high VEGF levels, and squamous cell histotype suggests the possible role of neoangiogenesis in determining the more aggressive biological behaviour of this type of cancer.     

Cumulative expression of HIF-1-alpha, Bax, Bcl-xL and P53 in human colorectal cancer

Aims and methods: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) which contains oxygen regulated HIF-1alpha subunit maintains cytoprotective defence against hypoxic injury by induction of numerous genes. However, apoptotic regulators such as Bcl-xL, Bax and P53 have not been associated with HIF-1 dependent regulation in immunohistochemical evaluation of human colorectal cancer tumours so far. Thus, we visualised these proteins immunohistochemically and using Spearman's test compared for the first time their expression in regard to different clinicopathological traits in 123 (113 for P53 evaluation) human colorectal cancers. Results: HIF-1alpha correlated with Bcl-xL or Bax in all patients and particularly in node negative and node positive cancers, deeper intramural tumours (pT3+pT4) and adenocarcinomas. There was no significance in a small group of tumours with lesser extent through intestinal walls (pT1+pT2). In addition HIF-1alpha associated with Bcl-xL in mucinous cancers. Moreover, HIF-1alpha correlated with Bcl-xL or Bax in moderately (G2) and poorly differentiated (G3) cancers, rectal and colonic tumours and in different sex and age groups. P53 correlated only with Bax exclusively in younger patients. Conclusions: HIF-1alpha may influence expression of Bax or Bcl-xL, at least indirectly, as correlations between HIF-1alpha and Bax or Bcl-xL occur constantly.     

siRNA敲减缺氧诱导因子1α表达对口腔鳞癌细胞活力及癌胚抗原相关细胞黏附分子1表达的影响

目的:探究缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)与口腔鳞癌细胞活力和凋亡的关系以及作用机制。方法:采用RT-PCR和Western blot检测口腔鳞癌细胞系Tca8113和CAL27以及正常口腔上皮细胞NOK中HIF-1α和癌胚抗原相关细胞黏附分子1(CEACAM1)的mRNA和蛋白表达量; RNA干扰技术沉默口腔鳞癌CAL27细胞中HIF-1α的表达,实验分为空白对照组、无义对照组和siRNA-HIF1-α组,MTT实验检测敲减HIF-1α表达对细胞活力的影响,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率的变化,Western blot检测HIF-1α、P21、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白水平。结果:HIF-1α和CEACAM1在口腔鳞癌细胞中的表达量显著高于正常口腔细胞(P 0. 05),且二者表达量呈正相关; HIF-1α和CEACAM1在CAL27细胞中的表达量显著高于Tca8113细胞(P 0. 05)。siRNA-HIF-1α组细胞中的HIF-1α蛋白表达量显著低于空白对照组(P 0. 05)。敲减HIF-1α表达显著抑制CAL27细胞的活力(P 0. 05),促进其凋亡(P 0. 05),显著增加P21和Bax的蛋白水平(P 0. 05),明显降低VEGF和Bcl-2的蛋白水平(P 0. 05)。结论:HIF-1α在口腔鳞癌中高表达,干扰HIF-1α的表达可显著抑制细胞的活力,促进其凋亡。这可能是通过调控HIF-1α下游靶基因的表达以及肿瘤血管的生成来发挥作用的。     

HER-2、HIF-1a、GLUT-1及VEGF表达在乳腺浸润性导管癌淋巴结转移中作用

目的 研究人表皮生长因子2(HER-2)与乏氧诱导因子1a(HIF-1a)、葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT-1)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中的表达,探讨它们在乳腺浸润性导管癌淋巴结转移中的作用.方法 应用免疫组化SP法检测80例乳腺浸润性导管癌(腋淋巴结转移者36例、无腋淋巴结转移者44例)的HER-2、HIF-1a、GLUT-1及VEGF的表达情况,统计分析HER-2、HIF-1a、GLUT-1及VEGF与乳腺浸润性导管癌淋巴结转移的作用及其相关性.结果 HER-2、HIF-1a、GLUT-1及VEGF在乳腺浸润性导管癌腋淋巴结转移组比无腋淋巴结转移组明显高表达(P<0.05);HER-2与HIF-1a的表达呈正相关(r=0.411,P=0.000);HIF-1a与GLUT-1的表达呈正相关(r=0.389,P=0.000);HIF-1a与VEGF的表达呈正相关(r=0.425,P=0.000).结论 HER-2、HIF-1a、GLUT-1及VEGF在乳腺浸润性导管癌淋巴结转移中发挥重要作用,HER-2可能通过HIF-1a对GLUT-1、VEGF进行调控.