缺氧诱导因子-1α在结直肠腺癌中的表达及意义

目的　观察低氧培养条件下人结肠腺癌SW4 80细胞及人结直肠腺癌组织中缺氧诱导因子 1α(HIF 1α)mRNA、蛋白表达 ,探讨HIF 1α在结直肠腺癌中的表达及在肿瘤血管形成中的作用。方法　免疫组织化学链霉素抗生物素蛋白 过氧化物酶法 (SP法 )检测SW4 80细胞及结直肠腺瘤、腺癌组织中HIF 1α、血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)蛋白表达 ;采用CD34标记血管内皮细胞计数微血管密度 (MVD)。用蛋白印迹法检测SW4 80细胞HIF 1α蛋白表达 ;原位杂交检测HIF 1αmRNA。结果　RT PCR结果显示 :低氧组SW4 80细胞HIF 1αmRNA表达显著升高 ,为常氧组的 2 33倍。低氧 genistein组HIF 1αmRNA表达为常氧组的 5 0 7%。原位杂交结果表明 :HIF 1αmRNA表达低氧组 (0 16 2 8± 0 0 0 85 )显著高于常氧组 (0 12 0 1± 0 0 0 38)和低氧 genistein组 (0 115 4± 0 0 0 5 6 ,P <0 0 5 )。免疫细胞化学染色显示 ,低氧组细胞HIF 1α、VEGF蛋白表达水平显著高于常氧组 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 )和低氧 genistein组 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 )。蛋白印迹结果显示 :低氧组HIF 1α蛋白表达显著高于常氧组 ,为常氧组 3 5 4倍。低氧 genistein组HIF 1α蛋白约为常氧组的 5 8 9%。结直肠腺瘤和腺癌HIF 1αmRNA阳性表达率分别为 38 9% (7/     

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and VEGF upregulate CXCR4 in glioblastoma: implications for angiogenesis and glioma cell invasion

Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) play a critical role in glioblastoma multiforme (GBMs). CXCR4 is involved in angiogenesis and is upregulated by HIF-1alpha. CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor for stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)alpha, also known as CXCL12. We hypothesized that CXCR4 would be upregulated by hypoxia in GBMs. First, we investigated the expression of HIF-1alpha and CXCR4 in GBMs. CXCR4 was consistently found colocalized with HIF-1alpha expression in pseudopalisading glioma cells around areas of necrosis. In addition, angiogenic tumor vessels were strongly positive for CXCR4. Next, we tested the in vitro effect of hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the expression of CXCR4 in glioma cell lines and in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). Exposure to hypoxia induced significant expression of CXCR4 and HIF-1alpha in glioma cells, whereas treatment with exogenous VEGF increased CXCR4 expression in HBMECs. We also transfected U87MG glioma cells with an HIF-1alpha construct and observed that CXCR4 was upregulated in these cells even in normoxic conditions. We then used a lentivirus-mediated shRNA expression vector directed against HIF-1alpha. When exposed to hypoxia, infected cells failed to show HIF-1alpha and CXCR4 upregulation. We performed migration assays under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in the presence or absence of AMD3100, a CXCR4 inhibitor. There was a significant increase in the migration of U87MG and LN308 glioma cells in hypoxic conditions, which was inhibited in the presence of AMD3100. These studies demonstrate the critical role played by hypoxia and CXCR4 in glioma cell migration. Based on these studies, we suggest that hypoxia regulates CXCR4 in GBMs at two levels. First, through HIF-1alpha in the pseudopalisading tumor cells themselves and, secondly, by the VEGF-stimulated angiogenic response in HBMECs. We believe this knowledge may lead to a potentially important two-pronged therapy against GBM progression using chemotherapy targeting CXCR4.     

Hypoxia inducible factor-1 mediates effects of insulin on pancreatic cancer cells and disturbs host energy homeostasis

Intratumoral hypoxia and paracrine insulin stimulate the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in pancreatic cancer cells. In the present studies, we investigated whether insulin-induced HIF-1alpha expression is a prerequisite for insulin to induce other trophic effects in MiaPaCa2 human pancreatic cancer cells and whether inhibition of HIF-1alpha expression would decrease tumor glycolysis and improve host energy homeostasis. We found that hypoxia was a prerequisite for induction of HIF-1alpha mRNA expression by insulin in MiaPaCa2 cells. Under hypoxic conditions, insulin stimulated glycolysis, cell proliferation, and the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in regular MiaPaCa2 cells but not in a MiaPaCa2 variant (si-MiaPaCa2) that expressed specific short interfering RNA for HIF-1alpha and therefore lacked HIF-1alpha protein. This suggests that HIF-1alpha expression is required for insulin to induce other trophic effects. When si-MiaPaCa2 cells were transplanted into the pancreas of athymic mice, they were less tumorigenic and expressed less hexokinase than regular MiaPaCa2 cells. Body weight gain was attenuated in mice hosting tumors composed of regular MiaPaCa2 but not si-MiaPaCa2 cells. These results suggest that an interaction between insulin and HIF-1alpha helps sustain pancreatic cancer cells and disturbs host energy homeostasis.     

乏氧对肺癌细胞系HIF家族成员HIF-1α、HIF-2α和HIF-β表达的影响及其相关性

目的 探讨乏氧对不同类型肺癌细胞乏氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)、乏氧诱导因子-2α(HIF-2α)和乏氧诱导因子-β(HIF-β)基因表达的影响及其相关性. 方法 以0.5%低氧培养箱模拟细胞低氧环境,采用定最RT-PCR和Western blotting方法 分别检测乏氧处理4～24h人肺癌细胞系SPCA1、A549、H446、SH77、H520和95D中HIF-1α、HIF-2α和HIF-βmRNA和蛋白水平的表达. 结果 1.常氧下不同肺癌细胞系HIF-1α、HIF-2α mRNA表达水平较低,短期乏氧HIF-1α mRNA降低而HIF-2α mRNA增加,随乏氧时间延长两者mRNA表达逐渐增加.2.HIF-1α和HIF-2α蛋白在常氧下表达均较低,乏氧下两者表达增强但变化趋势不一致,HIF-1α蛋白在所有细胞中均有表达,HIF-2α蛋白仅在某些细胞有表达.3.HIF-β mRNA和蛋白在常氧或乏氧下表达无明显变化.4.相关性分析表明,乏氧下HIF-2α mRNA与蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.989,P=0.011);而HIF-1α和HIF-β mRNA与蛋白无相关性. 结论 肺癌细胞中HIF-1α、HIF-2α和HIF-β对乏氧刺激表现出不同的应答方式且具有细胞特异性,乏氧对HIF-1α和HIF-2α的调控可能分别发牛在翻译和转录水平,而对HIF-β无明显的调控作用.     

Basic FGF augments hypoxia induced HIF-1-alpha expression and VEGF release in T47D breast cancer cells

AIM: Both hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) play important roles in tumour angiogenesis. This study was designed to clarify the cooperative effect of these two mediators in induction of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) release from breast cancer and probe possible mechanisms involved. METHODS: Release of VEGF from a breast cancer cell line (T47D) was quantitated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of HIF-1 and ERK was assayed using Western blotting. Transient transfection and dual luciferase reporter assay were used to study HIF-1 transactivity. RESULTS: The data showed that hypoxia induced the expression of HIF-1alpha protein, the transactivity of HIF-1 and the release of VEGF. bFGF further augmented these hypoxic inductions. The PI3K pathway was required for these processes as demonstrated by application of PI3Kinase inhibitor (LY294002) or mutant construct transfections. In contrast, the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 showed no effect on either activation of HIF-1 or VEGF release, which is in agreement with our finding that ERK1/2 was not activated by hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, bFGF activated the MEK1/ERK pathway. PD98059 blocked the activation of ERK1/2 and suppressed bFGF-induced HIF-1 transactivity, yet the protein expression of HIF-1alpha or VEGF release was not affected by PD98059. CONCLUSION: bFGF augments hypoxia induced VEGF release mainly through the PI3K pathway and partly depending on HIF-1 activity. Elucidation of this mechanism may provide a new target for anti-angiogenesis in cancer therapy.     

Hypoxia increases VEGF-A production by prostate cancer and bone marrow stromal cells and initiates paracrine activation of bone marrow endothelial cells

Hypoxia develops at sites of rapid cancer growth near sites of poorly organized vasculature. Heparin binding growth factors (HBGFs) support neoangiogenesis of tumors. We examined the effect of culturing bone-targeted, metastatic C4-2B prostate cancer cells and bone stromal derived HS27a cells under hypoxic conditions on expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members. A sealed chamber infused with 1% (hypoxic) or 20% (normoxic) O(2) was used. Both cell lines produced VEGF-A in normoxia, but little or no HB-EGF, another HBGF. HS27a cells produced low levels of FGF-2 and HGF, but little or none was secreted by C4-2B cells. Levels of VEGF-A in conditioned medium (CM) from both cell lines doubled when cultured in hypoxia. Similar changes in VEGF-A mRNA levels were seen. Receptor expression was unchanged by hypoxia. Changes in VEGF-A expression during hypoxia were preceded by nuclear accumulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). Bone marrow endothelial (BME) cells express high levels of VEGFR2/flk-1, and are targets of VEGF-A induced neovascularization. BME cells proliferated in response to treatment with HS27a CM, but not C4-2B CM. BME cells formed tube-like angiogenic structures on growth factor reduced Matrigel in response to CM from HS27a or C4-2B cells. This response was greater when CM was produced under hypoxia, and was reduced by VEGF-A or FGF-2 neutralizing antibodies. We conclude that hypoxia triggers a physiologically relevant increase in VEGF-A by prostate cancer and bone marrow stromal cells which involves a paracrine loop that recruits and activates BME to support tumor neovascularization-related processes.     

siRNA敲减缺氧诱导因子1α表达对口腔鳞癌细胞活力及癌胚抗原相关细胞黏附分子1表达的影响

目的:探究缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)与口腔鳞癌细胞活力和凋亡的关系以及作用机制。方法:采用RT-PCR和Western blot检测口腔鳞癌细胞系Tca8113和CAL27以及正常口腔上皮细胞NOK中HIF-1α和癌胚抗原相关细胞黏附分子1(CEACAM1)的mRNA和蛋白表达量; RNA干扰技术沉默口腔鳞癌CAL27细胞中HIF-1α的表达,实验分为空白对照组、无义对照组和siRNA-HIF1-α组,MTT实验检测敲减HIF-1α表达对细胞活力的影响,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率的变化,Western blot检测HIF-1α、P21、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白水平。结果:HIF-1α和CEACAM1在口腔鳞癌细胞中的表达量显著高于正常口腔细胞(P 0. 05),且二者表达量呈正相关; HIF-1α和CEACAM1在CAL27细胞中的表达量显著高于Tca8113细胞(P 0. 05)。siRNA-HIF-1α组细胞中的HIF-1α蛋白表达量显著低于空白对照组(P 0. 05)。敲减HIF-1α表达显著抑制CAL27细胞的活力(P 0. 05),促进其凋亡(P 0. 05),显著增加P21和Bax的蛋白水平(P 0. 05),明显降低VEGF和Bcl-2的蛋白水平(P 0. 05)。结论:HIF-1α在口腔鳞癌中高表达,干扰HIF-1α的表达可显著抑制细胞的活力,促进其凋亡。这可能是通过调控HIF-1α下游靶基因的表达以及肿瘤血管的生成来发挥作用的。     

低氧诱导因子1α诱导卵巢癌细胞周期阻滞的研究

目的：探讨低氧诱导因子1α（HIF-1α）对卵巢癌细胞周期的阻滞作用。方法: 采用化学性低氧诱导剂氯化钴（CoCl2）和物理性低氧培养箱两种方法对体外培养的卵巢癌SW626细胞诱导低氧，用诱骗法（decoy）阻断HIF-1α功能，Western blotting、RT-PCR和流式细胞术分别检测HIF-1α蛋白、mRNA的表达水平和细胞周期比率。结果： B1组(3.75±1.31)和C1组(3.48±1.01) HIF-1α蛋白表达水平明显高于A1组(0.97±0.31)（P<0.05), decoy法对HIF-1α蛋白表达没有明显影响(P>0.05)；A1组（0.65±0.32）和B1组（0.64±0.34）HIF-1α mRNA表达水平明显低于C1组（1.28±0.62）（P<0.05），decoy法对HIF-1α mRNA 表达没有明显影响（P>0.05）；流式细胞术检测发现B1组（81.78±24.33）和C1组（77.62±22.76）G0/G1期细胞比率显著高于A1组（49.49±18.54）（P<0.05）；B2组（61.54±20.84）明显低于B1组（P<0.05），C2组明显低于C1组（56.03±21.42），而A1组和A2组之间无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论：CoCl2或物理性低氧均能明显诱导卵巢癌细胞SW626 G0/G1期细胞周期阻滞和HIF-1α的表达，HIF-1α在低氧引起的卵巢癌细胞SW626的细胞周期阻滞中起重要作用。     

Inducible expression of endothelial PAS domain protein-1 by hypoxia in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Role of Src family kinases-dependent pathway.

Hypoxia is a potent inducer of tumor angiogenesis, the process of which is mostly mediated by induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this study, we investigated the effect of hypoxia on the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and endothelial PAS domain protein-1 (EPAS1). These two similar but distinct basic helix-loop-helix-PAS proteins have been postulated to activate VEGF expression in response to hypoxia. We showed that EPAS1, but not HIF-1alpha, is abundantly expressed in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Exposure of cultured A549 cells to hypoxia increased EPAS1 mRNA and protein levels. A specific inhibitor for Src family kinases, PP1, abolished the hypoxia-induced expression of EPAS1. Transient transfection assays revealed that forced expression of EPAS1 increased the reporter gene activity driven by EPAS1 promoter as well as by VEGF promoter. Finally, overexpression of EPAS1 by infection of adenoviral vector expressing EPAS1 cDNA evidently induced the endogenous EPAS1 gene expression. Together, these data demonstrate Src family kinases mediate the hypoxia-mediated EPAS1 gene expression, which in turn positively autoregulates its own expression. Given an EPAS1 as a potent activator of the VEGF gene, these findings will provide a novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the enhancement of growth property of EPAS1-expressing tumor cells under the hypoxic environment.