Radical hysterectomy for early stage cervical cancer: laparoscopy versus laparotomy

Objectives:

Gynecologic oncologists have recently begun using laparoscopic techniques to treat early stage cervical cancer. We evaluated a single institution''s experience of laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and staging compared with laparotomy.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review identified stage IA2 and IB1 cervical cancer patients who underwent laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection from July 2003 to April 2009. A 2:1 cohort of patients treated with laparotomy were matched by stage.

Results:

Nine laparoscopic patients (3 stage IA2, 6 stage IB1) with 18 matched controls (6 and 12) were identified. Demographics for each group were similar. None had positive margins or lymph nodes. An average of 11.2 vs.13.9 pelvic lymph nodes (P=0.237) were removed. Average operating time was 231.7 vs. 207.2 minutes (P=0.434), and average estimated blood loss was 161.1 vs. 394.4mL (P=0.059). Average length of stay was 2.9 vs. 5.5 days (P=0.012). No transfusions or operative complications were noted in the laparoscopic group vs. 3 each in the open group (P=0.194). No laparoscopic patients and 5 open patients had a postoperative wound infection (P=0.079). No recurrences were noted.

Conclusions:

Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy is a feasible alternative to laparotomy for early stage cervical cancer. Similar surgical outcomes are achieved with significantly less morbidity.     

Robotic radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for uterine rhabdomyosarcoma

Mullerian rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare malignancy most commonly diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. RMS of the female genital tract is often difficult to diagnose. Treatment includes chemotherapy with adjuvant surgery and/or radiation therapy reserved for persistent disease. We report a case of an 18-year-old African-American female who presented with severe menometrorrhagia, and was diagnosed with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus. After vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide failed to eradicate the central tumor, she underwent a robotic radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Mullerian rhabdomyosarcoma was once managed with multimodality therapy that often included ultraradical surgery including total pelvic exenteration. Surgical procedures that were exclusively performed via large abdominal incisions can now be completed with minimally invasive techniques. Robotic surgery can be safely and successfully applied to radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy for uterine rhabdomyosarcoma Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Complications of laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy for invasive cervical cancer: experience based on 317 procedures

Background This report presents the incidence of complications and conversions during laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy performed for invasive cervical carcinoma. The data are analyzed, and strategies to help prevent future complications are discussed. Methods From July 2000 to December 2005 at the authors’ institution, 317 laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy procedures for invasive cervical carcinoma were performed. The authors reviewed the database of patients who underwent laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy to examine complications and analyze factors associated with conversion to an open surgical procedure. Results All but four surgical procedures were laparoscopically completed. Pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed for all the remaining 313 patients, 143 of whom underwent paraaortic lymphadenectomy. Major and minor intraoperative complications occurred for 4.4% (n = 14) of the patients. The overall conversion rate was 1.3% (n = 4), including 3 emergencies and 1 elective conversion. Seven patients had vessel injuries, five of which were repaired or treated laparoscopically. One left external iliac vein required laparotomy, and one patient underwent laparotomy to control bleeding sites. Operative cystotomies occurred in five patients, which were repaired laparoscopically. Two patients underwent laparotomy because of hypercapnia and ascending colon injury. Postoperative surgery complications occurred in 5.1% (n = 16) of the patients, including 5 patients with ureterovaginal fistula, 4 with vesicovaginal fistula requiring reoperation, 1 with ureterostenosis treated by placement of a double-J ureteral stent, and 6 with bladder dysfunctions (retention) that exhibited complete resolution within 3 to 6 months by intermittent training and catheterization. Conclusions Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy is becoming a routine procedure in the armamentarium of many gynecologists. Complications unique to laparoscopy do exist, but they decrease with repeated training of the procedure and gradually enriched experiences.     

腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗早期宫颈癌临床效果分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜广泛子宫切除术和盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗早期宫颈癌的临床价值。方法 2010-06—2014-06间共实施47例经腹腔镜(腹腔镜组)和42例开放(开放组)广泛子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。记录2组手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结切除数量、胃肠功能恢复时间、住院时间、手术并发症发生率等。结果 腹腔镜组术中出血量、切除的淋巴结数、胃肠功能恢复时间、术后住院时间明显优于开放组(P0.05),2组手术时间无显著差异(P0.05)。腹腔镜组平均随访(28.8±6.6)月,并发症发生率为14.9%(7/47),开放组平均随访(26.2±5.8)月,并发症发生率为14.3%(6/42),2组差异无统计学意义。结论 腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗早期宫颈癌,安全有效,具有创伤小,恢复快等优势。     

Vaginal-assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomy: rationale, technique, results

Objective:

Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (TLRH) makes it difficult to resect adequate vaginal cuff according to tumor size and to avoid tumor spread after opening the vagina. Laparoscopic-assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy (LARVH) is associated with higher risk for urologic complications.

Methods:

The vaginal-assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (VALRH) technique comprises 3 steps: (1) comprehensive laparoscopic staging, (2) creation of a tumor-adapted vaginal cuff, and (3) laparoscopic transsection of parametria. We retrospectively analyzed data of 122 patients who underwent VALRH for early stage cervical cancer (n=110) or stage II endometrial cancer (n=12) between January 2007 and December 2009 at Charité University Berlin.

Results:

All patients underwent VALRH without conversion. Mean operating time was 300 minutes, and mean blood loss was 123cc. On average, 36 lymph nodes were harvested. Intra- and postoperative complication rates were 0% and 13.1%, respectively. Resection was in sound margins in all patients. After median follow-up of 19 months, disease-free survival and overall survival for all 110 cervical cancer patients was 94% and 98%, and for the subgroup of patients (n=90) with tumors ≤pT1b1 N0 V0 L0/1 R0, 97% and 98%, respectively.

Conclusion:

VALRH is a valid alternative to abdominal radical hysterectomy and LARVH in patients with early-stage cervical cancer and endometrial cancer stage II with minimal intraoperative complications and identical oncologic outcomes.     

A comparison of robot-assisted and traditional radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer

A robotics surgery program was introduced into the division of gynecologic oncology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in June 2007. A prospective database of all patients undergoing a type III radical hysterectomy for stage IB1 cervical cancer between July 2007 and June 2008 was collected and analyzed. Demographic data and perioperative outcomes were analyzed between a traditional and robot-assisted approach. A total of 14 patients were identified who underwent a type III radical hysterectomy for stage IB1 cervical cancer. Seven patients underwent robotic surgery and seven patients underwent traditional surgery. There were no significant differences in median age or body mass index between the two groups. A significant difference in blood loss between robotic (75 cc) and traditional (700 cc) surgery was detected (P = 0.002). A significant difference in hospital stay between robotic (1 day) and traditional (5 days) surgery was observed (P = 0.0007). No significant difference in operative time (260 vs. 264 min) or lymph node yield (19 and 14) was identified between the robotic and traditional approaches. No major operative complications occurred with robotic radical hysterectomy. Robot-assisted radical hysterectomy was associated with a significant reduction in blood loss and hospital stay. Improved nodal yields, fewer operative complications, and less pain was observed with the robotic approach. Robot-assisted radical hysterectomy appears safe and feasible and further investigation is warranted in a prospective fashion.     

Impact of radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer on urodynamic findings

To elucidate the impact of radical hysterectomy upon the urodynamic findings of patients with cervical cancer, 20 patients with cervical cancer at stage IB to IIA who underwent radical hysterectomy were recruited. Each patient underwent a 20-min pad test and urodynamic study prior to and 3 months after radical hysterectomy. ANOVA, Bonferroni test and paired t -test were utilized for analysis. The mean age of the 20 patients was 50.2±8.7 years with a mean parity of 3.5±1.5. Four (20%) of the 20 cases revealed normal urodynamic findings preoperatively, and the urodynamic findings became abnormal after surgery. Comparing the urodynamic parameters of both bladder voiding and storage functions pre- and post-surgery, we found significant impairments postoperatively in all 20 cases. Our data demonstrate that abnormal urodynamic findings may pre-exist for some patients with cervical cancer prior to surgical treatment. These findings may worsen, and/or additional abnormal states may arise subsequent to radical hysterectomy.Abbreviations GSI Genuine stress incontinence - MUCP Maximal urethral closure pressure - MUP Maximal urethral pressure Editorial Comment: This paper is interesting because of the attempt at getting longitudinal urodynamic data on patients undergoing radical hysterectomy. All diagnosis and data are based on urodynamic findings. The patients serve as their own controls and only 20% were normal before surgery. Urodynamic data are useless in the absence of clinical correlation, and only provide a photographic and not cinematic view of bladder function. I believe it to be critical to include such information to evaluate the value of the information presented if it were to add to our knowledge of bladder dysfunction following radical hysterectomy. Further studies with control groups with no surgery and with regular hysterectomy would add worthwhile information regarding the true impact of radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer on the lower urinary tract function.     

腹腔镜保留盆腔神经的广泛子宫切除治疗子宫肿瘤

目的回顾性分析腹腔镜下保留盆腔自主神经的广泛子宫切除术在子宫肿瘤患者治疗中的可行性。 方法选择2013年8月至2015年6月在新乡市中心医院接受手术治疗的早期宫颈癌及Ⅱ期子宫内膜癌患者95例,其中43例患者接受腹腔镜保留盆腔神经的广泛子宫切除术 ＋ 盆腔淋巴结清扫术(A组),52例患者行经腹广泛子宫切除 ＋ 盆腔淋巴结清扫术(B组)。总结两组的手术时间、术中出血量、切除宫旁组织及阴道长度、淋巴结数量,以及术后膀胱、直肠及性功能恢复情况。 结果两组的手术时间、切除范围及淋巴结数量差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05);两组的术中出血量,以及术后膀胱、直肠及性功能评估治疗比较[(180±55)ml vs (340±75)ml, (51.2±10.3)h vs (74.9±12.8) h, (11.6±2.1) d vs (18.3±2.9) d, 19.9分 vs 23.4分],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论腹腔镜下保留盆腔神经的广泛子宫切除术在子宫肿瘤中是安全可行的,与传统术式相比更有利于膀胱直肠功能恢复,提高生命质量。     

Surgical and oncologic outcomes between laparoscopic and radical abdominal hysterectomy for IB1-IIA2 cervical cancer

ObjectiveTo compare sugrical and survival outcomes between laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (LRH) and radical abdominal hysterectomy (RAH).MethodsAll the patients with IB1-IIA2 cervical cancer who performed LRH or RAH in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center between 1/2016 and 12/2017 were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThere were no significant differences between LRH and RAH groups except deep stromal invasion (35.2% vs 54.4%, p = 0.000), operating time (232.3 ± 61.9 min vs. 106.7 ± 36.2 min, p = 0.000), blood loss (169.5 ± 96.2 ml vs. 219.6 ± 149.3 ml, p = 0.000), and lymph node counts (21.1 ± 7.1 vs. 23.2 ± 8.7 min, p = 0.012). The LRH group displayed poorer disease-free survival (DFS) (5-year rate, 79.4% vs. 90.0%; p = 0.046) and overall survival (OS) (5-year rate, 74.7% vs. 90.0%; p = 0.026) compared to the RAH group. On multivariate analysis, LRH was an independent risk factor for DFS (hazard ratio, 0.377; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.227–0.625; p = 0.000) and OS (hazard ratio, 0.434; 95% CI, 0.254–0.740; p = 0.003).ConclusionsLRH affected the survival of cervical cancer patients with tumor size >2 cm (p < 0.05). Adjuvant therapy could not improve the prognosis of laparoscopic patients (p < 0.05).     

Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancer

The surgical treatment of endometrial cancer is still a matter of debate. Two of the most controversial issues are the beneficial effect of lymphadenectomy and the feasibility of laparoscopy. The aim of the case report was to describe the feasibility of total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy in a 56-years-old Caucasian woman diagnosed with endometrial cancer. After a CO2 pneumoperitoneum was created the peritoneum was incised cranially to the para-colic fossa just above the external iliac vessels until the psoas muscle is visualized. The external iliac vessels were identified and lymph nodes from the anterior and the medial surface were removed until the iliac bifurcation and placed in an Endo-bag. The procedure continued with the identification of the hypo-gastric and the umbilical artery which were pulled medially in order to open the obturator fossa and remove the lymphatic tissue superior to the obturator nerve. The next step was the opening of the para-vesical and pararectal spaces by using blunt dissection; this maneuver was facilitated by pulling the uterine fundus towards the opposite direction with the uterine manipulator. The parametrium being isolated between the two spaces can be safely divided. At the superior limit of the parametrium the uterine artery is identified and divided at its origin. Thereafter, by placing the uterine fundus in median and posterior position, the vesicouterine peritoneal fold was opened by scissors and a bladder dissection from the low uterine segment down to the vagina was performed. Then the ureter is dissected, freed from its attachments to the parametria and de-crossed from the uterine artery down to its entry into the bladder. Next the rectovaginal space is opened and the utero-sacral ligaments divided; this allows the division of para-vaginal attachments. The vagina is sectioned and the specimen is extracted transvaginally. Then the vaginal stump was sutured by laparoscopy. Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy was not associated with an increased operative time or blood loss and appears to be a feasible alternative to conventional surgical approach in patients with endometrial carcinoma.     

腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术与开腹手术的比较

目的通过比较腹腔镜与开腹广泛子宫切除及盆腔淋巴结清扫,探讨腹腔镜技术在妇科宫颈癌根治术中的可行性及应用价值。方法将2010年6月至2012年10月,于本院就诊的128例宫颈癌患者．在自愿原则下分为腹腔镜组和开腹组,探讨手术获取阴道长度及宫旁长度、淋巴结数、手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、留置尿管时间、盆腔引流液量、体温恢复正常时间、术后住院时间、术中及术后并发症、术后随访等方面的数据差异。结果腹腔镜组与开腹组在数据差异上具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论腹腔镜广泛子宫切除及盆腔淋巴结清扫术在治疗早期宫颈癌的疗效上,与开腹手术相当,可作为早期子宫颈癌手术治疗的选择术式之一,值得推广。     

子宫颈癌腹腔镜与开腹下广泛性子宫切除及淋巴结清扫术的对比分析

目的通过对腹腔镜宫颈癌根治术与开腹宫颈癌根治术的比较,研究腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除术联合盆腔淋巴结切除术治疗子宫颈癌临床价值。方法回顾性分析腹腔镜和开腹手术治疗临床早期子宫颈癌患者的临床资料,比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、并发症以及术后恢复情况等方面的差异。结果 67例经腹腔镜和70例开腹手术,两组的手术时间、淋巴结切除数及并发症发生率无显著性差异,而腹腔镜组的术中出血量(332.7±262.9)ml,明显少于同期开腹手术者(511.2±395.5)ml。腹腔镜组术后引流量和排气时间均显著低于开腹组。结论腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除术联合盆腔淋巴结切除术治疗子宫颈癌是安全、可行的,尤其适用于早期病例的治疗,可以作为治疗子宫颈癌的手段之一。     

Stress-overflow urinary incontinence after radical hysterectomy and radiation therapy for cervical cancer

A 40-year-old woman was evaluated for urinary incontinence, loss of bladder sensation and residual urine 12 months after radical abdominal hysterectomy and external pelvic radiation therapy for stage IIb cervical cancer. The patient had no history of abnormal lower urinary tract function before treatment. The urodynamic follow-up study at 12 months showed 80 ml of residual urine, low bladder compliance (detrusor pressure of 77 cmH₂O at 200 ml filling) and an incompetent urethral closure mechanism. Cystoscopy showed a pale bladder mucosa with telangiectasia. Two years later the urodynamic findings were almost unchanged, and pudendal nerve terminal motor latency measured according to Snooks and Swash showed prolonged motor latency to the external urethral sphincter. Thus, this patient had combined stress overflow incontinence with pudendal neuropathy and fibrosis of the bladder wall.     

腹腔镜在子宫颈癌治疗中的应用--附37例分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除和盆腹腔淋巴结切除治疗子宫颈癌的可行性及价值。　方法　采用腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除和盆腔及腹主动脉周围淋巴结切除治疗 37例子宫颈癌。其中有2 5例选择性腹主动脉周围内淋巴结切除。　结果　腹腔镜下手术时间平均 182min ,术中出血平均16 8ml,切除淋巴结数平均 16个 ,术后住院平均 10 2天。术中发生膀胱损伤 1例、静脉损伤 2例 ,均于镜下修补成功 ;1例损伤大肠中转开腹 ;2例出现尿潴留。　结论　腹腔镜下施行广泛子宫切除和盆腹腔淋巴结切除术安全可行 ,且手术创伤小 ,并发症少 ,术后恢复快。