无创通气对清醒状态慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼吸动力的影响

目的 探讨无创正压通气(NIPPV)对清醒状态慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者呼吸动力的影响.方法 选择19例COPD急性加重期住院患者,治疗后病情稳定,通过食道-胃囊管法,检测气道开口压、食道压和胃内压,层流速仪测呼吸流速和容量改变.监测患者在清醒状态下自主呼吸及NIPPV时呼吸动力的变化.结果 ①对呼吸流速和肺通气的影响:吸气峰流速(PIF)、平均吸气流速(VT/Ti)、潮气量(VT)、分钟通气量(VE)在自主呼吸及NIPPV时,两组间变化差异无统计学意义.②对上气道阻力(Rua)和动态肺顺应性(CLdyn)的影响:自主呼吸时Rua(15.07±3.62)cm H2O·L-1·s-1、CLdyn(0.052±0.012)L/cm H2O,与自主呼吸比较,NIPPV时Rua减少6.91%(P＞0.05)、CLdyn增加44.23%(P＞0.05).③对呼吸肌肉活动和呼吸努力的影响:自主呼吸时跨膈压(Pdi)(19.85±4.00)cm H2O、食道负压(Pes)(-13.37±3.77)cm H2O,压力时间乘积(PTP)(287.79±95.14)cm H2O·s/min,与自主呼吸比较,NIPPV时Pdi下降61.96%(P＜0.001),Pes负压减少67.83%(P＜0.001),PTP下降58.80%(P＜0.01).结论 NIPPV对清醒状态COPD患者吸气流速、肺通气量及上气道阻力无明显影响;NIPPV有效的降低了呼吸肌肉活动,减少呼吸努力,改善呼吸肌疲劳.     

评估阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者上气道阻力的新方法

目的评估通过膈肌肌电(diaphragm electromyography, EMG_(di))与流量的比值计算阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea, OSA)患者上气道阻力,是否可行。方法共招募24个OSA患者,分别利用食道压(esophageal pressure,P_(oes))与流速的比值和EMG_(di)与流速的比值计算上气道阻力。分别计算受试者清醒期(W)、稳定的非快速眼动2期(N2)、稳定的非快速眼动2期伴打鼾期(SNORING)、低通气期(HYPOPNEA)、暂停事件前低通气期(PREAPNEA)的上气道阻力。所有受试者行标准的全夜睡眠多导图检查。结果受试者从W,到N2,到SNORING,到HYPOPNEA,到PREAPNEA,上气道阻力依次增高。从W到N2,从SNORING到HYPOPNEA,上气道阻力增高有统计学意义(P0.05)。我们的研究结果发现上气道阻力在HYPOPNEA期高于SNORING期,但是膈肌肌电和食道压在SNORING期高于HYPOPNEA。结论通过膈肌肌电与流量的比值评估OSA患者睡眠状态上气道阻力是可行的。     

适应性支持通气对慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者呼吸力学的影响

目的 探讨适应性支持通气(adaptive support ventilation,ASV)对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者呼吸力学的影响.方法 采用自身对照,对26例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,序贯应用压力控制同步间歇指令压力支持通气模式和ASV模式进行机械通气,记录两种模式下的各项呼吸力学参数.结果 总呼吸频率降低及潮气量升高(P＜0.05);平台压、平均气道压、顺应性、0.1秒的口腔闭合压,生命体征、血气分析和血流动力学的相关指标均无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 ASV对COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,可根据患者的呼吸力学状况自动调整吸气压力支持水平,提高潮气量、降低呼吸频率,而对血流动力学和生命体征无明显影响.     

双相气道正压通气与双水平气道正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中呼吸动力学的比较研究

目的 比较自主呼吸状态下，双相气道正压通气（BIPAP）与双水平气道正压通气BiPAP在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者中呼吸动力学方面的差异。方法 将9例达到入选标准气管插管，接受机械通气治疗的COPD患者，按随机顺序给予BIPAP（高压为16cmH2O，低压5cmH2O，高压时间和低压时间均为2秒）和BiPAP（吸气末正压16cmH2O，呼气末正压5cmH2O）两种模式通气，每种通气模式持续30min，于最后10min分别记录通气时的食道压变化值（△Peso）、跨膈压变化值（△Pdi）、食道压压力时间乘积（PTPeso）、跨膈压压力时间乘积（PTPdi）、气道闭合压（P0.1）、分钟通气量（VE）、潮气量（VT）、呼吸频率（RR）以及血气值。结果 与BiPAP通气时相比，BIPAP通气时的△Peso、△Pdi、P0.1、PEEPi、PTPeso、PTPdi均显著增高（P〈0.05），VE和VT明显降低（P〈0.05）。BiPAP通气时的PaO2和BIPAP通气时无显著性差异，但PaCO2后者明显高于前者（P〈0.05），RR两者无显著性差异。结论 在自主呼吸情况下，BiPAP对减少COPD患者呼吸肌的作功、改善通气显著优于BIPAP。     

睡眠呼吸障碍疾患的诊断与治疗进展

概述 睡眠呼吸障碍是睡眠过程中出现的呼吸障碍，包括睡眠呼吸暂停综合征，低通气综合征及慢性肺部及神经肌肉疾患引起的有关睡眠呼吸障碍，其中，阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合（OSAS）研究较多、较为深入、更为常见、危害更大。更为广义的分类还包括Pickwick综合征及重叠综合征（overlap syndrome）即慢阻肺与睡眠呼吸暂停合并存在。近来，美国睡眠学会的专家委员会对睡眠呼吸障碍的有关术语进行了统一，阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停以上气道完全塌陷、气流消失但呼吸运动仍存在为特征，其定义为气流消失超过10秒同时伴明显的胸腹呼吸运动或食道内压波动；中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停指气流及呼吸运动均消失10秒以上；发生低通气时，气道未完全阻塞，气流减弱，常出现觉醒及低氧血症（血氧饱和度下降≥3％），低通气可以是中枢性的，也可以是阻塞性的，食道内压的波动是否消失是区分二者的唯一可靠的办法。本文主要介绍OSAS的诊断与治疗。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者夜间中枢驱动及呼吸力学的变化

目的研究老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者夜间睡眠状态下中枢驱动及呼吸力学的变化和关系。方法选择该院呼吸内科2009年3月至2012年3月住院的中、重度缓解期的COPD患者45例和本院人员健康组30例,所有患者测定呼吸中枢驱动、肺功能、气道阻力、血气分析等指标。结果 COPD患者在睡眠状态下吸气相第0.1秒口腔阻断压(P0.1)、膈肌肌电(MGdi%max)、潮气量(V T)、分钟通气量(V E)、平均吸气流量(V T/Ti)、膈肌电电压均方根(RMS)和脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)有显著性降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)睡眠状态有显著性的升高(P<0.05);呼吸频率(RR)和吸气时间占呼吸周期比值(Ti/TTOT)无显著性差异,(P>0.05)。对照组各项指标睡眠状态和清醒状态均无显著性变化(P>0.05)。结论老年COPD患者夜间睡眠呼吸力学异常,主要表现为气道阻力异常增高,呼吸肌力量减弱,呼吸做功显著增加,同时伴有中枢驱动和通气需求的降低;呼吸中枢驱动较清醒时显著下降,可能是造成患者夜间睡眠出现低通气、低氧血症、呼吸困难甚至是呼吸衰竭的重要原因之一。     

重症哮喘患者机械控制通气中吸气流速波型对呼吸力学及气体交换的影响简

目的 探讨不同吸气流速波形机械通气对重症哮喘患者呼吸肌肉活动和气体交换的影响.方法 采用减速波、恒速波及正弦波进行容量控制通气.同时测定动脉血气及心率、血压、呼气末CO2分压（PET-CO2）.结果 在一定峰流速时,恒速波与减速波相比,PaCO2显著降低（P〈0.05）;在呼吸比一定、峰流速一定的两种情况下,食道压波动、气道平均阻力减速波最小,恒速波最大（P〈0.05）.结论 重症哮喘患者行机械通气时,较小潮气量选择减速波,较大的潮气量选择方波.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者的随访结果

背景和目的:COPD合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)的患者,较单独患有其中1种疾病的患者更容易罹患肺动脉高压.本研究旨在评价COPD合并OSA患者的病死率及因COPD急性加重而首次住院的关系,以及持续气道正压通气(CPAP)对患者主要临床结局的影响.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征和气道高反应性关系的研究进展

新近研究显示阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征和气道高反应性关系密切,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征可通过神经机制、局部及系统性炎症、体液因素及胃食管反流等多种机制引起气道高反应性,且相应的持续气道内正压通气治疗亦与其相关.本文就阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征和气道高反应性关系的研究进展作一综述.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与慢性咳嗽

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征是慢性咳嗽的病因之一.胃食管反流、鼻后滴流、气道炎症可能是阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诱发慢性咳嗽的机制.持续气道正压通气是有效治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征所致慢性咳嗽的首选治疗方案.     

Acute respiratory failure in obesity

Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity-related hypoventilation - a hypoventilation which is independent of apneas and increased by sleep -, and hypoxemia related to local ventilation-perfusion disorders are the main mechanisms of respiratory failure occurring during acute respiratory decompensation following an often minimal triggering event. Non-invasive ventilation has been found to be an effective treatment, particularly with a ventilator capable of maintaining positive expiratory and pressure. The level of the expiratory positive airway pressure must be adapted to cure episodes of obstructive apnea or hypopnea. The level of the inspiratory positive airway pressure (pressure support ventilator), or the tidal volume (volume-controlled ventilator) must be adapted to correct the residual hypoventilation. These adaptations can be made by proper assessment of nocturnal SaO(2) recordings. In particularly severe cases, use of endotracheal ventilation may be necessary to control a state of shock or consciousness disorders incompatible with the patient cooperation necessary for non-invasive ventilation.     

Effect of posture on ventilation and breathing pattern during room air breathing at rest

We measured minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI), and occlusion pressure (P.1) in 10 resting subjects breathing room air, in sitting, supine, right and left lateral positions, and compared them with corresponding data on static lung compliance [Cst(l)], dynamic lung compliance [Cdyn(l)], and pulmonary flow resistance [R(l)]. Highest values for VT, VE, VT/TI, P.1, and effective inspiratory impedance [P.1/(VT/Ti)] were observed in the supine posture. Values for P.1 and P.1/(VT/TI in lateral decubitus were intermediate to those obtained when seated and supine. While the increases in P.1 and P.1/(VT/TI) in recumbent postures were qualitatively similar to the decrease in Cdyn(l) and increase in R(l), there was no significant correlation between them, probably reflecting the complex relationship between P.1/(VT/TI) and lung compliance and resistance, as the former, in addition to lung mechanics, also depends on the shape of the inspiratory driving pressure wave, the active inspiratory impedance, the mechanics of the chest wall, and the duration of inspiration.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病撤机困难呼吸力学特征10例分析

目的为提高慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者撤机成功率提供生理学依据。方法检测2006年1月至2009年12月广州医学院第一附属医院收治的10例撤机困难COPD患者的呼吸力学指标,观察患者自主呼吸(SB)及机械通气时的呼吸力学指标变化。结果 SB时的呼吸频率(RR)、潮气量(VT)和分钟通气量(Ve)分别为(27.94±8.23)次/min、(0.266±0.107)L和(6.843±1.333)L/min,机械通气时的RR降低,而VT和Ve时升高(均P<0.05)。SB和机械通气时的动态内源性呼吸末正压分别为(0.82±0.19)kPa和(0.41±1.12)kPa,SB时明显增高(P<0.01),吸气中期气道阻力(RL)(2.43±0.94)kPa/(L.S)。SB时的P0.1为(0.61±0.16)kPa。SB时的最大跨膈压、最大食管负压和最大吸气口腔压分别为(5.08±0.93)kPa、(-5.00±0.95)kPa和(-3.78±0.86)kPa。SB时跨膈压(Pdi)和吸气压力时间乘积(PTPins)分别为(0.82±0.20)kPa和(48.93±11.94)kPa.s;机械通气时较SB显著降低,分别为(0.67±0.17)kPa和(30.33±11.72)kPa.s(P均<0.05)。结论撤机困难COPD患者存在显著的呼吸力学异常,SB时呼吸浅快,动态内源性呼吸末正压、RL与呼吸中枢驱动等均增高,吸气肌肉无力;应用PSV(1.57 kPa)联合PEEP(48%动态内源性呼吸末正压)可降低约50%的动态内源性呼吸末正压、17.8%的Pdi和38%的PTPins。     

Non-invasive Positive Airway Pressure in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Present and Future Perspectives

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a sleep disorder that has acquired great importance worldwide because of its prevalence and association with obesity leading to increased morbidity and mortality with reduced quality of life. The primary feature is insufficient sleep-related ventilation, resulting in abnormally elevated arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO₂) during sleep and demonstration of daytime hypoventilation. There are three main mechanisms that can generate diurnal hypoventilation in obese patients: alteration of the respiratory mechanics secondary to obesity; central hypoventilation secondary to leptin resistance and sleep disorder with sleep hypoventilation and obstructive apnoeas, which can be potentially solved with the use of positive airway pressure: non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). There are no established guidelines for the treatment of OHS, and only a few randomised controlled trials have been published. In this review, we have gone over the role of positive airway pressure, in particular the mechanisms that produce improvement, ventilatory modes available, clinical applications, technical considerations and future research. In addition, we added a review on NIV efficacy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), both in acute respiratory failure due to exacerbation and mainly in stable setting where more controversy and scientific contributions are coming.     

无创正压通气不同呼气末正压水平对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者呼吸做功的影响

目的 探讨无创正压通气(NPPV)不同呼气末正压水平对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)患者的呼吸做功影响.方法 12例AECOPD患者接受相同压力支持和不同呼气末正压水平的NPPV,观察患者吸气肌肉用力和呼吸方式的变化.结果 ①与自主呼吸(SB)相比,4 cm H2O(L-PEEP)、6 cm H2O(PEEP...     

Effects of inspiratory flow waveforms on lung mechanics,gas exchange,and respiratory metabolism in COPD patients during mechanical ventilation

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The clinical usefulness of varying inspiratory flow waveforms during mechanical ventilation has not been adequately studied. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three different respiratory waveforms on the pulmonary mechanics, gas exchange, and respiratory metabolism of ventilated patients with COPD. DESIGN: A randomized and comparative trial of consecutive patients. SETTING: Medical ICUs of a 2,000-bed university hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-four patients with COPD were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS: Constant, decelerating, and sine waveforms were applied to each patient in a random order. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: With tidal volume, inspiratory time, and inspiratory frequency being kept constant, the decelerating waveform produced statistically significant reductions of peak inspiratory pressure, mean airway resistance, physiologic dead space ventilation (VD/VT), PaCO(2), and symptom score. There was also a significant increase in alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference with the decelerating flow waveform, but there were no significant changes in mean airway pressure, arterial oxygenation, heart rate, mean BP, and other hemodynamic measurements. In addition, assessment on the work of breathing (WOB) revealed that ventilator WOB values were reduced with the decelerating waveform. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output were virtually not affected by changing inspiratory flow waveforms. Except for VD/VT, the effects of constant square and sine waveforms were similar to each other and could not be separated statistically. CONCLUSIONS: The most favorable flow pattern for ventilated patients with COPD appeared to be the decelerating waveform. There are possibilities for the improvement of ventilation in these patients by selecting an appropriate inspiratory flow.     

经鼻持续正压通气治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气呼吸综合征对于血清S100A12表达的影响

目的：研究在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气呼吸病的相关治疗方法里,使用经鼻持续正压通气的治疗方式对于血清钙粒蛋白(S100A12)表达的影响。方法：将172个患有阻塞性睡眠呼吸障碍的病人随机分组,其中治疗组与对照组各86例,治疗组给予经鼻持续正压通气治疗,对照组给予药物雾化吸入治疗,治疗周期都为4周。结果：治疗组与对照组治疗后血清S100A12表达值分别为24.98±7.44 ng/ml和32.98±4.98 ng/ml,都明显低于治疗前的45.39±7.12 ng/ml和45.99±6.33 ng/ml(P<0.05),同时组间对比差异明显(P<0.05)。两组治疗后的FEV1和FEV1/FVC值都明显高于治疗前,对比差异明显,同时治疗后治疗组的FEV1和FEV1/FVC值明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。经过相关治疗之后,两组患者体内动脉血氧指数提高,在呼吸暂停低通气指数方面有所降低,和患者治疗之前的数值相比较,P<0.05即指差异明显,同样差异明显的还有两组间的数值对比。两组治疗后的睡眠有效率与睡眠潜伏期都明显提高(P<0.05),同时治疗后治疗组的睡眠有效率与睡眠潜伏期明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：经鼻持续正压通气治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气呼吸综合征能有效改善睡眠与低氧血症状况,有利于降低血清S100A12表达,从而促进肺功能的恢复。     

踏车锻炼对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者吸气肺功能的影响及与运动能力改善的关系

目的 探讨踏车锻炼对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者吸气肺功能的影响及与运动能力改善的关系.方法 对12例中、重度COPD患者进行12周的下肢踏车运动训练.在运动训练前后分别进行常规肺通气功能、弥散功能、肺容积、最大用力吸气峰流速(PIF)、最大吸气压(MIP)、症状限制递增功率心肺运动试验和高强度恒定功率心肺运动试验.在高强度恒定功率运动中,每隔1 min记录受试者潮式呼吸流速-容积(TBFV)曲线.结果 踏车锻炼后COPD患者运动持续时间(T)(t=7.357,P＜0.001)和峰运动功率(WRpeak)(t=3.614,P＜0.05)显著增加;MIP(t=4.754,P＜0.001)和PIF(t=2.440,P＜0.05)显著增加;踏车锻炼后COPD患者在等时间点潮式呼吸吸气峰流速(t=-2.747,P＜0.05)和呼气峰流速(t=-4.487,P＜0.05)均较前显著下降,最大吸气流速储备较前显著增加(t=2.755,P＜0.05),最大呼气流速储备较前无显著变化(t=1.326,P＞0.05).受试者下肢踏车锻炼后MIP的增加(r=0.613,P＜0.05)、PIF的增加(r=0.497,P＜0.05)和等时间点最大吸气流速储备的增加(r=0.592,P＜0.05)分别与运动持续时间的增加呈显著正相关.结论 下肢运动训练可改善COPD患者吸气肺功能指标;运动训练后吸气肌肉力量、PIF和运动中吸气流速储备的增加可能是COPD患者运动能力改善的主要原因.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the effect of treadmill training on inspiratory function and its association with improvement of exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods The 12 moderate to severe COPD patients were allocated to lower-limb exercise training for 12weeks. The routine tests of pulmonary ventilation function, diffusion function,lung volume, peak inspiratory flow (PIF), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), symptom-limited progressive cycle ergometer exercise tests and constant work rate exercise tests were administered before and after the training program. During the constant work rate exercise tests, tidal breathing flow volume (TBFV) curves were recorded every 1 mir. Results After treadmill training, the exercise duration (T) (t=7. 357, P＜0. 001), peak work rate (WRpeak) (t=3. 614, P＜0.05), MIP (t=4.754, P＜0. 001) and PIF (t=2. 440, P＜0. 05) increased significantly. The tidal PIF (t=- 2.747, P＜0.05) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) (t = - 4.487, P＜ 0.05 ) decreased significantly at isotime. Maxium inspiratory flow reserve (△FLOWinsp) (t = 2. 755, P ＜ 0. 05 ) increased significantly at isotime, and maxium expiratory flow reserve (△FLOWexp) (t = 1. 326, P ＞ 0.05)showed no significant changes; The△T were positively correlated with △MIP (r=0. 613, P＜0. 05),△PIF (r=0.497, P＜0.05) and △FLOWinsp (r=0.592, P＜0.05). Conclusions Lower limb exercise training improves inspiratory function of COPD patients. The improvement of exercise endurance in moderate to severe COPD patients after lower limb exercise training is due to increases of inspiratory muscle strength, maxium PIF and inspiratory flow reserve.     

噻托溴铵对稳定期COPD患者夜间睡眠低氧的临床疗效

目的观察噻托溴铵对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者夜间睡眠低氧和睡眠质量的疗效。方法 40例存在夜间睡眠低氧的稳定期COPD患者随机分为两组,治疗组吸入噻托溴铵,对照组吸入安慰剂,治疗前后检测夜间血氧饱和度、血气分析、肺功能和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)评分。结果治疗后治疗组夜间平均血氧饱和度、夜间最低血氧饱和度、动脉血氧分压和动脉血氧饱和度较对照组明显升高(均P<0.05),夜间血氧饱和度小于90%的时间占总睡眠时间的百分比和PSQI总分较对照组显著降低(均P<0.01),第1秒用力呼气容积、用力肺活量和深吸气量较对照组显著增加(均P<0.01)。结论噻托溴铵能改善COPD患者夜间睡眠低氧和睡眠质量。