甲状旁腺全切并自体前臂移植术治疗肾性难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进疗效随访分析

目的观察甲状旁腺全切加自体前臂移植术(total parathyroidectomywith forearm autograft,PTX+AT)治疗肾性难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)的临床疗效。方法分析2011年2月至2013年12月安徽医科大学第二附属医院终末期肾脏疾病(end stage renal disease,ESRD)合并SHPT行PTX+AT随访6个月以上患者93例。收集患者术前和术后第1、3及6个月血钙、血磷、全段甲状旁腺素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)及血细胞比容(hematocrit,Hct),测量相应时间患者血压,统计并分析结果;记录症状缓解、术后并发症及复发情况。结果①手术及并发症:成功手术93例,7例发生一过性喉返神经损伤,随访3个月均恢复。低钙血症发生率为80.6%(75/93),静脉或口服补钙有效。②症状缓解:大多数患者术后骨痛(74/76)、皮肤瘙痒(26/26)和失眠(18/18)症状次日即基本缓解,短期内仍有骨痛者2例,3个月后缓解。肌无力、纳差及全身营养状况逐渐改善。③血生化指标及血压:术后贫血改善,重组人红细胞生成素用量减少(P0.05)。与术前相比,患者术后血钙、血磷、iPTH水平下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。血钙、血磷及iPTH于术后第3个月开始缓慢升高,平均值达指南推荐水平。合并高血压病患者74例,49例术后血压得到有效控制,总有效率达66.2%。④复发及二次手术:7例复发,复发率为7.5%,其中3例为前臂种植部位复发,行种植部位甲状旁腺手术切除后缓解;4例为残留或异位甲状旁腺所致复发(其中3例已再次行PTX,1例手术失败,2例未再复发;1例因甲状旁腺异位于主动脉弓上方未再手术治疗)。结论 PTX+AT治疗肾性难治性SHPT疗效明确,骨痛、瘙痒及失眠症状迅速缓解,明显改善贫血、提高血压控制率并使血钙、血磷、iPTH达理想水平,是一种安全、经济和有效的治疗手段。     

甲状旁腺全切除自体前臂移植术治疗肾功能不全继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进

目的:研究甲状旁腺全切除(PTX)自体前臂移植术治疗慢性肾功能衰竭继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的疗效和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2011年12月—2015年12月接受PTX自体前臂移植的30例慢性肾功能衰竭终末期并SHPT患者的临床资料,观察患者术后临床症状改善情况、血清全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、钙、磷及钙磷乘积的变化,以及术后并发症与复发情况。结果:所有患者均手术成功。术后患者临床症状均明显改善;血清iPTH、钙、磷及钙磷乘积水平均较术前明显降低(均P0.05)。12例患者出现一过性喉返神经损伤,均自行好转。术后8例(2.7%)复发,7例再次手术后症状缓解。结论:PTX自体前臂移植术是治疗慢性肾功能衰竭SHPT的一种安全有效的方法。     

甲状旁腺全切除加前臂自体移植术治疗肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的长期疗效

目的: 探究甲状旁腺全切除加前臂自体移植术（total parathyroidectomy with forearm autotransplantation, TPTX+AT）治疗肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（secondary hyperparathyroidism, SHPT）术后长期疗效。方法: 我院1999年1月至2017年11月行TPTX+AT的SHPT病人124例,分析术后症状改善和血钙、磷、全段甲状旁腺激素（intact parathyroid hormones, iPTH）水平变化,以及术后复发率、持续性甲状旁腺功能低下发生率、死亡率等。结果: 术后病人临床症状均明显改善。术后1个月病人血钙、磷、iPTH及碱性磷酸酶水平均较术前明显降低（均P<0.05）,基本可长期控制在正常水平。随访至2018年5月,10例（8.06%）复发,7例（5.64%）发生持续性甲状旁腺功能低下,19例（15.32%）死亡。结论: TPTX+AT治疗SHPT能长期有效地缓解症状,改善钙磷代谢。术后复发率与持续性甲状旁腺功能低下发生率、死亡率均在较低水平。     

尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺亢进两种手术方式的疗效比较

目的：比较甲状旁腺次全切除与甲状旁腺全切除加自体前臂种植术治疗尿毒症维持性血透患者严重、继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（SHPT）的临床疗效。方法：对2002年8月~2007年12月期间在我院接受甲状旁腺切除术13例患者资料（甲状旁腺次全切6例,甲状旁腺全切加自体前臂种植7例）进行回顾性分析,包括定位诊断,以及手术前后完整甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、红细胞比容（Hct）进行比较。结果：术前分别行B超和颈部放射性核素显像断层扫描（ECT）的6例患者,B超对肿大甲状旁腺的检出率明显高于ECT。两组患者组内iPTH术后（3d,1周,1月,3月）较术前有明显的下降,有统计学意义;术后血钙、血磷及其乘积较术前明显下降,有统计学意义;术后Hct与术前水平接近,无统计学意义。两组间术前、术后iPTH及血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积水平接近,无统计学意义。结论：在两种术式均能有效的治疗SHPT和均有复发可能的情况下,甲状旁腺全切除加自体前臂种植术的二次手术简单易行,有一定的选择优势。     

甲状旁腺切除术用于难治性肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的安全性及近远疗效

背景与目的:甲状旁腺切除术(PTX)是治疗药物不能控制的难治性肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)的重要手段,但PTX术后仍有可能发生永久性甲状旁腺功能减退,无动力性骨病或难治性骨软化症,且国内尚缺乏对PTX术后远期的疗效观察的研究。本研究进一步评价PTX治疗难治性肾性SHPT的安全性与近远期疗效。方法:纳入2011年1月—2014年12月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院行PTX治疗的139例伴有难治性肾性SHPT的维持性透析患者。收集患者术前及术后3 d、6个月及1、2、3年的临床资料、血全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、血钙、血磷、血红蛋白(Hb)及红细胞压积(Hct)等,观察并记录术后症状缓解情况、术后并发症和随访情况。结果:139例患者的PTX手术成功率为95.7%(133/139),术中共计切除甲状旁腺腺体537枚,平均切除3.86枚/例。12例(8.6%)术后发生一过性喉返神经损伤,其中声音嘶哑9例(6.5%),饮水呛咳3例(2.2%),未予处理术后3个月内均自行好转。术后低钙血症或缺乏维生素D者120例(86.3%),给予西那卡塞、补钙及补充活性维生素D治疗后得到有效控制。全组未发生切口感染、出血、窒息及甲状腺功能减退等外科并发症。患者的贫血状况均有不同程度地改善,Hb和Hct术后6个月明显升高并在随访期间保持稳定;术后iPTH明显降低,术后3 d的血钙、磷、钙磷乘积水平最低,随访3年仍低于手术前,所有变化与术前均有统计学差异(均P0.05)。随访期间无死亡病例。患者术前的骨痛、顽固性皮肤瘙痒、失眠、异位钙化、肌无力伴萎缩症状在术后1 d即明显缓解;身高缩短、骨骼畸形患者随访期间无进行性加重;纳差、全身营养状况及自理能力术后3个月内不同程度地改善。11例(7.9%)持续性SHPT,包括4例(2.9%)术中未完全切除甲状旁腺腺体,1例(0.7%)术中1枚腺体较小而未切除完全,6例(4.3%)术后检查存在纵隔异位甲状旁腺。随访期间,5例(3.5%)腺体未切除完全者的iPTH均800 pg/mL,肌无力及顽固性皮肤瘙痒临床症状明显,再次行PTX;6例(4.3%)存在异位甲状旁腺腺体者,因手术风险较大患者拒绝再次手术,予以药物治疗;8例(5.8%)术后复发,其中6例(4.3%)系前臂移植物复发所致,均在局麻下行前臂皮下移植物切除;2例(1.4%)系颈部原位残留腺体过度增生,予以二次手术,术后症状缓解。所有进行二次手术的患者在随访结束时无明显的临床症状,均未复发。结论:PTX可改善难治性肾性SHPT患者临床症状、贫血及钙磷代谢,且近远期疗效均较好,是治疗难治性SHPT的安全有效方法。     

21例尿毒症患者甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植对改善透析患者肾性贫血的临床观察

目的探讨甲状旁腺全切除加部分前臂自体移植术（parathyroidectomy＋forearyauto—transplantation,PTX＋FAT）纠正重度继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（secondaryhyperparathyroidism,SHPT）对维持性透析（maintenancehemodialysis,MHD）患者并发难治性肾性贫血的影响。方法选择MHD并发重度SHPT及难治性肾性贫血患者21例,均为经规范的药物治疗无效者行PTX＋FAT治疗,观察术前、术后第3、6、12个月时患者的血清全段甲状旁腺素（intactparathyroidhormone,i盯H）、钙（Ca）、磷（P）、血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（Hct）、血清铁蛋白（SF）、转铁蛋白饱和度（TSAT）、血清白蛋白（Alb）、KT／V等指标变化,同时记录患者的促红细胞生成素（recombinanthu—manerythropoietin,rHuEPO）用量。结果所有患者与术前相比血清iPTH、Ca、P迅速下降,从术后第3个月开始贫血得到逐步改善,术后第12个月Hb和Hct较术前显著升高（P〈0．05）,术后第6个月rHuEPO用量减少,与术前相比差异显著（P〈0．01）,术后第12个月rHuEPO用量大幅减少,与术前相比有显著性差异（P〈O．01）。手术前、后SF、TSAT、Alb、KT／V等指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论重度SHPT维持性血液透析患者在PTX＋FAT术后可迅速降低iPTH水平并显著改善MHD患者的难治性肾性贫血,减少rHuEPO用量,提示重度SHPT是影响肾性贫血的一个重要因素,其作用可能部分与rHuEPO抵抗有关。     

CKD-MBD患者甲状旁腺切除术疗效观察

目的 调查本院维持透析并发慢性肾脏病矿物质及骨代谢紊乱(chronic kidney diseasemineral and bone disorder,CKD-MBD)患者在接受甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy,PTX)后,血钙、血磷及血清全段甲状旁腺素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)的恢复情况,追踪PTX的手术疗效.方法 检测19例行甲状旁腺全切加前臂自体移植术的CKD-MBD患者术前及术后的血钙、血磷及血iPTH,比较患者术前和术后的血钙、血磷、血iPTH的变化.结果 术后0d、1d、7d、15d血钙较术前明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.01),通过术后规律补钙,术后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月与术前血钙比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后低血钙发生率为21％,无高钙血症发生.术后0d、1d、7d、15d、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月血磷与术前血磷比较明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.01或P＜0.05).术后低血磷发生率为33.3％,无高磷血症发生.术后0d、1d、7d、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月的血iPTH较术前下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).随访中有2例出现低iPTH(iPTH＜ 16pg/mL)血症,2例iPTH升高明显,均＞800pg/mL.结论 CKD-MBD患者行甲状旁腺全切加前臂自体移植术后血钙、血磷、血iPTH可恢复正常范围.     

甲状旁腺全切除加前臂移植治疗尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进

目的观察甲状旁腺全切除(PTX)加自体前臂移植术治疗尿毒症维持性透析患者严重继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院12例接受PTX加自体前臂移植术的患者资料,包括术前B超定位与手术切除的甲状旁腺定位的关系,以及术前后血甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、血钙磷、红细胞比容(Hct)、甘油三酯、透析充分性(Kt／V、UUR)的变化。结果 11例患者术中所切除的甲状旁腺结节与术前B超定位完全一致,1例患者在手术探查中新发现1个较小的约0．5 cm3甲状旁腺结节。术后血钙、磷及其乘积较术前明显下降,差异有统计学意义。术后各时间点(1周、1、3、6、12个月)血iPTH较术前明显下降,差异有统计学意义。术后3个月甘油三酯[(1．78±0．61)mmol／L]较术前[(2．07±0．47)mmol／L]明显下降,Hct (0．31±0．06)较术前(0．26±0．05)明显提高;透析充分性Kt／V、UUR(1．668±0．173、0．696±0．041)较术前(1．567±0．195、0．667±0．054)升高,差异均有有统计学意义。结论甲状旁腺全切除加自体前臂移植能有效治疗SHPT,可以改善患者的贫血及脂质代谢紊乱,提高部分患者的透析耐受性而改善透析充分性。术前颈部甲状旁腺B超定位指导手术是可行的方法之一。避免术后复发的关键是做到真正的甲状旁腺全切除及选取适量的弥漫增生的甲状旁腺行自体前臂移植。     

甲状旁腺全切＋自体移植术治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症疗效分析

目的探讨甲状旁腺全切＋自体移植术(tPTX＋AT)治疗维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)的有效性、安全性以及术后低钙的危险因素。 方法纳入我院2013年1月至2016年11月因SHPT行tPTX＋AT手术的维持性血液透析患者93例,收集术前术后症状、血钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、病理类型、并发症等临床资料。依据术后24 h血钙水平分为正常血钙组(Ca≥2.11 mmol/L)及低钙血症组(Ca<2.11 mmol/L),应用单因素分析及逐步Logistic回归分析术后早期低钙血症的危险因素。 结果手术成功率92.5%。切除360枚甲状旁腺腺体,异位甲状旁腺10枚。病理结果多为腺瘤样增生(96.4%)。同术前相比,术后血清iPTH、磷、ALP明显下降(P<0.05)。低钙血症是术后最常见并发症,发生率82.8%,血钙水平与术前血钙、年龄正相关(r＝0.300, P<0.01;r＝0.265, P<0.01),与术前iPTH、ALP水平负相关(r＝－0.461, P<0.01;r＝－0.477, P<0.01)。术前低血钙(OR＝0.113, P＝0.045)、高ALP水平(OR＝1.050, P<0.001)、高iPTH水平(OR＝1.002, P＝0.004)是术后早期低钙血症发生的独立危险因素。 结论tPTX＋AT可以安全、有效、快速的降低维持性血液透析患者血清iPTH水平,改善机体的钙磷代谢紊乱,但需重视并积极纠正术后低钙血症。针对存在术前低血钙、高iPTH及高ALP水平等高危因素的患者,术前积极纠正低钙血症可能是预防术后低钙的有效干预方式。     

甲状旁腺切除术对维持性血液透析患者骨代谢的影响

目的:观察甲状旁腺全切加自体前臂移植术(total parathyroidectomy with forearm autograft, PTX+AT)对维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis, MHD)合并难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(secondary hyperparathyroidism, SHPT)患者骨代谢的影响。方法:选择我院2017年6月—2019年6月30例MHD终末期肾脏病(end stage renal disease, ESRD)合并SHPT患者作为研究对象,均行PTX+AT术。术前,术后1周、1月、3月、6月、1年、2年分别检测血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺素(iPTH)水平,术前,术后1月、3月、6月、1年、2年分别检测骨钙素(OC)、β胶原蛋白(β-CTX)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、1,25(OH)_2D_3水平。结果:与术前比较,血清β-CTX水平于术后1月明显降低,OC、ALP水平于术后3月明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);1,25(OH)_2D_3水平较术前略升高,但差异无统计学意义。结论:PTX+AT术可以降低患者的iPTH、OC、β-CTX、ALP水平,提高患者生活质量,但对提高1,25(OH)_2D_3水平无明显作用,具体机制有待于进一步研究。     

Total parathyroidectomy with forearm autograft in the treatment of uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

Objective To analyze the efficacy and safety of total parathyroidectomy (PTX) with forearm autograft in uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). Methods One hundred and eighteen cases undergoing PTX with forearm autograft in our hospital from 2001-2010 were included in this study. Their preoperative and postoperative serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), biochemistry tests (total calcium,inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphate) were collected and postoperative symptom relief, complications and recurrence were investigated. Results Of all the 118 cases, 32 underwent endoscopic surgery and 86 open surgery. The surgery was performed successfully in 110 cases (93.2%) and one case died in perioperative period. Thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed during surgery in 2 cases and radical operation was performed at the same time. Temporary injury of recurrent laryngeal nerve was found in nine cases (7.6%). Postoperative hypocalcemia was frequently seen in 108 cases (91.5%) and it was effectively controlled by postoperative calcium administration. After operation, bone pain and itching were alleviated, and weakness, anemia and malnutrition status were improved in all the cases who received successful surgery. The postoperative levels of serum iPTH (P＜0.01), calcium (P＜0.01), phosphorus (P＜0.01) and calcium×phosphorus (P＜0.01) were decreased significantly than those in preoperative period. A long-term follow-up of over 3 years was carried out in 21 cases. Six cases recurred, among them, 4 cases relieved after removal of autografted parethroid tissue, and another two cases received the second operation. The longest follow-up period lasted for 9 years in two cases without recurrence. Conclusions PTX with forearm autograft is safe and effective in the treatment for uremic patients with SHPT. No severe complication is found during the long-term follow-up period.     

甲状旁腺切除术对尿毒症患者难治性继发性甲旁亢的疗效观察

目的回顾性统计尿毒症难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者进行甲状旁腺切除术的临床疗效。方法监测并统计12例人组患者术前及术后1个月、3个月、半年、1年的血钙、磷、全段甲状旁腺素及临床症状。结果全切＋自体移植7例,次全切5例。次全切患者均复发,改用药物保守治疗仍部分有效。全切＋自体移植中5例术后1年持续低全段甲状旁腺素,为（61．31±21．11）pg／ml（38～89．91pg／ml）。常见足跟疼痛以及下肢承重关节相关的临床表现。术后无论何种术式及是否复发,患者除不宁腿综合征以外的症状均改善或明显改善,且其3个月、6个月及1年时症状及生化指标均较术前有明显改变。结论手术能明显缓解难治性患者的症状及生化水平,但长期来看存在可能复发及长期低全段甲状旁腺素的问题。     

Postoperative variations of bone turnover markers in uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy

Objective To study shortdated postoperative variation characteristics of bone turnover markers (BTMs) in uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) underwent parathyroidectomy (PTX). Methods A total of 19 uremic patients with SHPT underwent successful PTX, hospitalized in the Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2017 to April 2017, were enrolled in the study. The operative model for all enrolled patients was total parathyroidectomy with forearm autotransplantation. The baseline epidemiological and clinical data before PTX and the levels of serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and serum BTMs after PTX (in the 1st, 3rd and 7th postoperative day) were collected. The correlations between serum iPTH and serum BTMs before PTX and the trend analysis of serum BTMs after PTX were studied. Results The levels of serum iPTH, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum type Ⅰcollagen cross-linked C-telopeptides (CTX) and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b) before PTX were increased, in turn, (1512.4±612.0) ng/L, 267.4(153.1, 424.2) U/L, (5.78±1.15) μg/L and (8.79±4.61) IU/L. Positive correlations between ALP and iPTH (r=0.577, P=0.010), TRACP-5b and iPTH (r=0.640, P=0.003), and ALP and TRACP-5b (r=0.698, P=0.001) were found. The serum levels of ALP increased, while the serum levels of CTX and TRACP-5b decreased within 7 days after PTX. Conclusions Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) with high bone turnover rate is common in uremic patients with severe SHPT. The activities of osteoblast and osteoclast are up-regulated in coupling with positive correlations to serum levels of iPTH. Increased activities of osteoblast and decreased activities of osteoclast were found shortdated postoperatively.     

Bone metabolism markers and hungry bone syndrome after parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

Objective

To explore the short-term variation in bone metabolic markers and the characteristics of hungry bone syndrome (HBS) after parathyroidectomy (PTX) with forearm autotransplantation in uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and to provide a basis for the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of metabolic bone disease in SHPT.

Methods

A total of 115 patients with SHPT receiving PTX from July 2015 to December 2017, hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, were enrolled in our study. We retrospectively analyzed the baseline clinical data, the levels of bone metabolism markers before and on the third day after PTX, and the risk factors predicting HBS.

Results

Preoperative baseline data showed that the levels of bone metabolic markers such as bone metabolism-regulating hormones: iPTH, calcitonin (CT); bone formation markers: phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC); bone resorption markers: type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides (NTX), type I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptides (CTX), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP-5b) were all increased compared to normal levels. The levels of postoperative serum iPTH, CT, CTX and TRAP-5b decreased significantly compared to preoperative levels, while the levels of OC and ALP increased significantly. Of the 115 patients, 101 (87.8%) developed HBS after PTX. High preoperative serum ALP and low preoperative serum calcium level independently predicted the occurrence of HBS. Younger preoperative age, high preoperative serum ALP and iPTH level independently predicted the severity of HBS.

Conclusions

In severe SHPT, both bone formation and resorption were active, which suggested the presence of high-turnover bone diseases characterized by up-regulation of osteoclasts-osteoblasts functionally coupling activation in the patients. PTX could promote osteoblast activity and reduce osteoclast activity. HBS was common after PTX. Preoperative higher serum ALP and lower calcium were independent predictors of the occurrence of HBS. Younger patients with higher preoperative ALP and PTH may need to closely monitor serum calcium levels and intensive calcium supplementation after PTX.

     

61例尿毒症患者甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植术后低钙血症的发生与处理

目的针对内科治疗无效的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（sHPT）的尿毒症患者行甲状旁腺全切加前臂移植术,分析术后患者低钙血症的发生与处理。方法61例患者术后立即监测血钙浓度,并静脉补充葡萄糖酸钙,使血钙维持在1．8～2．2mmol／L之间,统计手术前、后患者的全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、血清钙磷乘积和碱性磷酸酶（AKP）水平以及手术切除的总的腺体质量。结果56例患者（占91．7％）术后12-24h即出现血钙低于1．8mmol／L,静脉立即补充葡萄糖酸钙,约合元素钙（18±6）g,补钙剂量与术前血iPTH（r=0．621,P〈0．01）、钙磷乘积（r=0．719,P〈0．01）、AKP（r=0．606,P〈0．01）及总的切除腺体质量（r=0．716,P〈0．01）相关。结论低钙血症是患者甲状旁腺术后的常见表现,与SHPT的严重程度有关,术后及早监测血钙和静脉补钙可有效、安全预防严重低钙血症的发生。