新冠肺炎护理专题

正【编者按】为了贯彻落实习近平总书记关于坚决打赢新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控阻击战重要指示精神,把研究成果快速应用到疫情防控中,早日战胜疫情,本刊设立"新冠肺炎护理专题"。本期新冠肺炎护理专题从重症患者护理、资源管理、流程优化等角度组织了8篇文章,包括重型危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎患者整体护理专家共识、新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控中人力、     

成人新型冠状病毒肺炎患者静脉血栓栓塞症防控护理专家共识

目的 形成《成人新型冠状病毒肺炎患者静脉血栓栓塞症防控护理专家共识》（以下简称《共识》）,规范成人新型冠状病毒肺炎患者静脉血栓栓塞症的防控护理。 方法 在全面回顾新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案、管理共识及静脉血栓栓塞症防控指南、管理共识及相关文献的基础上,对防疫一线护理专家进行访谈,形成《共识》初稿,邀请18名相关领域专家,通过开展2轮专家论证,对初稿进行调整、修改和完善,形成终版《共识》。 结果 《共识》包括成人新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的静脉血栓栓塞症危险因素、静脉血栓栓塞症风险评估、静脉血栓栓塞症防控护理、静脉血栓栓塞症预警监测以及出院后静脉血栓栓塞症防控健康教育5个方面。 结论 《共识》具有一定的科学性和实用性,可为临床护理人员对成人新型冠状病毒肺炎患者静脉血栓栓塞症的防控护理提供指引。     

胸外科肿瘤手术患者新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间的防控管理与体会

目的总结广州市某三级甲等综合医院在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间,对胸部肿瘤手术患者的防控管理。方法疫情期间对病房、医护人员、患者安全、围术期加强防控管理,从而确保患者在住院期间能够得到安全、及时和有效的治疗管理。结果经过积极防控和管理,113例实施胸腔镜手术治疗的胸部肿瘤患者均能顺利出院,术后住院时间为(4.75±3.08)d,住院期间未发生新型冠状病毒肺炎感染事件。结论通过在住院环境、医护人员、患者综合防控管理,能确保胸外科肿瘤手术患者在新型冠状病毒肺炎流行初期获得安全和及时的治疗,降低疫情带来的不良影响。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎防控期间上海市老年护理管理质控工作的指导性意见(第二版)

随着防控力度不断加大,新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情已趋于缓和。前线的医护人员不仅对病区改造、流程建立方面进行了进一步分析和梳理,而且对患者的护理经验也进行了总结和归纳。《解放军护理杂志》本期选择发布新型冠状病毒肺炎防控期间上海市老年护理管理质控工作的指导性意见,并从新型冠状病毒肺炎定点收治医院工作人员发热健康管理策略、病区分区管理模式、感染病房的护理管理实践、自我防护培训方案建立、临床护士在感染新型冠状病毒肺炎后心理体验、防护问题应对、重症患者人工气道的管理等方面进行总结,以期为救援提供参考。     

血液科新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情应急防控实践

本文主要介绍了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间血液科在预防新型冠状病毒肺感染的应急防控策略,包括成立负责疫情期病区管理及人员调配的应急管理小组,加强病房消毒管理,建立特殊时期应急管理程序及患者分流方案等,以期通过合理有效的防控策略,提高病区对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的防控能力,从而保证患者的治疗工作得到有序开展。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间血液科病房防控管理实践

总结了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间血液科病房的防控管理体会,防控管理主要包括患者及家属防控宣教和管理、工作人员防控培训和管理、防护物资管理、环境科学管理以及心理健康的关注.认为在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间,该血液科病房防控管理方法有效,可供大家参考.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎流行期间血液透析患者的应急管理

目的避免血液透析患者在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间发生院内感染。方法采取一系列应急方案,包括评估血透室工作现状、调整人力资源、实施三级防控筛查和就诊路线,患者疫期应急管理、环境管控等措施。结果从疫情发生到现在,共治疗患者4076人次,未出现血透患者感染新型冠状病毒病例。结论加强三级防控筛查和一系列应急管理流程,可避免血液透析患者在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间发生院内感染。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下精神疾病医院防控护理专家共识

目的 总结并建立系统、完善的新型冠状病毒肺炎防控期间精神疾病专科护理管理体系,为精神疾病医院新型冠状病毒肺炎预防与控制提供依据。 方法 共识制订采用会议法结合专家咨询法,中华护理学会精神卫生专业委员会组织国内多所精神疾病医院的43名专家,对精神疾病医院的防护措施进行分析、探讨、总结,并结合相关国家政策、学术指南、期刊文献等制订了该专家共识。 结果 该共识包括新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下精神疾病医院防控护理的组织机构管理、环境管理、人员管理等要求。 结论 该共识通过组织机构管理、环境管理及人员管理3个方面指导精神疾病医院新型冠状病毒肺炎的防控工作,对临床实践有重要指导意义。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎流行期间综合医院发热门诊管理实践

发热门诊是防控急性传染病期间专门用于排查疑似传染病患者、治疗发热患者所启动的预防预警机制。为了积极配合做好新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控工作,本院迅速完善发热门诊管理,规范医务人员个人防护,严格患者筛查管理,避免交叉感染,确保医患安全,遏制新型冠状病毒在院内传播。本文从发热门诊的布局、医务人员管理及工作制度和工作流程管理等方面阐述了新型冠状病毒肺炎流行期间发热门诊的管理现状。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎院内感染管理指标体系的构建研究

目的构建新型冠状病毒肺炎院内感染管理指标体系,为有效控制新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情在医院内的传播提供工具支持。方法成立院感防控的多学科团队,通过循证检索并以“结构-过程-结果”理论为指导,初步构建医院内新型冠状病毒肺炎感染控制管理的三级指标,最后通过德尔菲专家函询方法构建新型冠状病毒肺炎院内感染管理指标体系。结果两轮专家咨询问卷回收率均为100%,专家权威系数为0.88;三级指标的肯德尔协调系数分别为0.59,0.42和0.46(P<0.01),确定的院内感染管理指标体系包括3个一级指标(结构、过程及结果)、7个二级指标(人员管理、物资管理、就诊流程、科室管理、培训普及、患者防护合格率及职工防护合格率)、24个三级指标。结论研究构建的新型冠状病毒肺炎院内感染管理指标体系能够为提高医院新型冠状病毒肺炎院内感染管理能力提供支持。     

新型冠状病毒感染患者营养支持治疗专家建议(2023)

规范化营养支持治疗可有效改善新型冠状病毒感染患者的营养状况、免疫功能和临床结局,加速机体康复并降低复发风险,提高生活质量,在新型冠状病毒感染患者的治疗与康复中发挥着重要作用。《新型冠状病毒感染诊疗方案(试行第十版)》中也明确提出,应将营养支持治疗纳入新型冠状病毒感染患者治疗与康复的全过程。为此,北京市临床营养治疗质量控制和改进中心组织相关专家,在结合最新临床营养指南、研究证据及临床实践经验的基础上,制订了《新型冠状病毒感染患者营养支持治疗专家建议(2023)》。本建议提出,应建立并遵循包括营养筛查、营养诊断、营养支持治疗和临床监测在内的规范化营养管理路径与策略,并结合新型冠状病毒感染患者的临床特点,实施个体化营养管理,旨在为临床医生和临床营养医师等专业人员开展规范化营养支持治疗提供借鉴。     

Nutrition management for critically and acutely unwell hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Australia and New Zealand

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) results from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical features and subsequent medical treatment, combined with the impact of a global pandemic, require specific nutritional therapy in hospitalised adults. This document aims to provide Australian and New Zealand clinicians with guidance on managing critically and acutely unwell adult patients hospitalised with COVID-19. These recommendations were developed using expert consensus, incorporating the documented clinical signs and metabolic processes associated with COVID-19, the literature from other respiratory illnesses, in particular acute respiratory distress syndrome, and published guidelines for medical management of COVID-19 and general nutrition and intensive care. Patients hospitalised with COVID-19 are likely to have preexisting comorbidities, and the ensuing inflammatory response may result in increased metabolic demands, protein catabolism, and poor glycaemic control. Common medical interventions, including deep sedation, early mechanical ventilation, fluid restriction, and management in the prone position, may exacerbate gastrointestinal dysfunction and affect nutritional intake. Nutrition care should be tailored to pandemic capacity, with early gastric feeding commenced using an algorithm to provide nutrition for the first 5–7 days in lower-nutritional-risk patients and individualised care for high-nutritional-risk patients where capacity allows. Indirect calorimetry should be avoided owing to potential aerosole exposure and therefore infection risk to healthcare providers. Use of a volume-controlled, higher-protein enteral formula and gastric residual volume monitoring should be initiated. Careful monitoring, particularly after intensive care unit stay, is required to ensure appropriate nutrition delivery to prevent muscle deconditioning and aid recovery. The infectious nature of SARS-CoV-2 and the expected high volume of patient admissions will require contingency planning to optimise staffing resources including upskilling, ensure adequate nutrition supplies, facilitate remote consultations, and optimise food service management. These guidelines provide recommendations on how to manage the aforementioned aspects when providing nutrition support to patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.     

Long-Term Effects of COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the third deadly coronavirus infection of the 21st century that has proven to be significantly more lethal than its predecessors, with the number of infected patients and deaths still increasing daily. From December 2019 to July 2021, this virus has infected nearly 200 million people and led to more than 4 million deaths. Our understanding of COVID-19 is constantly progressing, giving better insight into the heterogeneous nature of its acute and long-term effects. Recent literature on the long-term health consequences of COVID-19 discusses the need for a comprehensive understanding of the multisystemic pathophysiology, clinical predictors, and epidemiology to develop and inform an evidence-based, multidisciplinary management approach. A PubMed search was completed using variations on the term post-acute COVID-19. Only peer-reviewed studies in English published by July 17, 2021 were considered for inclusion. All studies discussed in this text are from adult populations unless specified (as with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children). The preliminary evidence on the pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurological, hematological, multisystem inflammatory, renal, endocrine, gastrointestinal, and integumentary sequelae show that COVID-19 continues after acute infection. Interdisciplinary monitoring with holistic management that considers nutrition, physical therapy, psychological management, meditation, and mindfulness in addition to medication will allow for the early detection of post-acute COVID-19 sequelae symptoms and prevent long-term systemic damage. This review serves as a guideline for effective management based on current evidence, but clinicians should modify recommendations to reflect each patient's unique needs and the most up-to-date evidence. The presence of long-term effects presents another reason for vaccination against COVID-19.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎的药物治疗:时机决定预后

新型冠状病毒肺炎全球疫情仍在不断蔓延.对这一新发疾病的应对离不开对其临床特点及病理生理机制的研究.尽管目前临床治疗选择仍十分有限,但现有经验已经表明,需根据患者所处的病程阶段和自身免疫特点选择相应的临床治疗策略.本文回顾新型冠状病毒的临床特点及不同类型药物的现有证据,结合一线抗疫经验,总结当前新型冠状病毒肺炎的临床关键...     

Emergency Department Management of Severe Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure in Adults With COVID-19

BackgroundWhile emergency physicians are familiar with the management of hypoxemic respiratory failure, management of mechanical ventilation and advanced therapies for oxygenation in the emergency department have become essential during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.ObjectiveWe review the current evidence on hypoxemia in COVID-19 and place it in the context of known evidence-based management of hypoxemic respiratory failure in the emergency department.DiscussionCOVID-19 causes mortality primarily through the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with hypoxemia arising from shunt, a mismatch of ventilation and perfusion. Management of patients developing ARDS should focus on mitigating derecruitment and avoiding volutrauma or barotrauma.ConclusionsHigh flow nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation have a more limited role in COVID-19 because of the risk of aerosolization and minimal benefit in severe cases, but can be considered. Stable patients who can tolerate repositioning should be placed in a prone position while awake. Once intubated, patients should be managed with ventilation strategies appropriate for ARDS, including targeting lung-protective volumes and low pressures. Increasing positive end-expiratory pressure can be beneficial. Inhaled pulmonary vasodilators do not decrease mortality but may be given to improve refractory hypoxemia. Prone positioning of intubated patients is associated with a mortality reduction in ARDS and can be considered for patients with persistent hypoxemia. Neuromuscular blockade should also be administered in patients who remain dyssynchronous with the ventilator despite adequate sedation. Finally, patients with refractory severe hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID-19 should be considered for venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.     

Gastrointestinal insights during the COVID-19 epidemic

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has so far caused hundreds of mortalities worldwide. Although respiratory symptoms are the main complication in COVID-19 patients, the disease is also associated with gastrointestinal problems, with diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting being primary COVID-19 symptoms. Thus, cancer and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management, stool viral tests, and virus exposure are major concerns in the context of COVID-19 epidemic. In patients with colorectal cancer and IBD, the colonic mucosa exhibits elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor levels, enhancing COVID-19 susceptibility. In some cases, positive viral stool tests may be the only indicator of infection at admission or after leaving quarantine. Without supplemental stool tests, the risk of undetected COVID-19 transmission is high. Moreover, viral exposure during the regular or emergency endoscopic examination should be avoided. We carefully discuss key gastrointestinal concerns with regard to COVID-19 and call for more attention to such problems.     

Human menstrual blood-derived stem cells as immunoregulatory therapy in COVID-19: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUNDThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by novel coronavirus 2019 in December 2019 has spread all around the globe and has caused a pandemic. There is still no current effective guidance on the clinical management of COVID-19. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy has been shown to be one of the therapeutic approaches to alleviate pneumonia and symptoms through their immunomo-dulatory effect in COVID-19 patients.CASE SUMMARYWe describe the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Hangzhou to explore the role of human menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) in the treatment of COVID-19. Moreover, we review the immunomodulation effect including non-specific and specific immune functions of MenSCs for the therapy of COVID-19.CONCLUSIONMenSCs can be helpful to find a promising therapeutic approach for COVID-19.     

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A primer for emergency physicians

IntroductionRapid worldwide spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a global pandemic.ObjectiveThis review article provides emergency physicians with an overview of the most current understanding of COVID-19 and recommendations on the evaluation and management of patients with suspected COVID-19.DiscussionSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19, is primarily transmitted from person-to-person through close contact (approximately 6 ft) by respiratory droplets. Symptoms of COVID-19 are similar to other viral upper respiratory illnesses. Three major trajectories include mild disease with upper respiratory symptoms, non-severe pneumonia, and severe pneumonia complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Emergency physicians should focus on identifying patients at risk, isolating suspected patients, and informing hospital infection prevention and public health authorities. Patients with suspected COVID-19 should be asked to wear a facemask. Respiratory etiquette, hand washing, and personal protective equipment are recommended for all healthcare personnel caring for suspected cases. Disposition depends on patient symptoms, hemodynamic status, and patient ability to self-quarantine.ConclusionThis narrative review provides clinicians with an updated approach to the evaluation and management of patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected COVID-19.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎合并肥胖症的评估与治疗策略

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)已成为危及全球的传染性疾病,重症患者死亡风险极高.临床研究显示,肥胖症是COVID-19患者发生重症及死亡的独立危险因素.对于合并肥胖症的COVID-19患者,应尽早评估肥胖相关合并症,并在营养、气道管理、抗凝、合并症控制等方面采取更...     

Practical points that gastrointestinal fellows should know in management of COVID-19

Pandemics obligate providers to transform their clinical practice. An extensive effort has been put to find out feasible approaches for gastrointestinal diseases and also to manage coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related gastrointestinal conditions. Diarrhea, hepatitis, and pancreatitis can be seen in the COVID-19 course. Endoscopic procedures increase the risk of contamination for medical staff and patients despite precautions, therefore indications should be tailored to balance risks vs benefits. Furthermore, whether the immunosupression in inflammatory bowel diseases, liver transplantation, and autoimmune liver diseases increases COVID-19 related risks and how to modify immunosupression are topics of ongoing debate. This review aims to provide most up to date practical approaches that a gastrointestinal fellow should be aware on the problems and management of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic.