高迁移率族蛋白B1诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞凋亡的受体机制

目的 了解高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞凋亡的影响及其受体机制.方法 分离培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,在巨噬细胞中加入不同的刺激物,分为HMGB1组:加入10 μg/ml的HMGB1;HMGB1+抗晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)组:先加入RAGE多克隆抗体5μg/ml孵育2 h后,再加入HMGB1;HMGB1+重组鼠(rm)RAGE/Fc组:将10 μg/ml的HMGB1与10μg/ml的rmRAGE/Fc混合作用2 h后,再加入巨噬细胞;对照组:加入磷酸盐缓冲液.采用流式细胞仪检测细胞表面RAGE的表达强度.激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞凋亡情况,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率.结果 HMGB1组RAGE阳性细胞率(54±12)%明显高于对照组[(13±5)%,P＜0.01],其荧光强度(126±10)也显著高于对照组(34±8,P＜0.01).HMGB1+rmRAGE/Fc组、HMGB1+抗RAGE组凋亡细胞明显多于对照组,而HMGB1组晚期凋亡及坏死细胞明显多于其他3组.HMGB1组细胞凋亡率(39.5±2.3)%高于HMGB1+rmRAGE/Fc组[(17.3±3.6)%]、HMGB1+抗RAGE组[(14.8±4.8)%]及对照组[(5.4±2.3)%,P＜0.01].结论 HMGB1可诱导RAGE表达上调,RAGE是HMGB1诱导巨噬细胞凋亡的主要受体之一.     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号转导通路在严重烧伤大鼠枯否细胞肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素1β产生中的作用

目的 探讨p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号转导通路在严重烧伤大鼠枯否细胞(KCs)促炎性细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)产生中的作用。方法 健康成年的雄性SD大鼠32只,随机分为：假烫组;假烫 SB203580组;烧伤对照组;烧伤 SB203580组,每组8只。假烫或烧伤24h后分离出肝脏KCs,培养18h后加入50ng／ml的LPS进行刺激,18h后取上清液,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定TNF-α和IL-1β的含量,并收集KCs,实时逆转录聚合酶链反应检测KCs内TNF-α和IL-1β mRNA表达的改变,蛋白印迹(Western blot)法检测KCs中p38MAPK和JNK活性的变化。结果 烧伤大鼠分离出的KCs培养上清液中TNF-α和IL-1β含量、KCs中TNF-α和IL-1β mRNA的表达均较假烫组的明显增强,同时KCs中p38 MAPK活性和JNK活性升高,SB203580能显著抑制大鼠KCs上清液中TNF-α和IL-1β含量、KCs中TNF-α和IL-1β mRNA的表达和p38MAPK活性的升高,对JNK活性无影响。结论p38MAPK信号转导通路介导了严重烧伤大鼠KCs促炎性细胞因子TNF-α和IL-1β的产生。     

内毒素血症时小肠黏膜损害的实验研究

目的观察大鼠内毒素血症早期枯否细胞(KC)在小肠黏膜损害中的作用及氯化钆(GdCl3)阻断KC功能后对肠道完整性的影响。方法将大鼠分为3组。A组:单纯注入内毒素;B组注入内毒素之前24h先经静脉注入GdCl3;C组:假手术对照组。注射内毒素后4h处死大鼠,取材并收集胆汁。光镜下观察回肠黏膜的形态学变化。分离大鼠的KC,用RT-PCR检测KC中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)mRNA的表达。采用ELISA检测胆汁和血浆中TNF-α和IL-6水平的变化。结果A组回肠黏膜绒毛上皮表浅坏死,伴中性粒细胞浸润以及上皮脱落;B组回肠黏膜损害明显减少;C组回肠黏膜的形态学无改变。A组KC表达TNF-α和IL-6mRNA显著;B组表达明显减少;C组表达不明显。A组胆汁中TNF-α和IL-6的水平分别为(1032±107)pg/ml和(1185±127pg/ml,血浆中TNF-α和IL-6的水平分别为(207±29)pg/ml和(213±33)pg/ml,显著高于B组犤(521±76)pg/ml和(572±54)pg/ml,(113±18)pg/ml和(147±22)pg/ml犦及C组犤(72±13)pg/ml和(118±22)pg/ml,(67±10)pg/ml和(109±18)pg/ml犦(P均<0.05)。结论内毒素血症早期K释放的TNF-α和IL-6在回肠黏膜损害的启动和进程中可能起重要作用。     

匹立尼酸对肾脏缺血再灌注大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-1β的影响

目的 观察匹立尼酸(PA)对肾脏缺血再灌注大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的影响.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠54只,随机均分为3组:假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、PA组.在肾缺血60 min后再灌注建立大鼠缺血再灌注肾损伤模型,S组操作同上但不阻断血管.缺血前30 min,PA组经腹腔注射PA 5 mg/kg,I/R组和S组注射等容积生理盐水.4h后取腹主动脉血检测血清TNF-α和IL-1β的水平.结果 再灌注4h后,I/R组血清TNF-α和IL-1β水平分别为(11.65±1.15) ng/L和(230.80 ±31.82) ng/L,PA组为(7.83±1.27) ng/L和(125.74±18.03) ng/L,PA组显著低于I/R组(P＜0.05).结论 在缺血再灌注肾损伤中,预先给予PA可起到降低血清TNF-α和IL-1β水平的作用.     

不同浓度氯胺酮对谷氨酸诱导大鼠脊髓背角神经元和星形胶质细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察不同浓度氯胺酮对谷氨酸诱导的大鼠脊髓背角神经元和星形胶质细胞凋亡的影响。方法取出生1-3 d Wistar大鼠T11-L5脊髓背角神经元和星形胶质细胞,原代混合培养2 周。将细胞随机分为6组(n=8):对照组(C组)加入Hanks液;谷氨酸组(G组)加入谷氨酸至终浓度100μmol/L;氯胺酮组(K组)加入氯胺酮至终浓度1 mmol/L;GK1、GK2、GK3组先加入谷氨酸至终浓度100μmol/L,30min后分别加入氯胺酮至终浓度0.1、1、10mmol/L。培养48 h后取各组细胞上清液检测白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)浓度,瑞氏染色观察细胞形态变化,流式细胞仪检测神经元和星形胶质细胞凋亡。结果与C组比较,G、GK1、GK2组神经元和星形胶质细胞凋亡峰值增加,GK3组细胞几乎全部死亡,未能上机检测细胞凋亡,G、GK1、GK2、GK3组IL-1β和TNF-α浓度升高(P<0.01)。与G组比较,GK2组各指标均降低,GK,组IL-1β和TNF-α浓度升高(P<0.01)。结论1 mmol/L氯胺酮可降低谷氨酸引起大鼠脊髓背角神经元和星形胶质细胞的凋亡。     

急性坏死性胰腺炎大鼠胰腺高迁移率族蛋白-1的表达及意义

目的探讨急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)大鼠模型胰腺组织高迁移率族蛋白-1(HMGB1)的表达及其意义。方法72只大鼠随机分成3组,即对照组、ANP组和正丁酸钠治疗组(治疗组)。逆行性胰胆管注射5%牛磺胆酸钠建立ANP模型。ELISA法检测血清TNF-α和IL-1β水平;RT-PCR法检测胰腺组织HMGB1 mRNA的表达,并观察其病理变化。结果ANP组血清TNF-α和IL-1β水平在ANP建模后6h达高峰,12h下降。ANP组大鼠胰腺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达水平在ANP后12h明显升高,至24h仍维持在较高水平。治疗组胰腺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达水平在ANP后12,24h明显低于ANP组(P<0.05),且同期胰腺损伤比ANP组轻(P<0.05)。建模后24h血清TNF-α和IL-1β水平ANP组与治疗组间差异无显著性。结论HMGB1作为晚期炎症因子参与了ANP的全身炎症反应。HMGB1抑制剂正丁酸钠能降低ANP大鼠胰腺组织HMGB1基因表达水平,减轻ANP胰腺组织的损伤。     

白细胞介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α对人正常髓核细胞基质金属蛋白酶-28转录影响的研究

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1β（interleukin-1β,IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）对髓核细胞的基质金属蛋白酶-28（matrix metalloproteinase-28,MMP-28）是否具有调控作用。方法 培养人体正常髓核细胞,将3个不同浓度的IL-1β（0 ng/mL、10 ng/mL、50 ng/mL）和3个不同浓度的TNF-α（0 ng/mL、50 ng/mL、100 ng/mL）分别与体外扩增的第3代髓核细胞联合培养72 h,采用实时聚合酶链反应（real time-polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR）法测定MMP-28 mRNA的转录水平,采用单因素方差分析法比较转录水平的差异。结果 不同浓度（0 ng/mL、10 ng/mL、50 ng/mL）的IL-1β与髓核细胞共培养72 h后,各组间MMP-28mRNA转录水平（0.325±0.019、0.343±0.018、0.343±0.018）差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。不同浓度（0 ng/mL、50 ng/mL、100 ng/mL）TNF-α与髓核细胞共培养72 h后,各组间MMP-28 mRNA转录水平（0.325±0.019、0.515±0.02、0.610±0.012）差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,且高浓度组MMP-28 mRNA转录水平较低浓度组明显升高（P<0.01）。结论 IL-1β对正常人体髓核细胞MMP-28转录无调控作用,而TNF-α可以上调MMP-28mRNA转录水平,且呈浓度依赖性。     

结缔组织生长因子介导转化生长因子β1促进瘢痕成纤维细胞转分化的研究

目的 了解结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)介导TGF-β1发挥促人增生性瘢痕Fb(HSFb)转分化的作用.方法 体外培养人HSFb,取5份细胞标本分别加入不同浓度TGF-β1(0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0 ng/mL),作用48 h后待测.余下标本分为:空白对照组;CTGF刺激组,培养液中加入终浓度10.0 ng/mL重组人CTGF;TGF-β1刺激组,培养液中加入终浓度10.0 ng/mL重组人TGF-β1;CTGF反义寡脱氧核苷酸(ASODN)转染组,细胞转染CTGF ASODN后,加入培养液;CTGF ASODN转染+TGF-β1刺激组,细胞转染CTGF ASODN后2 h,加人含终浓度10.0 ng/mL重组人TGF-β1的培养液.蛋白质印迹法分析不同浓度TGF-β1刺激对细胞CTGF表达的影响,比较各组α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达变化;流式细胞仪检测α-SMA阳性细胞百分率.结果 TGF-β1浓度为10.0 ng/mL时,CTGF的表达明显高于未受刺激的细胞(P<0.05).CTGF刺激组与TGF-β1刺激组α-SMA表达明显高于空白对照组(P<0.01).CTGF ASODN转染组以及CTGF ASODN转染+TGF-β1刺激组α-SMA表达与空白对照组接近(P>0.05).上述各组细胞α-SMA阳性细胞百分率依次为(10.8±2.8)%、(29.1±4.0)%、(28.7±4.8)%、(10.7±2.3)%、(14.3±2.9)%,统计学分析结果类似于α-SMA表达.结论 CTGF是TGF-β1发挥促人HSFb转分化的重要下游效应分子之一.     

缺氧-复氧诱导HK2细胞HMGB1/TLR-4信号通路活化调控TNF-α、IL-1β表达的意义

目的:观察缺氧-复氧诱导后HK2细胞的凋亡率、高迁移率蛋白B1(HMGB1)、Toll样受体4(TLR-4)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素1β(IL-1β)水平的改变,探讨缺氧-复氧模拟肾缺血-再灌注诱导HGMB1/TLR-4信号通路活化在调控晚期炎症反应和细胞凋亡的意义。方法:用抗霉素A处理HK2细胞(0.1μmol/L)耗竭ATP的方法建立缺氧-复氧HK2细胞模型以模拟缺血-再灌注损伤。将HK2细胞随机分成3组:normal组、I/R组和重组人HGMB1组(r HGMB1组),在复氧后12 h、24 h、48 h 3个时间点,用流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡率,ELISA法检测细胞上清液HMGB1、TNF-α、IL-1β的水平,免疫激光共聚焦和western blot检测HK2细胞TLR-4蛋白的表达。结果:缺氧-复氧可诱导HK2细胞凋亡比率、细胞上清液重组人HMGB1、TNF-α、IL-1β水平及HK2细胞TLR-4蛋白12 h即明显增多,24 h达高峰,与normal组相同时间点相比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。经重组人HGMB1处理后,细胞的凋亡率、上清液HMGB1、TNF-α、IL-1β水平及HK2细胞TLR-4蛋白均明显降低,与I/R组相同时间点相比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:缺氧-复氧模拟肾缺血-再灌注可诱导HK2细胞HGMB1/TLR-4信号通路活化,参与调控TNF-α、IL-1β炎症介质的表达及HK2细胞的凋亡,通过晚期炎症和凋亡机制介导AKI的发生和发展。     

异丙酚对LPS诱导BV-2小胶质细胞IL-1β和TNF-α释放的影响及TLR4在其中的作用

目的 评价异丙酚对LPS诱导BV-2小胶质细胞IL-1β和TNF-α释放的影响及Toll样受体4(TLR4)在其中的作用.方法 将体外培养的BV-2小胶质细胞接种于96孔培养板中,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为4(n=12):对照组、LPS组、异丙酚组和LPS+异丙酚组.LPS组加入LPS1μg/ml孵育24h;异丙酚组加入异丙酚30 μmol/L孵育24 h;LPS+异丙酚组同时加入LPS 1 μg/ml和异丙酚30 μmol/L孵育24h.于孵育6h时,采用ELISA法检测细胞上清液TNF-α浓度,以此反映TNF-α的释放量,采用RT-PCR法测定TLR4 mRNA表达;于孵育24h时,采用ELISA法检测细胞上清液IL-1β浓度,以此反映IL-1β的释放量,采用Western Blot法检测TLR4蛋白表达.结果 与C组比较,LPS组和LPS+异丙酚组IL-1β和TNF-α的释放量升高,TLR4 mRNA及其蛋白表达上调(P＜0.05);与LPS组比较,LPS+异丙酚组IL-1β和TNF-α的释放量降低,TLR4 mRNA及其蛋白表达下调(P＜0.05).结论 异丙酚可抑制LPS诱导BV-2小胶质细胞IL-1β和TNF-α的释放,其机制与抑制TLR4的表达有关.     

胸腰椎骨折椎弓根内固定断裂与植骨融合方式的相关性分析

[目的]探讨胸腰椎骨折椎弓根螺钉内固定系统内固定术后,椎弓根螺钉断裂与植骨融合方式之间的关系,以探讨胸腰椎骨折植骨融合的最佳方式。[方法]回顾性研究1995年5月~2005年12月本院脊柱外科收治的胸腰椎骨折病人197例,其中A组单纯内固定(不植骨)患者14例,B组“H”形椎板植骨21例,C组横突间植骨67例,D组椎间、椎内联合横突间植骨95例。[结果]术后随访6~32个月,内固定断裂12例,其中A组4例,B组3例,C组5例,D组0例,4组中D组内固定断裂率显著低于其他3组(P<0.05)。[结论]椎间、椎体内联合横突间植骨重建脊柱三柱的稳定性,符合人体生物力学原理,能有效降低内固定断裂的发生。     

On the measurement of the functional properties of the CFTR

A number of methods are currently employed to assess the functional properties of CFTR channels and their response to pharmacological potentiators, correction of the defective CFTR trafficking, and vectorial introduction of new proteins. Here we review the most common methods used to assess CFTR channel function. The suitability of each technique to various experimental conditions is discussed.     

Preservation of the pylorus and resection of the head of the pancreas

The historical evolution of the pylorus-preservation resection of the head of the pancreas is traced from the first resections early in this century to relative standardization of the operation, to a lowering of the operative mortality, and to an interest in improving nutritional status after resection. There are many theoretical advantages for the function of the upper gastrointestinal tract after pylorus and gastric preservation, such as maintenance of gastric capacitance and equilibration of osmotic pressure in gastric digestants, foodstuff digestion and absorption, and bowel motility. After the pylorus-preserving resection, gastric emptying is normal, pyloric function to prevent duodenal reflux is often normal, and gastric acids and serum levels of duodenal hormones are at normal levels, whereas after standard pancreatoduodenectomy, all of these are often abnormal. No prospective blinded studies have been published comparing nutritional values after the two operative procedures, but evidence is presented of a satisfactory result with regard to gastric capacitance, body weight gain, and lack of postgastrectomy symptoms. An undoubted advantage of the pylorus-preserving feature is a simplification of the operation. These gains are achieved without increase in operative mortality, without increase in the incidence of jejunal ulcer, and without theoretical or actual decrease in value of the procedure as a cancer operation, except in patients with duodenal carcinoma proximal to the ampulla of Vater.     

下颌全牙弓后移量及最后界的测量

目的：研究下颌牙弓的有效后移量及找寻下颌牙弓移动的后界。方法：选取涉及拔除下颌第三磨牙或下颌第三磨牙缺失的病例18例（男6例,女12例）。采用种植支抗牵引下牙弓向远中,治疗完成时所有病例均明确到达下颌牙弓后界,即下颌第二磨牙远中到达下颌升支前缘软组织交界处。应用治疗前后的曲断片测量下颌第二磨牙远中到升支前缘的距离。结果：下颌第二磨牙后移量为（3.49±1.21）mm;治疗后磨牙后间隙的长度为（4.43±0.97）mm。结论：下颌牙弓可确定性地实现整体后移;最大后移量由磨牙后间隙的长度决定;其最后界止于下颌第二磨牙远中与下颌升支前缘软组织交界处。     

The Measurement of the Inclination Angle of the Hamate and Analysis of the Inclination Angle for the Rotation Deformity of the Little Finger in the Fixation of the Carpometacarpal Joint

ObjectiveComplex base fractures of the fifth metacarpal bone and dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint are more prone to internal rotation deformity of the little finger sequence after fixation with a transarticular plate. In the past, we have neglected that there is actually a certain angle of external rotation in the hamate surface of transarticular fixation. This study measured the inclination angle of the hamate surface relative to the fifth metacarpal surface for clinical reference.MethodsIn a prospective single‐center study, we investigated the tilt angle of 60 normal hamates. The study included thin‐layer computed tomography (CT) data from 60 patients from the orthopaedic clinic and inpatient unit from January 2017 to March 2020, including 34 men and 26 women who were 15~59 years old, average 35 years old. The CT data of 60 cases in Dicom format of the hand was input into Mimics and 3‐Matics software for three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction and measuring the angle α between hamate surface and the fifth metacarpal surface. According to the possible placement of the transarticular plate on the fifth metacarpal surface, we measured the angle β between the hamate surface 1 and the fifth metacarpal surface and the angle γ between the hamate surface 2 and the fifth metacarpal surface.ResultsThe average angle between the hamate surface and the fifth metacarpal surface was 11.66°. The hamate surfaces 1 and 2 have an external rotation angle of 7.30° and 7.51° on average with respect to the fifth metacarpal surface, respectively. There is no statistically significant difference in the angles between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe horizontal angle of the dorsal side of the hamate is different from the back of the fifth metacarpal surface, and the hamate has a certain external rotation angle with respect to the fifth metacarpal surface. No matter how the transarticular plate is placed, the plate always has a certain external rotation angle relative to the fifth metacarpal surface. When the fixation is across the fifth carpometacarpal joint, if the plate does not twist and shape, it will inevitably cause internal rotation of the fifth metacarpal, resulting in internal rotation deformity of the little finger sequence.     

静脉输注甘露醇开放血脑屏障对抗生素透过血脑屏障的影响

目的　通过快速静脉输注甘露醇可逆性开放血脑屏障 (BBB) ,探知此方法能否增加抗生素透过BBB的量 ,在何时达到最高峰 ,其通透量增加后临床上有无不良反应。方法　采用自身配伍设计 ,共 6个样本组。对照组仅使用抗生素 ;其余 5组分别在使用甘露醇前 60、3 0min ,同时使用甘露醇后 3 0、60min使用抗生素 ,各组皆取使用抗生素后 1h的脑脊液测其抗生素浓度。抗生素选用头孢三嗪。结果　测量值经过q检验 ,经 2 0 %甘露醇处理前后的CSF中的头孢三嗪浓度差异有非常显著性。全组患者经临床观察未出现神经系统的不良反应。结论　经静脉快速输注2 0 %甘露醇后可以使透过BBB的水溶性抗生素的量增加 ,两者使用的顺序是在抗生素使用 3 0min内即给予甘露醇快速滴注。该方法不会增加低神经毒性抗生素在中枢神经系统的不良反应。     

Preservation of the pylorus in resection of the head of the pancreas

Whipple's pancreatoduodenectomy was the standard operation for diseases of the head of the pancreas for more than 40 years, but the results were vitiated in part by poor gastrointestinal function and malnutrition. Reintroduced in 1978, pylorus-preserving proximal pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPP) has had an increasing impact on pancreatic surgery as its benefits have been recognized: improved nutritional status, decreased incidence of postgastrectomy syndromes, and a technically easier operation. Postoperative mortality rates and 5-year survival rates are comparable with those of the classic Whipple procedure. PPPP is indicated for most patients with chronic pancreatitis of the pancreatic head. It is also appropriate for patients with periampullary cancer and for those with pancreatic cancer arising from the lower part of ‘the head and the uncinate process. More than 650 patients have now undergone PPPP: 31% for chronic pancreatitis and 66% for periampullary and pancreatic cancers. We assess the indications for PPPP, outline the operation, and review the results.