结直肠癌肝转移的TACE治疗进展

目的：总结经肝动脉化疗栓塞术及联合多种方法治疗结直肠癌肝转移的疗效,并对目前治疗现状进行分析。方法：以＂结直肠癌/肝转移/经肝动脉化疗栓塞术/分析＂为关键词,检索PubM ed、CHKD期刊全文数据库及近5年有关TACE对结直肠癌肝转移治疗方面的文献并进行分析。结果：以TACE为主的综合治疗对延长患者生存期有益,是治疗结直肠癌肝转移的有效方法。结论：对于结直肠癌肝转移采取包括TACE在内的多学科综合治疗提高了不可切除结直肠癌肝转移患者的总体疗效,但仍需要随机大样本循证医学证据。     

三维适形放疗结合TACE在结直肠癌患者根治术后肝转移的临床应用

目的:探讨对于不宜或不能手术治疗的结直肠癌肝转移灶行TACE后根治性三维适形放射治疗的可行性,不良反应及疗效.方法: 对20例结直肠癌根治术后出现肝转移灶的病人,行TACE(ADM+碘油)后3周内,针对其肝转移灶行三维适形放疗,常规分割2Gy,总剂量60-66Gy.结果: 4例(20%)患者出现Ⅲ度恶心呕吐,3例(15%)出现Ⅲ度中性粒细胞减少,1例(5%)出现Ⅲ度血小板减少,4例(20%)出现Ⅲ度肝功能异常.治疗结束后,4例(20%)CR,11例(55%)PR,5例(25%)SD,无1例进展,有效率为75%. 结论: 对于结直肠癌根治术后出现不宜或不能手术的肝转移癌,应用三维适形放疗结合TACE的治疗模式,是可行的,无严重不良反应,近期疗效显著.     

三维适形放疗结合TACE在结直肠癌患者根治术后肝转移的临床应用

目的：探讨对于不宜或不能手术治疗的结直肠癌肝转移灶行TACE后根治性三维适形放射治疗的可行性,不良反应及疗效。方法：对20例结直肠癌根治术后出现肝转移灶的病人,行TACE（ADM＋碘油）后3周内,针对其肝转移灶行三维适形放疗,常规分割2Gy,总剂量60—66Gy。结果：4例（20％）患者出现Ⅲ度恶心呕吐,3例（15％）出现Ⅲ度中性粒细胞减少,1例（5％）出现Ⅲ度血小板减少,4例（20％）出现Ⅲ度肝功能异常。治疗结束后,4例（20％）CR,11例（55％）PR,5例（25％）SD,无1例进展,有效率为75％。结论：对于结直肠癌根治术后出现不宜或不能手术的肝转移癌,应用三维适形放疗结合TACE的治疗模式,是可行的,无严重不良反应,近期疗效显著。     

结直肠癌肝转移经肝动脉栓塞及持续灌注化疗的临床疗效

背景与目的：结直肠癌肝转移患者经肝动脉介入栓塞或静脉持续滴注化疗药物,治疗效果有所提高,但尚存肿瘤局部化疗药物浓度不够高,化疗药物对肿瘤细胞的杀伤力不够强,晚期结肠直肠癌的治疗效果仍然不够好的缺陷。本文将动脉介入与持续灌注化疗药物两种方法相结合,观察结直肠癌肝转移患者经肝动脉介入栓塞或持续灌注化疗的临床疗效。方法：对26例结直肠癌肝转移患者经肝动脉介入治疗93次,单用肝动脉持续灌注化疗42次,肝动脉介入栓塞联合持续灌注化疗51次。化疗药物选用阿霉素（ADM）、顺铂（DDP）、丝裂霉素（MMC）、醛氢叶酸（CF）和5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU）。先将ADM30mg/m^2和MMC6mg/m^2加入超液化碘油10-30ml中进行肝动脉灌注栓塞,然后留置导管进行持续动脉滴注。方案为CF200mg/m^2,d1-3,静脉滴注;DDP80mg/m^2d1,如肾功能改变则改用Vp-1660mg/m^2,d1-3,应用电动输液泵动脉滴注;5-FU2500mg/m^2,采用便携式输液泵将5-FU持续动脉滴注72h。结果：近期疗效以实体瘤疗效评价标准评价,CR1例,CR率3.85%;PR14例,PR率53.84%,总有效率为57.69%。本组0.5、1、2、3和5年生存率分别为92.31%、76.92%、38.46%、23.07%和3.85%,肝转移后中位生存期为11.5个月。全组病人出现的不良反应主要有肝功能损害、胃肠道反应和骨髓抑制,经护肝、制酸、止呕、水化和应用升白细胞药物对症治疗后可缓解。结论：经肝动脉持续灌注化疗及栓塞是治疗结直肠癌肝转移瘤的较好方法,能提高治疗效果。     

结直肠癌肝转移治疗进展

结直肠癌肝转移是影响结直肠癌患者生存率的主要原因，目前对其治疗尚无最佳方案，肝叶切除术是治疗肝转移癌的“金标准”，对于3个以下的肝脏转移灶，行肝叶切除术是最佳选择。面对于无手术指征的肝转移患者，使用去氧氟尿苷的肝动脉化疗可获得较高的缓解率。随着生理周期化疗，其中治疗，射频消融治疗，肝血流阻断灌注治疗等方法的发展，结直肠癌肝转移患者的治愈率有望获得提高。     

结直肠癌肝转移患者经微波消融联合肝动脉栓塞化疗的效果和肝功能变化情况

目的探讨微波消融术(MWA)联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)治疗结直肠癌肝转移中的临床疗效及其患者肝功能变化、生存情况以及生活质量评价。方法回顾性分析80例结直肠癌肝转移患者的临床相关资料,其中有38例单独行肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗,为TACE组;其他42例行微波消融联合肝动脉栓塞化疗进行治疗,为MWA+TACE组。对2组的临床疗效、患者肝功能变化、生存情况以及生活质量评价数据进行整理分析。结果 TACE组和MWA+TACE组的临床有效率分别是39.5%和76.2%,MWA+TACE组患者的临床疗效显著优于TACE组患者(χ~2=11.098,P≈0.001)。2组患者的血清白蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、总胆红素含量等肝功能各项指标不存在统计学差异(P>0.05)。MWA+TACE组患者的2年、3年生存率显著高于TACE组(P<0.05)。在治疗6个月后,MWA+TACE组患者的生理状况、功能状况、情感状况、家庭/社会状况均显著高于TACE组患者(P<0.05);在总体评分上,MWA+TACE组患者显著优于TACE组(P<0.05)。结论微波消融联合肝动脉栓塞化疗治疗结肠癌肝转移有非常显著的效果,相对于单独化疗,能够延长患者的生存时间以及提高其生活质量,且对肝功能不会造成损害。     

结直肠癌肝转移治疗进展

结直肠癌肝转移是影响结直肠癌患者生存率的主要原因，目前对其治疗尚无最佳方案。肝叶切除术是治疗肝转移癌的“金标准”，对于3个以下的肝脏转移灶，行肝叶切除术是最佳选择。而对于无手术指征的肝转移患者，使用去氧氟尿苷的肝动脉化疗可获得较高的缓解率。随着生理周期化疗、基因治疗、射频消融治疗、肝血流阻断灌注治疗等方法的发展，结直肠癌肝转移患者的治愈率有望获得提高。     

肝动脉插管及腹腔注药联合化疗治疗结直肠癌肝转移28例报告

目的 探讨肝动脉插管及腹腔注药联合化疗治疗结直肠癌肝转移的治疗效果。方法 ２８例结直肠癌，分别行左半结肠、右半结肠或经腹直肠癌要治性切除术后，行肝动脉插管及腹腔置管，药合里植于皮下，经药盒给药化疗。结果 本组２８例，完全缓解（ＣＲ）２例，部分缓解（ＰＲ）１３例，总有效率（ＣＲ＋ＰＲ）５３．６％。生存期最短２个月，最长者３年以上至今存活。结论 肝动脉插管及腹腔注药联合化疗治疗结直肠癌肝转移，毒副作用     

结直肠癌肝转移的治疗进展

结直肠癌肝转移是影响结直肠癌预后的重要因素，治疗方案包括手术治疗、化疗（全身静脉化疗和介入治疗）、基因治疗和局部治疗（射频消融、激光消融、无水酒精注射和冷冻切除术）等，其中手术是目前唯一有效的治愈手段，手术死亡率1％～2．8％，术后5年生存率34％-38％，但仅有10％．25％结直肠癌肝转移患者确诊时适合于手术切除，因此各种非手术治疗的作用正日益受到关注。本文对结直肠癌肝转移的综合治疗作一综述。     

结直肠癌肝转移的治疗进展

结直肠癌是威胁人类健康的重要疾病之一,世界范围每年有超过1百万的新发病例,将近50万的患者死于该病。其发病率位于欧美发达国家恶性肿瘤第3位,死亡率位于第2位[1]。我国结直肠癌发病率呈上升趋势,发病率位于恶性肿瘤的第3位,而病死率位于第5位[2]。约有25%的患者在确诊结直肠癌时发现肝转移,另有25%在疾病进展过程中出现肝转移,最终约2/3的患者死于肝转移[3]。以往结直肠癌出现肝转移被认为是晚期的表现,无积极治疗的价     

肝移植在结直肠癌肝转移中的价值

结直肠癌是全球范围内发病率和死亡率均高的恶性肿瘤之一,早期容易发生转移,而肝脏恰是结直肠癌远处转移的最常见器官.随着肝移植技术的发展与进步,不可切除性结直肠癌肝转移患者获得了长期生存的新机遇.近年来,挪威奥斯陆大学医院在肝移植治疗不可切除性结直肠癌肝转移的领域中取得了一系列巨大突破,引起了世界各地学者的广泛关注.随后,...     

结肠直肠癌肝转移的射频消融治疗

目的:评价结直肠癌肝转移(colorectal cancer liver metastases,CRLM)射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)治疗的可行性.方法:2003年12月至2008年11月67例结直肠癌肝转移患者在西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院接受了RFA治疗.根据实施RFA治疗的方法将患者分成3组:经皮穿刺RFA(第1组)、开腹RFA(第2组)或经皮RFA与手术相结合的方法(第3组).结果:RFA后90天,3组的死亡率均为零.一半的患者(34/67)出现手术后轻度发热.1/4的患者(17/67)有右肩部与右季肋部疼痛或不适.1例并发结肠瘘.随访显示1年、3年和5年生存率分别是100％、34.3％和4.5％.结论:对CRLM的患者,RFA或结合肝切除手术是相对微创、安全可行的方法,而且致死率低.     

结直肠癌肝转移精准治疗进展

肝转移是结直肠癌治疗失败的主要原因之一,提高肝转移疗效的关键是精准化治疗。寡转移分类标准不仅明确了不同肝转移的治疗手段和治疗目标,且进一步提升了局部非手术治疗的地位。寻找RAS 基因以外具有预后及疗效预测价值的分子标志物,对结直肠癌肝转移（colorectal liver metastases,CRLM）精准治疗意义重大。精准化治疗贯穿CRLM 治疗全程优化管理的各个环节,包括初始可切除肝转移治疗顺序的优化、KRAS基因对肝切除术的疗效预测、转化治疗敏感人群的选择、最佳随访策略的应用及个体化综合治疗方案的制定。本文就CRLM 精准治疗的最新进展进行综述。     

Liver metastases from colorectal cancer: Technique of liver resection

Liver resection has become standard for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC): anterior approach, hanging manoeuvre, or total vascular exclusion techniques as well as 3‐dimensional imaging enable safe resections even in difficult cases. Furthermore, modern chemotherapy, portal vein embolization/ligation, and two‐stage procedures increase the resectability of metastasis, and repeat resections are feasible for recurrence. In addition to characteristics of the primary, CEA, extent of metastasis, resection margins, and extrahepatic disease, hilar lymph node metastases appear prognostic. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:579–584. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

FOLFOX6 and bevacizumab in non-optimally resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer

Background:

In patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLM) R0 resection significantly improves overall survival (OS).

Methods:

In this report, we present the results of a phase II trial of FOLFOX6+bevacizumab in patients with non-optimally resectable CLM. Patients received six cycles of FOLFOX6+ five of bevacizumab. Patients not achieving resectability received six additional cycles of each. A PET-CT was performed at baseline and again within 1 month after initiating treatment.

Results:

From September 2005 to July 2009, 21 patients were enrolled (Male/Female: 15/6; median age: 65 years). An objective response (OR) was documented in 12 cases (57.1% complete responses (CRs): 3, partial response (PR): 9); one patient died from toxicity before surgery. Thirteen patients underwent radical surgery (61.9%). Three (23%) had a pathological CR (pCR). Six patients (46.1%) experienced minor postsurgical complications. After a median 38.8-month follow-up, the median OS was 22.5 months. Patients achieving at least 1 unit reduction in Standard uptake value (SUV)max on PET-CT had longer progression-free survival (PFS) (median PFS: 22 vs 14 months, P=0.001).

Conclusions:

FOLFOX6+bevacizumab does not increase postsurgical complications, yields high rates of resectability and pCR. Early changes in PET-CT seem to be predictive of longer PFS.     

A contemporary systematic review on liver transplantation for unresectable liver metastases of colorectal cancer

The 5-year overall survival rate of a patient with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer is poor at approximately 14%. Similarly, historical data on liver transplantation (LT) in those with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) showed poor outcomes, with 5-year survival rates between 12% and 21%. More recently, limited data have shown improved outcomes in select patients with 5-year overall survival rates of approximately 60%. Despite these reported survival improvements, there is no significant improvement in disease-free survival. Given the uncertain benefit with this therapeutic approach and a renewed investigational interest, we aimed to conduct a contemporary systematic review on LT for CRLM. A systematic review of the literature was performed according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis statement. English articles reporting on data regarding LT for CRLM were identified through the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases (last search date: December 16th, 2021) by 2 researchers independently. A total of 58 studies (45 published and 13 ongoing) were included. Although early retrospective studies suggest the possibility that some carefully selected patients may benefit from LT, there is minimal prospective data on the topic and LT remains exploratory in the setting of CRLM. Additionally, several other challenges, such as the limited availability of deceased donor organs and defining appropriate selection criteria, remain when considering the implementation of LT for these patients. Further evidence from ongoing prospective trials is needed to determine if and to what extent there is a role for LT in patients with surgically unresectable CRLM.     

Chemoembolization of colorectal liver metastases with cisplatin,doxorubicin, mitomycin C,ethiodol, and polyvinyl alcohol

BACKGROUND:

Unresectable colorectal liver metastases have a 1‐ and 2‐year survival of 55% and 33% with current systemic therapies. The authors evaluated response and survival after transarterial chemoembolization.

METHODS:

Chemoembolization with cisplatin, doxorubicin, mitomycin C, ethiodized oil, and polyvinyl alcohol particles was performed at monthly intervals for 1 to 4 sessions. Cross‐sectional imaging and clinical and laboratory evaluation were performed before treatment, 1 month after treatment, and then every 3 months. A second cycle was performed for intrahepatic recurrence. Toxicity was assessed using National Cancer Institute's Common Toxicity Criteria version 3.0. Response was evaluated using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. Progression and survival were estimated with Kaplan‐Meier analysis.

RESULTS:

A total of 245 treatments were performed over 141 cycles on 121 patients. Ninety‐five of 141 treatment cycles were evaluable for response: 2 (2%) partial response, 39 (41%) stable disease, and 54 (57%) progression. Median time to disease progression (TTP) in the treated liver was 5 months, and median TTP anywhere was 3 months. Median survival was 33 months from diagnosis of the primary colon cancer, 27 months from development of liver metastases, and 9 months from chemoembolization. Survival was significantly better when chemoembolization was performed after first‐ or second‐line systemic therapy (11‐12 months) than after third‐ to fifth‐line therapies (6 months) (P = .03). Presence of extrahepatic metastases did not adversely affect survival (P = .48).

CONCLUSIONS:

Chemoembolization provided local disease control of hepatic metastases after 43% of treatment cycles. Median survival was 27 months overall, and 11 months when initiated for salvage after failure of second‐line systemic therapy. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

Lymphocytic infiltration surrounding liver metastases from colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been recognized as a tumor-host reaction in various primary neoplasms. Although several studies reported TILs surrounding metastatic liver tumors, to the authors' knowledge few evaluations of the clinical significance of such features in patients with colorectal liver metastases have been carried out. METHODS: Forty-one patients who underwent initial hepatic resection for liver metastases from colorectal cancer were studied. Lymphocytic infiltration surrounding metastatic liver tumor was graded as weak or dense according to the mean number of TILs from 10 high-power microscopic fields (< or =50 or >50/HPF). RESULTS: Dense lymphocytic infiltration between the metastatic tumor and hepatic parenchyma was seen in 18 of 41 patients (44%). Histologically, tumor invasion of the portal vein was rare in patients with dense TILs (12%) compared with patients with weak TILs (36%). Patients with dense TILs survived longer than patients with weak TILs after hepatic resection (P = 0.013). Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model identified this pathological variable as a significant independent prognostic factor after hepatic resection. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of lymphocytic infiltration between the metastatic nodule and hepatic parenchyma may reflect host defensive activity in the liver and is closely related to prognosis in patients who underwent hepatic resection for liver metastases from colorectal cancer.     

Effect of thalidomide on colorectal cancer liver metastases in CBA mice

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Thalidomide has undergone resurgence in the treatment of specific malignancies. One of the possible actions of thalidomide may be an antiangiogenic effect. This study investigates the effects of thalidomide on tumor growth and long-term survival in a murine model of colorectal liver metastases. METHODS: Liver metastases were produced in male CBA mice by intrasplenic injection of a dimethyl hydrazine induced MoCR colon cancer murine cell line. Thalidomide was administered daily at doses ranging from 50 to 300 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. Tumor growth was assessed using quantitative stereological analysis. The effect on long-term survival was determined at the maximum tolerated dose using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The microvascular effects of thalidomide were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and microvascular resin casting. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine vascular endothelial growth factor (VGEF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) expression. RESULTS: Thalidomide, (50-300 mg/kg) caused no significant reduction in tumor growth by day 21 following induction of liver metastases and caused systemic toxicity at a dose of 300 mg/kg. At a dose of 200 mg/kg given beyond 35 days, thalidomide significantly reduced tumor growth compared to control, (P = 0.029). No significant impact on survival was however observed (P = 0.93). LDF and microvascular resin casting showed no differences in blood flow or tumor microvascular architecture. VGEF and FGF were expressed in tumors, but remained unaltered by thalidomide administration compared to matched controls. CONCLUSIONS: Thalidomide caused a significant reduction in the volume of colorectal liver metastases during the late phase of tumor growth. There was however no improvement in survival. Tumor growth reduction in this model did not appear to be due to microvascular changes or altered expression of VGEF or basic FGF. Further investigation into potential mechanisms of action of thalidomide and its synergistic use with other therapies is required.