急性脑梗死各临床亚型患者的脑血管反应性的变化

目的 探讨急性脑梗死各临床亚型患者脑血管反应性(CVR)的变化.方法 将70例急性脑梗死患者分为3个亚组:动脉硬化性血栓形成性脑梗死(AI)组(22例)、腔隙性脑梗死(LI)组(33例)和心源性脑梗死(CI)组(15例).应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测各组患者双侧大脑中动脉(MCA)的平均流速(Vm)、脉动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)指标,通过屏气试验测定屏气指数(BHI);并与20名正常对照组进行比较. 结果与正常对照组相比,AI组Vm、PI、RI均显著升高(P<0.05～0.01),BHI明显降低(P<0.01);LI组Vm、BHI均显著降低(均P<0.05);而CI组各参数与正常对照组相比差异无统计学意义. 结论急性脑梗死各亚组的CVR改变并不相同,AI、LI组CVR损害更为明显,CVR检测对急性脑梗死各亚型的血液动力学研究有重要意义.     

经颅多普勒超声结合二氧化碳试验评价颈内动脉狭窄患者的脑血管反应

目的:检测颈内动脉(intracranial artery,ICA)狭窄患者的脑血管反应性(CVR),探讨其狭窄程度与脑血管反应性之间的关系,以期为临床治疗及预防提供依据.方法:对不同程度ICA狭窄患者,采用德国DWL型经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测仪,结合二氧化碳试验分别测得过度换气、吸入CO2气体、屏气后的大脑中动脉(MCA)的脑血流速度以计算CVR.结果:①病例组中ICA-MCA狭窄患者通过过度换气、吸入CO2气体、屏气后MCA的最大速度变化率、平均速度变化率均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);②病例组轻、中、高度ICA狭窄或者闭塞ICA-MCA狭窄患者吸入CO2气体后各组MCA血流速度增加率依次减低,并且两两比较,P＜0.05,差异有显著意义.ICA-MCA狭窄患者由于血管狭窄、闭塞、血流受阻使CVR功能降低,狭窄程度越重,CVR功能越差,发生低灌注的危险性越大.结论:经颅多普勒超声检测CVR可行,可作为评估CVR的简便手段之一.     

经颅多普勒超声屏气试验评价脑血管反应性及其与脑血管病危险因素关系的研究

目的应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)屏气试验评价正常人及具有脑血管病危险因素患者的脑血管反应性(CVR)及其与脑血管危险因素的关系。方法采用TCD屏气试验对137例具有各种脑血管病危险因素患者及87名不同年龄段的正常人群,分别检测屏气前后大脑中动脉(MCA)流速增长的百分数,即屏气指数(BHI)作为CVR的评价指标,并对CVR与危险因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果>60岁组及41~60岁组的正常人屏气前后平均血流速度(Vm及Vm′)低于20~40岁组(均P<0.05),而>60岁组Vm及Vm′又低于41~60岁组(均P<0.05),而BHI值差异无显著性。高血压、高三酰甘油、高胆固醇、糖尿病、吸烟均与BHI异常有关,其中高血压的关系最为密切。结论TCD屏气试验作为一种简单、方便、经济的检测手段,可有效地用于CVR评价。高血压病能显著影响CVR。     

脑血管反应性检测方法的临床评价

目的对二氧化碳吸入、屏气及过度换气等3种不同的脑血管反应性检测方法进行比较,拟为临床应用探索一种有效且简便的方法。方法70例健康体格检查者通过经颅多普勒(TCD)超声技术常规检测颅底及颈部各动脉,然后分别进行二氧化碳吸入试验、过度换气试验和屏气试验,记录试验前后双侧大脑中动脉血流速度变化数据和趋势,检测脑血管反应性。结果吸入二氧化碳后,大脑中动脉平均血流速度明显加快,增加率为(44.86±10.18)%;过度换气时,平均血流速度明显减慢,于过度换气20～30s后降至平台期,平均下降率为(33.63±8.62)%,直至过度通气结束血流速度无明显变化。70例受试者平均屏气时间为(41.66±9.51)s,其中男性屏气时间(42.05±9.23)s,女性(40.63±10.47)s,男女之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);屏气后大脑中动脉平均血流速度明显加快,增加率为(46.53±11.83)%;平均屏气指数为1.16±0.37;屏气后血流速度增加率和屏气指数之间呈高度正相关(r=0.865,P<0.01);当屏气时间>30s时,无论采用屏气后血流速度增加率或屏气指数作为分析指标,均可准确地反映脑血管反应性变化。对二氧化碳吸入试验、过度换气试验及屏气试验3种不同方法进行比较显示,过度换气试验与二氧化碳吸入试验、屏气试验间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);而二氧化碳吸入试验与屏气试验之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论二氧化碳吸入试验、屏气试验和过度换气试验均可有效地评价脑血管反应性,其中以屏气试验评价脑血管反应性更为简便。     

眼动脉血管反应性在2型糖尿病患者脑血管病变中的诊断价值

目的 评估眼动脉血管反应性在2型糖尿病脑血管病变中的临床诊断价值.方法 运用经颅多普勒诊断仪,对27例2型糖尿病患者和23例健康体检者行TCD检查,对比分析两组人群大脑中动脉(MCA)及眼动脉(OA)的平均血流速度(Vm)、搏动指数(PI)、屏气指数(BHI)的差异程度.结果 糖尿病组与对照组比较,OA的平均血流速度(Vm)、屏气后的平均血流速度(Vm’)、屏气指数(BHI)均降低,与对照组比较均有统计学意义;糖尿病组与对照组比较,MCA的搏动指数(PI)、屏气后的搏动指数(PI’)均增高,与对照组比较均有统计学意义.结论 糖尿病患者MCA、OA的脑血管反应性检测,能早期识别2型糖尿病大血管和微血管病变,为2型糖尿病患者早期及时提供防治依据.     

经颅多普勒超声检测MCA与OA在原发性高血压病中的脑血流储备研究

目的运用经颅多普勒超声对高血压病患者大脑中动脉(MCA)和眼动脉(OA)血流储备及血管反应性研究,探讨其检查结果及临床意义。方法门诊随机抽取20例原发性高血压病患者40只眼及同时期体检健康20例正常对照组40只眼,运用经颅多普勒超声检查2组患者MCA及OA的平均血流速度(Vm)、屏气后的平均血流速度(Vm’)、搏动指数(PI)、屏气后的搏动指数(PI’)和屏气指数(BHI)的参数进行对比分析。结果高血压组与对照组比较:OA的平均血流速度(Vm)、屏气后的平均血流速度(Vm’)、搏动指数(PI)、屏气指数(BHI)与对照组比较均有统计学意义(P<0.05);MCA的搏动指数(PI)、屏气后的搏动指数(PI’)与对照组比较均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论通过对高血压患者MCA、OA的脑血管反应性检测,可以为高血压病患者早期及时提供防治依据。     

经颅多普勒在脑积水中的应用价值

目的研究脑积水患者经颅多普勒(TCD)监测结果与患者颅内压之间的关系。方法选择32例行脑室-腹腔分流术的脑积水患者纳入患者组,在行分流术前1d和术后5d分别行两侧大脑中动脉(MCA)的TCD监测;选择27例门诊体检健康个体为对照组,行两侧MCA的TCD监测。结果患者组行分流术前TCD监测的平均血流速度(Vm)、收缩期血流速度(Vs)和舒张期血流速度(Vd)均明显低于对照组;搏动指数(PI)和阻抗指数(RI)明显高于对照组。RI值与脑积水患者颅内压呈正相关(r=0.701,P<0.01),PI值与脑积水患者颅内压也呈相关(r=0.426,P<0.05)。脑积水患者分流术后PI和RI值下降,Vm、Vd均上升(P<0.05)。结论TCD可作为评价脑积水患者颅内压增高的有效手段,RI和PI值是其有效指征。     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者的脑血管储备研究

目的通过对2型糖尿病伴视网膜病变(DR)与糖尿病无视网膜病变(NDR)患者的眼动脉(OA)反应性对比分析,为临床提供诊断及治疗依据。方法运用TCD诊断仪,分别对20例DR和21例NDR患者行TCD检查,收集2组患者大脑中动脉(MCA)及OA的平均血流速度(Vm)、搏动指数(PI)、屏气指数(BHI)的参数进行对比分析。结果 DR组与NDR组比较:OA的Vm、屏气后平均血流速度(Vm`)、屏气后搏动指数(PI`)、BHI,MCA的Vm均比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论通过对2型糖尿病患者OA血管反应性检测,能发现DR患者OA血流储备下降更明显,该检查有助于早期发现病变,利于及时采取更加积极的治疗,防止失明。     

阻塞性呼吸睡眠暂停综合征与高血压并存患者脑血管功能状态的TCD初探

目的 研究分析阻塞性呼吸睡眠暂停综合征(OSAS)与高血压并存患者脑血管功能状态.方法 采用EME公司的COMPIONEⅡ型号经颅多普勒检查仪(TCD),对85例OSAS与高血压并存患者进行TCD检查,判断血管状态,采用屏气试验评价脑血管反应性,记录大脑中动脉(MCA)的平均血流速度(Vm)、搏动指数(PI),屏气指数(BHI)并与对照组比较,进行统计学分析.结果 两组间血管异常情况经χ~2检验,χ~2=4.1,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义.两组间的Vm经配对t检验,t=1.80,P>0.05差异无统计学意义.两组间的PI经配对t检验,t=1.62,P>0.05,差异无统计学意义.两组间BHI经配对t检验,t=4.75,P<0.01,差异有统计学意义.结论 OS-AS与高血压并存患者的脑血管功能状态与对照组比较脑血管反应性较差,更易发生动脉硬化,形成管腔狭窄.     

脑血管储备功能在老年遗忘型轻度认知障碍中的应用价值

目的研究老年遗忘型轻度认知障碍(aMCI)患者脑血管储备(CVR)功能的特点。方法收集2012-4—2016-1就诊于首都医科大学附属复兴医院、年龄≥60岁、确诊为aMCI的患者40例,同时选择认知功能正常的健康者42名为正常对照组。所有受试者分别进行经颅多普勒超声(TCD)屏气试验及听觉事件相关电位(AERPs)检查,分析屏气指数(BHI)与认知功能及脑血流动力学的相关性。结果 aMCI组BHI较正常组下降(P0.01);aMCI组BHI与蒙特利尔量表(Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)评分呈正相关(r=0.634,P0.01),与P300潜伏期呈负相关(r=-0.426,P0.01);aMCI组患者BHI与大脑中动脉(MCA)的搏动指数(PI)呈负相关(r=-0.365,P0.05);aMCI患者PI异常者其BHI较PI正常者降低(P0.05)。结论老年aMCI患者CVR功能下降,其认知功能受损与CVR减低有一定相关性。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.