Laparoscopic anterior resection for rectal cancer in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Laparoscopic surgery has been relatively contraindicated in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) because of concerns about the effect of the pneumoperitoneum on shunt function. However, there have been recent reports of laparoscopic surgery on the gallbladder and cecum. This is the first report of laparoscopic high anterior resection for rectal cancer without manipulation of the VPS catheter in a patient with VPS. We made a diagnosis of advanced rectal cancer in a 77‐year‐old man who had a VPS to treat hydrocephalus after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. We performed the procedure with the patient in a 15° head‐down tilt and with 10‐mmHg pneumoperitoneum pressure. There were no postoperative complications. We concluded that laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer can be safely performed in patients with VPS.     

Intraoperative non invasive intracranial pressure monitoring during pneumoperitoneum: a case report and a review of the published cases and case report series

Non-invasive measurement of ICP (nICP) can be warranted in patients at risk for developing increased ICP during pneumoperitoneum (PP). Our aim was to assess available data on the application of nICP monitoring during these procedures and to present a patient assessed with an innovative combination of noninvasive tools. Literature review of nICP assessment during PP did not find any studies comparing different methods intraprocedurally and only few studies of any nICP monitoring were available: transcranial Doppler (TCD) studies used the pulsatility index (PI) as an estimator of ICP and failed to detect a significant ICP increase during PP, whereas two out of three optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) studies detected a statistically significant ICP increase. In the case study, we describe a 52 year old man with a high grade thalamic glioma who underwent urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Considering the high intraoperative risk of developing intracranial hypertension, he was monitored through parallel ONSD ultrasound measurement and TCD derived formulae (flow velocity diastolic formula, FVdnICP, and PI). ONSD and FVdnICP methods indicated a significant ICP increase during PP, whereas PI was not significantly increased. Our experience, combined with the literature review, seems to suggest that PI might not detect ICP changes in this context, however we indicate a possible interest of nICP monitoring during PP by means of ONSD and of TCD derived FVdNICP, especially for patients at risk for increased ICP.     

Acute increase in intracranial pressure revealed by transcranial Doppler sonography

Increased pulsatility of blood flow in the basal cerebral arteries recorded with the use of transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) corresponds to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) to near the level of the diastolic arterial blood pressure. We describe the case of a 39-year-old woman who developed acute reduction in consciousness, anisocoria, gaze deviation, and right-sided hemiparesis 2 days after resection of a relapsed astrocytoma. MRI revealed only a moderate enlargement of the ventricles, but TCD revealed highly pulsatile waveforms of all basal cerebral arteries, showing a biphasic pattern with diastolic backflow. This pattern was interpreted as a massive increase in ICP with imminent danger of cerebral circulatory arrest corresponding to acute malresorptive hydrocephalus. External cerebrospinal fluid drainage was immediately undertaken, revealing excessive ICP of more than 50 cm H(2)O. Twenty-four hours after this intervention, both the ICP and the Doppler waveforms had returned to normal. This case illustrates the usefulness of TCD for diagnosing a critical but potentially reversible acute increase in ICP with imminent cerebral circulatory arrest.     

The effect of gynaecological laparoscopic surgery on cerebral oxygenation

During gynaecological laparoscopic surgery, alterations in cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure are frequently reported. These changes affect cerebral perfusion pressure and thus may affect cerebral oxygenation. In this prospective study, the effect of gynaecological laparoscopic surgery on cerebral oxygenation was examined by following the changes in regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSo2). Twenty-four female patients were enrolled. The mean rSo2 was 65.5 +/- 5.4% at baseline before surgery, 60.8 +/- 5.6% when the patient was placed in the Trendelenburg position, 57.1 +/- 9.3% after creation of pneumoperitoneum, and 64.0 +/- 7.3% after the completion of surgery. During the period of pneumoperitoneum, rSo2 fell below 50% in two hypercapnic patients. In comparison with baseline, rSo2 declined significantly in the Trendelenburg position. The creation of pneumoperitoneum itself did not decrease the average rSo2 value further unless the patients were hypercapnic.     

经颅多普勒超声检测高颅压患者的脑血流变化

目的 了解颅内压力增高对脑血液循环的影响。方法 对86例颅内病变引起的高颅压患者于治疗前后进行经颅多普勒超声（TCD）检测,同时检测患者脑压及血压。结果 颅内压轻度升高时脑血流速度增快,血管脉动指数及阻力指数增大,随着颅内压进一步升高,血流速度迅速减慢。结论 颅内压在一定范围内变化时与脑血流的某些参数有高度相关性,TCD所测得脑血流参数改变可间接推断颅内压变化。     

截石位改变速度在妇科腹腔镜手术患者中的应用

目的探讨截石位改变速度在妇科腹腔镜手术患者中的应用。方法将收治的120例妇科腹腔镜手术患者随机分为观察组和对照组各60例,2组气腹压力均为11 mm Hg,对照组截石位改变速度6 s内,观察组30 s,比较2组的血流动力学及血气指标的变化。结果 2组患者气腹后的SBP、DBP均较气腹前增加(P0.05);观察组在气腹后的SBP、DBP增加幅度小于对照组(P0.05);观察组的呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)在气腹后与气腹前无统计学意义(P0.05);对照组在气腹后的PETCO2高于气腹前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组与对照组的气道压力在气腹后均有上升趋势,两组之间无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论延长截石位时体位改变的时间,可减少体位改变给妇科腹腔镜手术患者带来的血流动力学影响,更有利于肺功能恢复。     

急性局灶性颅内压升高动物模型的建立及颅内压升高对经颅多普勒频谱影响的实验研究

目的 建立急性局灶性颅内高压动物模型,探讨兔颅内高压状态下经颅多普勒(TCD)频谱动态变化规律,为临床应用TCD无创监测颅内压(ICP)、脑灌注压(CPP)提供实验依据.方法 用硬膜外球囊注水法制作急性局灶性颅内高压动物模型,持续监测兔ICP、CPP及基底动脉TCD.结果 随着颅内压升高,依次出现5种典型的TCD频谱:高阻力血流频谱、收缩峰、舒张期逆向血流、极小的收缩峰、无血流.结论 根据TCD频谱变化能够定性判断颅内压和脑灌注压.本动物模型简便、严密,具有推广价值.     

Venous haemodynamics during laparoscopic surgery: A cause for concern

Summary. During laparoscopic surgery, intra-abdominal pressure is increased by the pneumoperitoneum. This may impede venous return from the legs and so predispose to venous thrombosis. The aim of this study was to investigate femoral venous velocity and femoral venous diameter during pneumoperitoneum, and to assess the reversibility of this effect by use of an intermittent calf compression device. Fourteen patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were studied. A duplex scanner was used to assess femoral venous velocity (both with and without use of a calf compression device), and diameter, before, during and after establishment of a pneumoperitoneum. There was a significant reduction in the femoral venous velocity (from 0.15-0.105 m/s, P<0.01) and a significant increase in femoral venous diameter (from 6.55-9.3 mm, P<0.01) during pneumoperitoneum. The use of a calf compression device reversed this effect (augmented velocity of 0.395 m/s during pneumoperitoneum, P<0.01). These results indicate that laparoscopic surgery affects venous haemodynamics and this effect can be reversed with calf compression devices.     

Changes in hemodynamics and autonomic nervous activity in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: differences between the pneumoperitoneum and abdominal wall-lifting method

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Intraoperative changes in circulatory hemodynamics and autonomic nervous activity were evaluated in 33 patients with cholelithiasis who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of these patients, 18 were treated using a pneumoperitoneum (group G) and 15 using the abdominal wall-lifting method (group WL). Their ECG, blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and expiratory carbon dioxide partial pressure were monitored. Autonomic nervous function was evaluated by spectral analysis of the heart rate. RESULTS: Mean blood pressure increased significantly in group G during surgery, but did not vary in group WL during any stage of surgery. The high-frequency (HF) power, an index of parasympathetic activity, decreased significantly in group G after pneumoperitoneum. However, the HF power did not decrease significantly in group WL. The LF/HF ratio, an index of sympathetic activity, increased significantly in group G after pneumoperitoneum, but did not vary in group WL. In addition, the incidence of ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias and the severity of the arrhythmias as determined by Lown's classification were higher in group G than in group WL. These findings suggest that intraoperative changes in autonomic nervous activity, due to increased intra-abdominal pressure, were smaller in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy using the abdominal wall-lifting method than in those undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy using pneumoperitoneum. The results also demonstrated that hemodynamic changes were smaller in patients undergoing the abdominal wall-lifting method than in those undergoing pneumoperitoneum. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that hemodynamics should be carefully monitored during pneumoperitoneum, and that the abdominal wall-lifting approach in laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a method worthy of consideration for elderly patients or those with cardiopulmonary complications.     

Decreased adaptive capacity, intracranial: a proposal for a nursing diagnosis

A new nursing diagnosis is proposed related to failure of normal intracranial compensatory mechanisms manifested by repeated disproportional increases in ICP in response to noxious and nonnoxious stimuli. This diagnosis, decreased adaptive capacity--intracranial, occurs in patients with intracranial hypertension. It is not synonymous, however, with increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Rather, its use in the patient with intracranial hypertension allows the nurse to identify who is at high risk for disproportionate increase in ICP and decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) secondary to ordinary activities of nursing care. The diagnosis can guide nursing management to reduce adaptive demands and increase adaptive capacity in those patients.     

经颅多谱勒超声联合脑室型有创颅内压监测在创伤性双侧大脑半球弥漫性脑肿胀患者救治中的作用

目的探讨经颅多谱勒超声（TCD）联合脑室型有创颅内压（ICP）监测在创伤性急性双侧大脑半球弥漫性脑肿胀（PADBS）患者救治中的作用及对预后的影响。 方法回顾性分析2013年3月至2015年12月解放军第98医院神经外二科在TCD联合脑室型有创ICP监测下救治的42例PADBS患者的临床资料。患者入院后2 h内行TCD及脑室型有创ICP监测,按入院首次ICP值分为ICP ≤ 25 mmHg组（27例）和ICP >25 mmHg组（15例）,同时按入院时首次TCD监测的脑搏动指数,分为脑搏动指数≤ 1.4组（18例）及脑搏动指数>1.4组（24例）。同时按伤后6个月格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）对患者预后进行评价。比较入院时不同ICP组及脑搏动指数组的预后情况。 结果PADBS患者入院首次ICP值15~46 mmHg,平均ICP为（24 ± 7）mmHg;入院首次脑搏动指数值1.21~3.31,平均脑搏动指数为1.7 ± 0.5。患者预后良好20例,中度残疾14例,重度残疾3例,植物生存3例,死亡2例。PADBS患者入院首次ICP ≤ 25 mmHg组预后优于ICP > 25 mmHg组患者[92.59%（25/27）vs. 60.00%（15/25）,χ² = 4.695,P < 0.05]。入院首次脑搏动指数≤ 1.4组18例患者预后明显优于脑搏动指数> 1.4组患者[83.33%（15/18）vs. 79.16%（19/24）,χ² = 0.003,P> 0.05]。 结论TCD联合脑室型有创ICP监测对PADBS患者的临床救治有指导作用,且对患者预后有预测作用,其中入院首次ICP ≤ 25 mmHg的PADBS患者预后较好。     

Laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair in a cirrhotic patient with a peritoneovenous shunt

A 62‐year‐old Japanese woman who had developed massive cirrhotic ascites was referred to our hospital for a peritoneovenous shunt implant. However, CT examination revealed an umbilical hernia that had not been observed before the peritoneovenous shunt was implanted. We decided to perform laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair to keep carbon dioxide from flowing backward into the central circulatory system. We first clamped the catheter and set the upper limit of the pneumoperitoneum pressure to 6 mmHg. The central venous pressure was also measured simultaneously. Mesh was then applied over the hernia and fixed by the double‐crown technique. Finally, 1000‐mL physiological saline was infused into the abdominal cavity while the pneumoperitoneum was slowly released. In this case, we safely performed laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair while making some alterations, specifically catheter clamping, reducing pneumoperitoneum pressure, monitoring central venous pressure, and infusing physiological saline.     

Volatile isoflurane sedation in cerebrovascular intensive care patients using AnaConDa?: effects on cerebral oxygenation, circulation, and pressure

Purpose

The anesthetic-conserving device AnaConDa^?, a miniature vaporizer, allows volatile sedation in the intensive care unit (ICU). We investigated the effects of isoflurane sedation on cerebral and systemic physiology parameters in neuromonitored ICU stroke patients.

Methods

Included in the study were 19 consecutive ventilated patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (12), subarachnoid hemorrhage (4), and ischemic stroke (3) who were switched from intravenous propofol or midazolam to inhalative isoflurane sedation for an average of 3.5?days. During the sedation transition, the following parameters were assessed: mean arterial pressure (MAP), intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity (MFV) and cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (FTOE), as well as systemic cardiopulmonary parameters and administered drugs.

Results

After the first hour, mean ICP showed an increase of 2.1?mmHg that was not clinically relevant. Likewise, MFV did not change. MAP and CPP, however, decreased by 6.5 and 6.3?mmHg, respectively. FTOE was reduced slightly from 0.24 to 0.21 (p?=?0.03). Over an observation period of 12?h, ICP remained stable, while MAP and thus CPP showed distinct decreases (CPP: ?10?mmHg at 6?h, p?<?0.001; ?7.5?mmHg at 12?h, p?=?0.005, when compared to preswitch levels) despite a 1.5-fold increase in vasopressor administration.

Conclusions

We suggest that that it is possible to reach sufficient sedation levels in cerebrovascular ICU patients by applying volatile isoflurane long-term without a relevant increase in ICP, if baseline ICP values are low or only moderately elevated. However, caution should be exercised in view of isoflurane’s decreasing effect on MAP and CPP. Multimodal neuromonitoring is strongly recommended when applying this off-label sedation method.     

Intensive care management of head-injured patients in Europe: a survey from the European Brain Injury Consortium

OBJECTIVES: (a) to describe current practice in the monitoring and treatment of moderate and severe head injuries in Europe; (b) to report on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure monitoring, occurrence of measured and reported intracranial hypertension, and complications related to this monitoring; (c) to investigate the relationship between the severity of injury, the frequency of monitoring and management, and outcome. METHODS: A three-page questionnaire comprising 60 items of information has been compiled by 67 centres in 12 European countries. Information was collected prospectively regarding all severe and moderate head injuries in adults (> 16 years) admitted to neurosurgery within 24 h of injury. A total of 1005 adult head injury cases were enrolled in the study from 1 February 1995 to 30 April 1995. The Glasgow Outcome Scale was administered at 6 months. RESULTS: Early surgery was performed in 346 cases (35%); arterial pressure was monitored invasively in 631 (68%), ICP in 346 (37%), and jugular bulb saturation in 173 (18%). Artificial ventilation was provided to 736 patients (78%). Intracranial hypertension was noted in 55% of patients in whom ICP was recorded, while it was suspected in only 12% of cases without ICP measurement. There were great differences in the use of ventilation and CPP monitoring among the centres. Mortality at 6 months was 31%. There was an association between an increased frequency of monitoring and intervention and an increased severity of injury; correspondingly, patients who more frequently underwent monitoring and ventilation had a less favourable outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In Europe there are great differences between centres in the frequency of CPP monitoring and ventilatory support applied to head-injured patients. ICP measurement disclosed a high rate of intracranial hypertension, which was not suspected in patients evaluated on a clinical basis alone. ICP monitoring was associated with a low rate of complications. Cases with severe neurological impairment, and with the worse outcome, were treated and monitored more intensively.     

Pulmonary edema after laparoscopic hepatectomy in a patient with Budd–Chiari syndrome‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma

An 84‐year‐old man diagnosed with Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) developed a 20‐mm hepatocellular carcinoma. We performed laparoscopic hepatectomy without complications, but the patient's percutaneous oxygen saturation gradually worsened and pulmonary edema was detected 50 minutes after extubation. He was subsequently re‐intubated and received diuretic therapy. He was discharged on postoperative day 32. Patients with severe BCS have been reported to have an expanded plasma volume. In addition, pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery has been reported to decrease the venous flow in the portal vein and/or renal vein, the collateral pathways in BCS. The cause of pulmonary edema in the present case may have involved increased venous return following decompression of pneumoperitoneum pressure under the state of an expanded plasma volume. This case suggests that clinicians should pay special attention to achieving volume control in patients with BCS, particularly during laparoscopic surgery and minimizing the duration of pneumoperitoneum.     

To wake-up,or not to wake-up: that is the Hamletic neurocritical care question!

The need for a reliable neurological evaluation in severely brain-injured patients conflicts with sedation, which is routinely administered. Helbok and colleagues prospectively evaluated in a small cohort of 20 sedated severely brain-injured patients the effects of a wakeup test on intracranial pressure (ICP), brain tissue oxygen tension and brain metabolism. The test has been considered potentially risky on 34% of the study days. When the test is performed, ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure increase, usually slightly, except in a subgroup of patients with lower cerebral compliance where marked ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure changes were recorded. In this cohort, the information gained with the wake-up test has been negligible. Given the current little knowledge about the benefits of interruption of continuous sedation in brain-injured patients, it is extremely important to adopt multiple monitoring modalities in neurocritical care in order to escape wake-up tests in those patients who will potentially be harmed by this procedure. Once the clinical condition will improve, sedation needs to be tapered and suspended as soon as possible.     

Intra-operative risk and haemodynamic etfects of the CO2-pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic surgery

The benetits of minimally invasive surgery led to an increasing rate of laparoscopic procedures in older patients. These patients profit most from the p.op. advantages of laparoscopic surgery. On the other hand they often display cardiovascular risks with the intra-operative risk of the CO₂-pneumoperitoneum still under discussion. Methods: The haemodynamic etfects of CO₂-pneumoperitoneum were investigated. Monitoring included cardiac output (CO), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and wedge pressure (PAWP), femoral venous pressure (FVP), intra-oesophageal pressure (IEP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and transmural right-atrial pressure (TMP), and was performed in a controlled, experimental model. Results: Establishing the pneumoperitoneum caused initially a 35% decrease in CO. SVR, as an indicator of cardiac afterload, increased clearly. The increased intra-abdominal pressure led to a reduction of venous retlux from the periphery and squeezed the venous reservoir within the abdominal cavity. Cardiac preload was altered, too. The elevated cardiac afterload adapted under pneumoperitoneum. After desufflation cardiac output rose far above normal. Conclusions: These results indicate a strong cardiac stress after insufflation and desufflation. This is caused by the increased intra-abdominal pressure rather than by systemic etfects of resorbed CO₂. Laparoscopic procedures in patients with clinical signs of cardiovascular insufficiency should only be performed with substantial intra-operative monitoring. Otherwise low pressure pneumoperitoneum and/or pressure and gasless laparoscopy could be considered.     

Transcranial doppler ultrasound assessment of intracranial hemodynamics in children with diabetic ketoacidosis

The pathophysiology of acute neurological complications of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children and adolescents is not completely understood. We sought to establish whether transcranial Doppler (TCD) was able to monitor the changes of cerebral blood flow regulatory mechanisms, as measured by cerebral blood velocities (CBF-V), Gosling's pulsatility index (PI), and cerebral vascular reactivity (VR), prior to and during treatment of DKA. The increased values of PI suggested an increase of intracranial pressure (ICP) due to the existence of cerebral vasoparalysis, based on the low values of VR prior to treatment and 6 hours after initiation of treatment. At 24 hours, the correction of hematocrit and pH was associated with a significant decrease of PI, suggesting a decrease of ICP, likely due to a return of vascular tone in response to the low PaCO₂. This was further supported by an increase of VR in all patients. At 48 hours, when PaCO₂ returned to normal, the PI remained low and the VR increased further, suggesting a complete reversal of vasoparalysis and a return of cerebral blood flow regulatory mechanisms. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Decompressive hemicraniectomy with duraplasty: a treatment for large-volume ischemic stroke.

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a cause of death and disability in neurological patients. Patients experiencing malignant stroke of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) have a high mortality related to cerebral edema, increased ICP, and subsequent cerebral herniation. Decompressive hemicraniectomy with duraplasty is a surgical option for those experiencing large volume MCA stroke. When decompressive hemicraniectomy with duraplasty is performed, functional outcomes improve if the MCA stroke candidate is younger, the onset of increased ICP occurred less than 24 hours before surgery, and surgery is performed before clinical signs of herniation syndrome occur. The level of care required for these patients makes nursing care challenging.     

不同呼气末正压水平对肺复张患者脑灌注压及血流动力学的影响

目的 观察肺复张(RM)对颅内压(ICP)、脑灌注压(CPP)及平均动脉压(MAP)的影响.方法 选择因严重颅脑疾患伴肺损伤需要进行机械通气的6例患者,在进行RM的同时进行持续ICP、MAP、中心静脉压(CVP)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)等监测.RM采用压力控制通气模式,逐步提升呼气末正压(PEEP)的方法.结果 6例患者共进行22例次RM,2例次分别在3 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)和6 cm H2O PEEP水平出现MAP、CPP显著降低而终止.其余20例次RM中不同PEEP水平相应的MAP、CVP、ICP、CPP平均值与基础值相比差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);MAP与CPP呈高度相关性(r=0.706,P=0.000).20例次RM中,单次RM内参数间呈高度相关性的比例:MAP与CPP占85%(17/20);PEEP与CVP占75%(15/20);PEEP与ICP占75%(15/20);PEEP与CPP占40%(8/20).22例次RM中MAP随PEEP变化有6种趋势:8例次相对稳定;6例次随PEEP增加而降低,然后随PEEP降低而逐渐回升;2例次随PEEP增加而升高,随PEEP降低逐渐回到基础值;2例次随PEEP增加而降低,PEEP降低后MAP不能相应升高;2例次随PEEP增加而增加,在PEEP降到基础值后MAP仍维持在高水平;2例次随PEEP增加MAP急剧降低而终止RM.11例次RM中ICP随PEEP升高而升高,随PEEP降低而降低;6例次在RM过程中无明显变化;3例次RM后ICP处于高值末回到基线.12例次RM中CPP随PEEP升高而降低,随PEEP降低而增加,并随PEEP回到基线时恢复到基础值;6例次无明显变化;2例次CPP维持在低值,分别在PEEP回到基线后10 min、20 min恢复到基础值.结论 RM对MAP、ICP、CPP的影响存在明显的个体差异.ICP监测有助于保障脑部疾患合并肺损伤患者RM实施的安全性.