胸椎侧凸后路凸侧胸廓成形术后胸腔并发症及其预防

目的：探讨青少年特发性胸椎侧凸后路凸侧胸廓成形术的胸腔并发症原因,并提出预防措施。方法：对2003年12月至2007年9月行脊柱侧凸后路矫形内固定术和凸侧胸廓成形术,并有完整资料的胸椎侧凸患者548例进行回顾性分析。其中男167例,女381例;年龄12～38岁,平均16.1岁。术前剃刀背畸形16°～50°,平均35°。结果：凸侧胸廓成形的肋骨切除数平均4.1根。术后剃刀背畸形2°～17°,平均7°。1例（0.2%）术后呼吸困难需间歇性吸氧,29例（5.3%）术中发生壁层胸膜穿孔,其中5例术后胸腔积液,3例气胸。6例（1.1%）患者术中并无明显胸膜穿孔,但术后出现术侧胸腔积液。结论：提高手术技巧,术后严密监测呼吸状态,早期积极处理,可减少凸侧胸廓成形术后胸腔并发症的发生。     

凹侧肋骨抬高胸廓成形对"剃刀背"畸形的矫正作用

目的:探讨凹侧肋骨抬高胸廓成形在脊柱侧凸后路手术中矫正“剃刀背”畸形的可行性。方法:自2000年10月～2005年10月,共有30例胸椎侧凸患者在我科施行后路三维矫形术,男13例,女17例;年龄10～31岁,平均17岁;先天性脊柱侧凸20例,特发性脊柱侧凸8例,马凡综合征2例。术前Cobb角60°～165°,平均118°;“剃刀背”畸形15°～60°,平均34.5°;双侧背部高度差为5～16cm,平均8.9cm。均同时在同一切口下行凹侧肋横突关节处截断并抬高肋骨胸廓成形,其中22例患者还同时行凸侧胸廓成形,凸侧肋骨切除的长度约为5～7cm。结果:每例患者肋骨抬高数为3～6根,平均4.5根。无手术死亡及严重并发症发生。术后Cobb角18°～85°,纠正率平均为58%;“剃刀背”畸形5°～18°,平均10.4°;双侧背部高度差1.5～5.2cm,平均3.4cm。随访12个月～5年,平均28个月,末次随访时Cobb角20°～90°,纠正率平均为56%;“剃刀背”畸形与术后无明显改变。结论:在严格掌握适应证的情况下仔细操作,凹侧肋骨抬高胸廓成形可使“剃刀背”畸形得到满意矫形效果。     

短节段肋骨切除胸廓成形对脊柱侧凸患者肺功能的影响

目的探讨特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形凸侧短节段肋骨切除胸廓成形术对肺功能的影响。方法 2006年1月至2007年5月,19例特发性胸椎侧凸患者行后路三维矫形术,并经同一切口行凸侧短节段肋骨切除胸廓成形术。男9例,女10例,年龄11～20岁,平均14.5岁。Lenke分型：1型13例,2型6例;术前Cobb角60°～104°,平均73.9°;术中切除肋骨4～6根,平均5.4根,切除长度1.5～2cm。所有患者术前均进行肺功能检查,选择用力肺活量（forced vital capacity,FVC）、第1秒最大呼气量（forced expiratory volume in 1 second,FEV_1）及二者占预计值百分比（FVC%,FEV_1%）作为观察指标,并分别于术后3个月、6个月、1年、2年复查肺功能,了解肺功能变化情况。所得数据用统计学方法进行分析。结果本组病例术后Cobb角10°～59°,平均26.5°,侧凸矫正率为64.1%;术后3个月时,FVC、FEV_1、FVC%及FEV_1%较术前均有下降,但其差异无统计学意义,术后6个月时接近术前水平,术后1年及2年较术前均有升高。校正年龄和身高对肺功能的影响后,FVC%及FEV_1%的动态变化显示术后3个月至2年患者肺功能在持续改善。结论脊柱侧凸后路三维矫形结合凸侧短节段肋骨切除胸廓成形对患者的肺功能干扰小,术后肺功能恢复快,可作为脊柱侧凸合并中重度胸牢的治疗选择。     

脊椎共面排列矫形技术治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的初步疗效

目的:评估脊椎共面排列(vertebral coplanar alignment,VCA)矫形技术治疗特发性脊柱侧凸(idiopathicscoliosis,IS)的初步疗效。方法:2010年1月～9月采用VCA技术治疗IS患者20例,男5例,女15例,年龄11～21岁,平均15.3岁;Lenke 1型14例,2型6例;术前主弯Cobb角50°～86°,平均67.5°,柔韧性11.4%～50.9%,平均31.7%;胸椎后凸5°～55°,平均25.7°,按Lenke矢状面形态分,6例为"+",4例为"-",10例为"N"。均采用一期后路椎弓根螺钉固定、VCA矫形、同种异体骨植骨融合治疗。以主胸弯Cobb角评价矫正率,并测定胸椎后凸变化;以顶椎肋骨隆起间距(rib hump,RH)、顶椎椎体肋骨比(apical vertebral body rib ratio,AVB-R)、肋骨弥散间距(apical rib spread difference,ARSD)和椎体旋转角(rotational angle to sacrum,RAsac)评价旋转的矫正情况。结果:所有患者均成功完成矫形手术,手术时间115～196min,平均164min;术中出血400～800ml,平均680ml;未发生严重并发症。术后主弯Cobb角12°～27°,平均20.6°,平均矫正率70.1%;RH、AVB-R、ARSD及RAsac平均矫正率分别为56.3%、29.8%、74.3%和54.1%;术后后凸17°～27°,平均21.8°,术前为"+"或者"-"的患者均矫正为N,无1例发生或残留平背畸形。随访3～12个月,平均9个月,未见矫正丢失和失代偿发生。结论:VCA矫形技术能有效矫正IS患者的冠状面畸形,有效获得或维持胸椎生理性后凸,且具有较好的矫正旋转畸形的能力。     

僵硬性脊柱侧凸前、后路松解效果的比较

目的:比较前、后路松解在僵硬性脊柱侧凸分期治疗中的效果,分析前、后路松解的手术适应证。方法:79例僵硬性脊柱侧凸患者(均为先天性或特发性脊柱侧凸患者),分别一期行脊柱前路或后路松解,头颅骨盆环牵引2～5周,平均18d,二期行矫形内固定术。前路松解组40例,其中先天性脊柱侧凸18例,特发性脊柱侧凸22例。后路松解组39例,其中先天性脊柱侧凸19例,特发性脊柱侧凸20例。对两组患者松解术前、术后Cobb角及脊柱畸形改善率、手术时间和手术并发症进行分析比较。结果:前路松解组先天性脊柱侧凸患者的Cobb角由101°矫正至61°,特发性脊柱侧凸由96°矫正至53°;后路组先天性脊柱侧凸由106°矫正至78°,特发性脊柱侧凸由89°矫正至63°,脊柱畸形改善率前路松解优于后路松解(P<0.05)。两组的手术时间、手术并发症均无显著性差异。结论:前路松解的脊柱畸形改善率明显优于后路松解,前路松解更适合于僵硬性脊柱侧凸的一期松解,不适合行前路松解的患者可选择后路松解。     

重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸患者术后肺功能变化

目的探讨前路松解、后路矫形、凸侧短段肋骨切除胸廓成形术对重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸患者肺功能的影响。方法2006年1月-2007年7月,对16例重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸患者行前路松解、后路矫形、凸侧短段肋骨切除胸廓成形术。其中男6例,女10例;年龄10～24岁,平均16.9岁。Lenke分型:1型1例,2型9例,4型6例。术前侧凸Cobb角(104.8±10.9)°,胸段后凸Cobb角(30.0±4.2)°,剃刀背高度(5.9±1.2)cm。患者术前用力肺活量(forcedvitalcapacity,FVC)和第1秒用力呼气容积(forcedexpiratoryvolumein1second,FEV1.0)实测值分别为(2.04±0.63)L和(1.72±0.62)L,实测值占预计值的百分比分别为70%±16%及67%±15%。术后3、6、12、24个月复查肺功能,了解肺功能变化情况。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后24个月随访,侧凸Cobb角(53.4±18.6)°,矫正率49.0%±15.3%;胸段后凸Cobb角(34.0±2.4)°,矫正率13.3%±2.2%;剃刀背高度(2.2±0.8)cm;以上指标与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后3、6个月,FVC和FEV1.0实测值较术前下降,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后12及24个月,FVC和FEV1.0实测值接近术前(P0.05)。术后3～24个月,FVC及FEV1.0实测值占预计值的百分比持续改善,与术前相比,术后3个月FVC下降19%,FEV1.0下降16%,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);术后6个月,FVC下降12%,FEV1.0下降10%,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);术后12、24个月,FVC及FEV1.0接近术前,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用前路松解、后路矫形、凸侧短段肋骨切除胸廓成形术治疗重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸,术后3～6个月患者肺功能下降明显,但术后12～24个月恢复至术前水平。     

胸腔镜辅助下治疗特发性脊柱侧凸

[目的]评价胸腔镜下前路松解,前路或后路矫形治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗效果。[方法]回顾本院自2003年7月~2005年12月施行的11例胸腔镜辅助下前路松解,前路或后路矫形治疗特发性脊柱侧凸病例。年龄12~16岁,平均14.6岁。LenkeⅠ型9例,术前冠状面Cobb s角54°~68°,平均59.7°;LenkeⅢ型2例,术前冠状面Cobb s角分别为58°和71°,平均64.5°。Bending X线片侧凸矫正率为21.8%~32.4%,平均26.4%。对11例患者在胸腔镜辅助下,采用等离子冷消融切除椎间盘松解,前或后路矫正。对手术后及随访时,冠状面和矢状面的Cobb s角进行测量,并对手术时间,术中出血量,围手术期并发症及矫正丢失等进行分析。[结果]平均手术时间290 min,平均术中出血171 ml。松解节段5~7个,平均4.4个。9例LenkeⅠ型术后Cobb s角平均20.4°,Cobb s角矫正率平均65.8%;2例LenkeⅢ型术后Cobb s角分别为20°和25°,Cobb s角矫正率平均65.1%;1例术后包裹性胸腔积液,术后平均随访18.6个月;1例出现矫正度丢失14°,无神经系统及血管损伤并发症。[结论]与传统开胸前路胸椎侧凸矫形手术相比,胸腔镜辅助下胸椎松解前后路矫形治疗脊柱侧凸是安全有效的微创手术,可达到与开胸手术同样效果。     

经后路胸膜外松解脊椎楔形截骨治疗重度特发性脊柱侧凸

目的:评价经后路胸膜外松解脊椎楔形截骨治疗重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸的安全性和早期临床效果.方法:2004年5月～2007年10月采用经后路胸膜外松解凸侧胸椎间隙、顶椎区楔形截骨、凹侧肋椎关节松解及椎弓根螺钉同定矫正治疗重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸患者19例,男12例,女7例,年龄14～39岁,平均18.9岁.术前侧凸Cobb角890～132°,平均107°;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离3～5.7cm,平均4.1cm;侧凸柔韧性为16.1%～29.6%,平均24.2%;12例合并后凸畸形,后凸Cobb角56°-89°,平均67°.结果:平均松解椎间隙5.2个,楔形截骨平均2.1个椎体.手术时间平均8.9h,术中出血量1200～4700ml,平均3100ml.无脊髓损伤.1例术中发生血气胸,术毕行胸腔闭式引流,2周后痊愈;1例术后第4d并发肠系膜上动脉综合征,采取禁食水、持续胃肠减压、维持水电解质平衡、左侧卧位,术后2周痊愈.术后侧凸Cobb角矫正至12°～59°,平均24.1°,矫正率为77.5%;12例后凸Cobb角22°～460°,平均35.6°,矫正率为46.9%;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离0.3～1.3cm,平均0.7cm.随访8～41个月,平均17.2个月,末次随访时侧凸Cobb角15°～67°,平均27.9.,丢失3.6%;12例后凸Cobb角25°～51°,平均39.4°,丢失5.7%;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离0.4～1.6cm,平均为0.9cm.所有患者植骨愈合良好,内固定无断裂及松动.结论:经后路胸膜外松解、脊椎楔形截骨与胸廓成形及后路脊柱矫形使用同一个手术切口,创伤小,节省了前路经胸的手术时间,对心肺干扰小,降低了手术风险.应用此方法治疗重度特发性脊柱侧凸安全性好,能获得较好的脊柱三维矫正.     

同种异体骨加自体肋骨治疗特发性胸椎侧凸的疗效分析

目的通过与自体髂骨植骨融合术进行比较,探讨以同种异体骨加用自体肋骨取代自体髂骨在特发性胸椎侧凸后路矫形术中的应用效果。方法对1999～2000年间收治的有完整资料的84例特发性胸椎侧凸患者进行回顾性分析。A组(自体髂骨融合组)34例,年龄12～20岁,平均14.5岁;Cobb角40°～82°(平均56°),未行胸廓成形术,King分型Ⅱ型8例,Ⅲ型22例,Ⅴ型4例。B组(同种异体骨加自体肋骨融合组)50例,年龄13～19岁,平均15.4岁;Cobb角38°～80°(平均54°),King Ⅱ型14例,Ⅲ型30例,Ⅴ型6例。均采用后路CD、CDH 或TSRH固定。术后定期随访并进行影像学和临床融合状态评估。结果术后随访2～5年,平均3.4年。A组患者术后Cobb角平均矫形率为73.2%。随访2年时矫形丢失率为10%,假关节发生率为3%。取骨处的总体并发症发生率为26%,包括取髂骨处深部感染、血肿,伤口浅层愈合不佳,取髂骨处疼痛等。B组术后Cobb角矫形率为70.4%,随访2年时矫形丢失率为9%,假关节发生率为2%,TSRH钩-棒固定松动2例。胸廓成形术取肋骨的总体并发症发生率为20%,包括术中胸膜破裂,术后局部反常呼吸,渗出性胸膜炎,深吸气性疼痛等。结论同种异体骨加自体肋骨植骨若适应证选择恰当是一种安全、可靠、有效、经济的植骨方法,从融合率、矫形丢失、术后并发症等因素考     

全脊柱椎弓根螺钉技术治疗脊柱侧凸疗效观察

目的探讨采用后路全脊柱椎弓根螺钉技术节段内固定治疗脊柱侧凸的疗效和安全性,并总结胸椎椎弓根螺钉的植入方法。方法选取入组患者16例,青少年特发性脊柱侧凸7例,先天性半椎体脊柱侧凸9例,男12例,女4例;年龄12~19岁,平均15.9岁。脊柱冠状面Cobb角为30~82°,而平均为52°。全部采用全脊柱椎弓根螺钉技术后路三维矫形内固定,均获得骨性融合,其中10例行胸廓成形术。结果术中术后无神经、血管并发症。手术切口I期愈合。术后随访3~44个月,平均23.5个月,无术后疼痛,X线正侧位及动态位片未发现断钉、假关节形成。术后平均矫正Cobb角41°,16例患者术后Cobb角平均为11°,矫正率达78.8%。所有患者均在4~8个月内恢复正常的学习生活。结论后路全脊柱椎弓根螺钉技术内固定矫形治疗脊柱侧凸,可获得满意的效果且并发症发生概率低。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.