Comparison of intravesical prostatic protrusion, prostate volume and serum prostatic-specific antigen in the evaluation of bladder outlet obstruction

AIM: The aims of this study were to define the relationship between intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate volume (PV) and to determine which one of them is the best predictor of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostatic enlargement. METHODS: A prospective study of 114 male patients older than 50 years examined between November 2001 and 2002 was performed. They were evaluated with digital rectal examination, International Prostate Symptoms Score, PSA, uroflowmetry, postvoid residual urine measurement, IPP and PV using transabdominal ultrasound scan. Statistical analysis included scatter plot with Spearman's correlation coefficients and nominal logistic regression RESULTS: Prostate volume, IPP and PSA showed parallel correlation. Although all three indices had good correlation with BOO index, IPP was the best. The Spearman rho correlation coefficients were 0.314, 0.408 and 0.507 for PV, PSA and IPP, respectively. Using receiver-operator characteristic curves, the areas under the curve for PV, PSA and IPP were 0.637, 0.703 and 0.772, respectively. The positive predictive values of PV, PSA and IPP were 65%, 68% and 72%, respectively. Using a nominal regression model, IPP remained the most significant independent index to determine BOO. CONCLUSIONS: All three non-invasive indices correlate with one another. The study showed that IPP is a better predictor for BOO than PSA or PV.     

Worldwide prevalence estimates of lower urinary tract symptoms, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence and bladder outlet obstruction

Study Type – Symptom prevalence (prospective cohort) Level of Evidence 1b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Few prevalence studies used current ICS LUTS symptom definitions and to our knowledge no studies exist that estimate total worldwide prevalence of reported LUTS symptoms. One of the primary goals of this analysis was to estimate current and future worldwide prevalence of LUTS among adults. Our estimation model suggests that LUTS are highly prevalent worldwide, with an increasing burden predicted over time.

OBJECTIVE

? To estimate and predict worldwide and regional prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), overactive bladder (OAB), urinary incontinence (UI) and LUTS suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction (LUTS/BOO) in 2008, 2013 and 2018 based on current International Continence Society symptom definitions in adults aged ≥20 years.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

? Numbers and prevalence of individuals affected by each condition were calculated with an estimation model using gender‐ and age‐stratified prevalence data from the EPIC study along with gender‐ and age‐stratified worldwide and regional population estimates from the US Census Bureau International Data Base.

RESULTS

? An estimated 45.2%, 10.7%, 8.2% and 21.5% of the 2008 worldwide population (4.3 billion) was affected by at least one LUTS, OAB, UI and LUTS/BOO, respectively. By 2018, an estimated 2.3 billion individuals will be affected by at least one LUTS (18.4% increase), 546 million by OAB (20.1%), 423 million by UI (21.6%) and 1.1 billion by LUTS/BOO (18.5%). ? The regional burden of these conditions is estimated to be greatest in Asia, with numbers of affected individuals expected to increase most in the developing regions of Africa (30.1–31.1% increase across conditions, 2008–2018), South America (20.5–24.7%) and Asia (19.7–24.4%).

CONCLUSIONS

? This model suggests that LUTS, OAB, UI and LUTS/BOO are highly prevalent conditions worldwide. Numbers of affected individuals are projected to increase with time, with the greatest increase in burden anticipated in developing regions. ? There are important worldwide public‐health and clinical management implications to be considered over the next decade to effectively prevent and manage these conditions.     

良性前列腺增生向膀胱内突入部分的长度与膀胱出口梗阻程度的相关性研究

目的 探讨经腹超声测定良性前列腺增生(BPH)向膀胱内突入部分(IPP)的长度与膀胱出口梗阻(BOO)程度的相关性.方法 BPH患者87例,根据经腹矢状面超声测量膀胱基底到前列腺向膀胱内突入顶端的距离不同程度分Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级3组,同时行尿动力学检查,将各组间年龄、国际前列腺症状评分(Ⅰ-PSS)、最大尿流率(Q max)、剩余尿量(PVR)、前列腺体积(Vp)等临床数据及尿动力学检查结果进行相关性分析.随访12个月,重复上述检查及相关性分析.结果 3组临床资料中,年龄、Ⅰ-PSS、PVR、Vp组间相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),Q_(max)和梗阻率组间相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),IPP的水平与BOO的程度呈正相关(P＜0.01).随防12个月后,22例患者因临床进展需要药物或手术治疗,其中Ⅰ级进展至Ⅱ级为5例,Ⅱ级进展至Ⅲ级为5例.3组临床资料的统计学分析同前, IPP的水平与BOO的程度呈正相关(P＜0.01).结论 IPP测量联合尿流率仪所测得Q_(max)可以初步评价BPH及其所致梗阻程度.     

Effects of chronic treatment with vardenafil,a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor,on female rat bladder in a partial bladder outlet obstruction model

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether vardenafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE‐5) inhibitor, would protect the bladder from decompensatory changes in a 4‐week rat bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) model, as evidence has been accumulating that PDE‐5 inhibitors improve lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In all, 50 12‐week‐old female Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into five equal groups; group 1, sham operated vehicle control rats; group 2, BOO vehicle rats; group 3–5, BOO rats given oral vardenafil at 5, 20, 80 mg/L, respectively. Vardenafil was given in drinking water from the day of surgery. At 4‐weeks after the introduction of BOO, vardenafil was washed‐out by giving water for 24–48 h, and then the bladder was excised and dissected into four longitudinal strips for isometric organ‐bath assay. Contractile responses of bladder strips to electrical field stimulation (EFS), carbachol and KCl was determined for each group.

RESULTS

BOO induced a significant increase in bladder weight in group 2 compared with group 1. Bladder weights of groups 3–5 were not significantly different from that of group 2. The contractile forces in response to EFS, carbachol and KCl in group 2 were 30.7–51.7% of those in group 1. Vardenafil treatment in groups 3–5 generally did not block the BOO‐induced reduction of contractile force in the bladder strips. However, treatment with a high dose of vardenafil resulted in a significant increase in the contractile response to carbachol (78.4% group 5 vs 51.7% group 2).

CONCLUSION

Chronic treatment with a high dose of vardenafil protected the rat bladder from BOO‐induced contractile dysfunction to carbachol.     

The natural history of lower urinary tract dysfunction in men: minimum 10-year urodynamic follow-up of untreated bladder outlet obstruction

OBJECTIVES: To assess the long-term outcomes of untreated bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), assuming that, if there is little or no deterioration, a conservative approach to management is justified, as there is little information on the natural history of untreated BOO and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men, and studies to date suggest that neither BOO nor LUTS inevitably progress to a stage at which prostatectomy is required. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Men aged >45 years who were investigated in our department between 1972 and 1986, diagnosed with BOO, and who initially opted for no specific treatment were invited for repeat symptomatic and urodynamic evaluation. Identical methods of assessment were used, allowing results to be compared directly. RESULTS: In all, 1068 men were initially diagnosed with BOO; 428 (40%) of these died. Of the 170 men who initially opted for a conservative approach and attended for repeat assessment, 141 (83%) remained untreated, with a mean follow-up of 13.9 years. The only significant urodynamic changes were a reduction in detrusor contractility and an increased prevalence of detrusor overactivity. Most patients reported no change in their symptoms but a significant minority experienced a gradual deterioration. Of the 29 men in whom the conservative approach failed, 22 proceeded to surgery for LUTS, and seven for acute urinary retention. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with untreated BOO do not significantly deteriorate urodynamically in the long term, with only a minority deteriorating symptomatically. These findings justify a conservative approach to men with LUTS associated with BOO.     

良性前列腺增生患者并发膀胱过度活动症与膀胱出口梗阻的关系

目的：研究分析BPH患者并发膀胱过度活动症（OAB）与膀胱出口梗阻（BOO）程度的相关性。方法：163例BPH患者,根据OAB症状评分（OABSS）将患者进行严重程度分级：0级无尿急等OAB症状;OABSS为1级≤5分;2级6-11分;3级≥12分。经腹超声测定前列腺三径和前列腺突入膀胱的距离（IPP）,尿动力学检查测定最大尿流率（Q_max）、剩余尿,最大尿流率时的逼尿肌压力（P＆_det@Q_max）,并计算出AG值,进行方差分析和相关性分析检验。结果：按OAB症状严重程度分为四组：0级44例,1级35例,2级46例,3级38例。OAB症状程度轻重与患者年龄、前列腺体积、最大自由尿流率等无相关。IPSS评分随OAB症状加重而增高,0～3级分别为（8．4±4．2）、（12．7±3．8）、（15．6±3．6）、（18．5±4．1）分（F=49．931,P=0．000）;前列腺中叶增生程度（IPP）呈现显著性升高趋势,0～3级分别为（0．4±0．3）、（0．8±0．5）、（1．1±0．7）、（1．3±0．6）cm（F=21．385,P=0．000）;剩余尿量显著增多,0-3级分别为（50．6±36．1）、（64．5±29．0）、（68．3±30．8）、（72．71±39．2）ml（F=3．345,P=0．021）;P_det@Q_max显著增高,0～3级分别为（48．3±7．5）、（53．6±27．9）、（58．7±29．1）、（70．4±26．8）cmH2O（1cmH2O=0．098kPa,F=3．722,P=0．012）。BOO（AG〉40）发生率分别为：0级36．4％（16／44）、1级54．3％（19／35）、2级58．7％（27／46）、3级73．7％（28／38）,显示OAB症状与AG值呈正相关（r=0．263,P=0．001）。结论：BPH患者并发膀胱过度活动症与膀胱出口梗阻存在显著相关性。     

Intravesical prostatic protrusion correlates well with storage symptoms in elderly male patients with non-neurogenic overactive bladder

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between the subjective symptoms and parameters of urodynamic and imaging studies in male patients with non-neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB).Materials and methodsWe prospectively recruited male patients with OAB between January 2008 and June 2012. Patients with neurological comorbidities were excluded. We used the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) to evaluate subjective symptoms. All patients underwent pressure-flow urodynamic studies. All patients received transabdominal ultrasound, which provided the information about intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP), prostate volume, and detrusor wall thickness (DWT).ResultsA total of 122 patients were enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 72 ± 13 years. The mean total score, voiding subscore, and storage subscore of IPSS, and OABSS were 16.8 ± 7.3, 7.2 ± 4.8, 9.7 ± 3.4, and 9.8 ± 3.1, respectively. Total score, voiding subscore, and storage subscore of IPSS were all negatively correlated with catheter-free maximum and average flow rate. Furthermore, storage subscore of IPSS was negatively correlated with cystometric capacity, and positively correlated with postvoid residual urine. OABSS was negatively correlated with cystometric capacity and catheter-free maximum flow rate. In bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) patients, total score and storage subscore of IPSS and OABSS were positively correlated with IPP. There was no correlation between symptom scores and other urodynamic parameters, prostate volume, and DWT.ConclusionIn elderly male patients with non-neurogenic OAB, more severe storage symptoms are associated with a lower maximum flow rate and a more prominent IPP, indicating that a significant cause of male non-neurogenic OAB is prostate associated.     

女性膀胱颈口梗阻33例诊治分析

目的 探讨女性膀胱颈口梗阻（FBOO）的诊断依据和手术适应证.方法 回顾性分析33例FBOO患者的临床资料.应用尿动力学检查、膀胱镜、B超,从门诊难以用药物治疗的反复下尿路刺激症状女性患者中,确诊出FBOO患者33例,用奥林帕斯等离子电切镜行膀胱颈后唇切除,5点、7点、12点切开.平均手术时间20 min,术后留置尿管2 d左右.结果 手术均获成功,无1例并发症.30例术后效果满意,3例术后效果不满意.结论 把握好女性膀胱颈口梗阻诊断依据、产生膀胱颈口梗阻的原因及手术适应证是取得手术满意疗效的关键.     

Alpha-blocker test: Alternative to pressure–flow study of bladder outlet obstruction and detrusor contractility in patients without an enlarged prostate

OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether the cause of urinary disturbance in men with a prostate volume < or =20 mL can be determined by analyzing the efficacy of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist (alpha-blocker) treatment. METHODS: Thirty-five men who were >50 years of age, with an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) > or =8 points, a quality of life (QOL) index > or =2 points and a prostate volume 20 mL served as controls. The alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist tamsulosin was administered at a dose of 0.2 mg/day for 4 weeks. Results for the IPSS, QOL index, free flowmetry and pressure-flow studies were obtained before and after tamsulosin administration. RESULTS: In both groups, tamsulosin improved the IPSS and QOL index and the bladder outlet obstruction index (BOOI) was lowered without reducing the bladder contractility index (BCI). No parameter showed a significant difference in treatment efficacy between the two groups. In the non-enlarged prostate group, both the pretreatment BOOI and BCI correlated with the efficacy of treatment in improving maximum flow rate (Qmax). In the enlarged prostate group, BOOI and BCI did not correlate with Qmax. When Qmax was improved by > or =3.5 mL/s, the positive predictive value for both pretreatment BOOI >40 and BCI >100 was 100% in the non-enlarged prostate group. CONCLUSIONS: The alpha-blocker test is one method to assess the presence of bladder outlet obstruction and the state of detrusor contractility in men without an enlarged prostate.     

经尿道双极等离子前列腺电切术联合内分泌治疗晚期前列腺癌并膀胱出口梗阻

目的：探讨经尿道双极等离子前列腺电切术（TuPKVP）联合内分泌治疗在晚期前列腺癌并膀胱出口梗阻（BOO）治疗中的应用。方法：对38例诊断为晚期前列腺癌合并BOO的患者行TUPKVP术及内分泌治疗。结果：本组38例患者手术均获得成功,术后并发症少,术后3个月IPSS评分、QOL评分、剩余尿量、最大尿流率及PSA较术前均有明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：TUPKVP联合内分泌治疗可有效缓解晚期前列腺癌所致的膀胱出口梗阻,提高患者生存质量。     

Age and bladder outlet obstruction are independently associated with detrusor overactivity in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

Background

Detrusor overactivity is one known cause of lower urinary tract symptoms and has been linked to bladder storage symptoms (urgency, frequency, or urge incontinence).

Objective

To determine clinical and urodynamic parameters associated with detrusor overactivity in patients with suspected benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Design, Setting, and Participants

During 1993–2003, urodynamic investigations were performed in patients aged 40 yr or older and with lower urinary tract symptoms, benign prostatic enlargement, and/or suspicion of bladder outlet obstruction (maximum flow rate < 15 ml/s or postvoid residual urine > 50 ml).

Measurements

Detrusor overactivity was defined according to the new International Continence Society classification (2002) as involuntary detrusor contractions during cystometry, which may be spontaneous or provoked, regardless of amplitude. The Schäfer algorithm was used to determine bladder outlet obstruction.

Results

In total, 1418 men were investigated (median age: 63 yr) of whom 864 men (60.9%) had detrusor overactivity. In univariate analysis, men with detrusor overactivity were significantly older, more obstructed, had larger prostates, higher irritative International Prostate Symptoms Score subscores, a lower voiding volume at free uroflowmetry, and a lower bladder capacity at cystometry. The prevalence of detrusor overactivity rose continuously with increasing bladder outlet obstruction grade. Multivariate analysis showed that only age and bladder outlet obstruction grade were independently associated with detrusor overactivity. After age adjustment, the odds ratios of detrusor overactivity compared to Schäfer class 0 were 1.2 for class I, 1.4 for class II, 1.9 for class III, 2.5 for class IV, 3.4 for class V, and 4.7 for class VI.

Conclusions

In patients with clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia, detrusor overactivity is independently associated with age and bladder outlet obstruction. The probability of detrusor overactivity rises with increasing age and bladder outlet obstruction grade.     

膀胱内前列腺突出程度与良性前列腺增生临床评价指标的相关性

目的:探讨在良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者中,应用经腹超声测量的前列腺向膀胱内突出(IPP)程度与BPH常用临床评价指标的相关性。方法:对275例因下尿路症状就诊的BPH患者行经腹超声通过中线矢状面测量IPP,并且将IPP程度分别与患者年龄、前列腺体积、国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、最大尿流率和排尿后残余尿量进行相关分析。结果:275例BPH患者的IPP程度与年龄(r=0.210,P<0.01)、前列腺体积(r=0.534,P<0.01)和排尿后残余尿量(r=0.314,P<0.01)呈正相关关系,与最大尿流率(r=-0.364,P<0.01)呈负相关关系,而与IPSS(r=0.064,P=0.299)无明显相关。结论:IPP程度可能与症状性BPH患者的年龄和前列腺体积存在一定相关性。经腹超声测量IPP可能是一种评价BPH患者膀胱出口梗阻状态及程度的有价值的无创性方法。