检验科医院感染控制管理现状分析及对策

目的 探讨检验科医源性感染的预防和控制,避免检验科工作人员发生实验室感染及与患者之间的交叉感染,以减少医院感染的发生.方法 采用回顾性总结的方法,找出存在的问题,通过加大管理力度、改善硬件设施等手段进行相关的预防控制.结果 最大限度地控制了检验科的医源性感染,使实验室人员及患者的健康得到保护,减少了医院感染的发生.结论 如果预防和控制措施得当,能减少检验科的医源性感染,使医院感染得到有效控制.     

医院检验科感染的预防和控制对策

目的研究医院检验科感染的预防和控制对策、避免检验科工作人员的实验室感染与医院患者的交叉感染。方法采用回顾性总结的方法,找出存在的问题,采取相关的预防控制措施。结果最大限度地控制检验科的医源性感染。保护实验室人员及患者的健康安全。结论预防和控制措施得当,能有效预防和控制检验科的医源性感染。     

血站检验科预防医源性感染的措施与管理

目的 预防血站检验科内医源性感染事件的发生.方法 更新观念,预防为主,做好突发事件的应急预案,建立工作人员健康档案,加强岗前培训,全员持证上岗,建立健全各种规章制度,严格执行科室操作规程,合理设计实验室,配备充足防护设备和设施,加强科内医源性感染的管理.结果 通过加强上述医源性感染的措施与管理,提高了工作人员预防医源性感染的自我保护能力,最大限度控制了血站检验科内的医源性感染,保障了工作人员的安全和身体健康.结论 健全各种规章制度,严格执行科室操作规程,合理设计实验室,加强培训和管理,可以预防血站检验科内医源性感染事件的发生.     

地震伤员救治初期医院感染的预防与控制

目的 调查4.20四川雅安地震后救治地震伤员的医疗机构医院感染预防与控制工作现状,发现预防与控制工作的关键环节与措施,从而积累预防与控制经验.方法 由医院感染管理专家对灾区医疗机构进行现场调查,并与相关人员进行交流.结果 调查发现8所医院及两所乡镇卫生院根据各自条件和救治患者的特点,开展了相应的医院感染预防与控制工作;同时还发现预防地震伤员发生医源性感染,感染控制应加强临时帐篷诊疗区域的管理,做到合理布局,患者分类安置;医院感染预防和控制与医疗救治应同时开展;开展伤员医源性感染风险的评估、监测和预防与控制措施落实依从性的监管;加强对伤员和陪护人员的管理等.结论 在地震伤员医疗救治中医院感染预防与控制工作的及早介入,开展地震伤员感染风险评估和监测,加强手卫生、消毒与隔离等感染控制措施依从性的监管等,对于预防地震伤员的医源性感染具有至关重要的作用.     

口腔科医院感染原因与控制对策

医院作为病患与病菌高度集中的场所,也是医源性感染的高发地区,特别是口腔科很多操作器械都与患者唾液和血液直接接触,医源性感染发生率相对较高.为了预防和控制口腔科医源性感染的发生,要求医院口腔科必须做好医院感染的预防和控制措施,以提高口腔诊疗的医疗质量和医疗安全.本文就医院口腔科感染原因进行分析,并提出有效的感染控制对策.     

检验科医源性感染的预防与管理

检验科是医院中各种传染源集中的地方,是医源性感染管理的重点科室,为使操作人员清楚地认识到实验室安全防护的重要性,加强检验科医源性感染的管理和预防,我们制定了预防感染的一系列有效措施,现报道如下. 1存在的问题 1.1制度不完善近年来,我国医疗卫生行业的整体水平不断提高,发生医源性感染逐渐减少,但仍存在医源性感染情况.实验室的标准操作程序、消毒剂清洁及标本管理制度等缺乏具体的相关规定,导致检验科的许多操作不规范,增加发生医源性感染的机会.     

临床实验室医院感染危险因素与对策

目的探讨临床实验室医院感染的危险因素与对策。方法提出临床实验室可能存在的医院感染危险因素,设立了8个方面相应的措施和对策。结果采取相应的对策和措施,有效预防控制实验室医院感染的发生。结论临床实验室完全可以通过制定健全的制度、严格的操作规程和相应的控制措施,有效预防控制实验室医院感染的发生。     

艾滋病筛查实验室医源性感染的防护与管理

目的 分析了解艾滋病筛查实验室医源性感染的危害因素,有针对性地采取预防措施.方法 采用回顾性总结的方法,对HIV筛查实验室工作中的环节进行分析,找出潜在的危害因素,制定相关的管理制度,提出可行性的防护措施.结果 艾滋病筛查实验室存在许多医源性感染的危害因素,工作人员工作环境及职业防护意识有待改善和提高.结论 健全规章制度,制定并执行各项操作规程,严格培训生物安全防护知识,加强艾滋病筛查实验室工作人员的自我保护意识,最大限度地控制医源性感染,降低HIV等造成的职业性危害,具有重要的意义.     

医院输血科医源性感染控制的管理

目的 控制输血科医源性感染的发生,杜绝医院感染.方法 加强医院感染的管理,健全合理的规章制度,做好医院感染培训,增强自我保护意识,认真做好输血前传染病的监测,建立工作人员健康记录,加强工作人员的防护措施、环境以及冰箱的消毒、废弃物的分类和无害化处理等措施.结果 通过上述各项措施和管理,最大限度控制了输血科内的医源性感染,保障了工作人员的安全和身体健康.结论 健全各项规章制度,加强培训和管理,可以预防输血科内医源性感染事件的发生.     

气管切开术后医源性感染影响因素分析与护理对策

目的 分析ICU及呼吸科患者气管切开术后医源性感染相关影响因素,提出相应的预防控制措施.方法 采用病例对照研究模式,回顾性分析40例行气管切开术患者临床资料;22例术后下呼吸道感染患者为感染组,18例未感染患者作为非感染组;采用单因素分析法分析气管切开术后医源性感染发生的相关因素:年龄、抗菌药物使用、住院时间、机械通气、插管保留时间.结果 40例行气管切开术患者中,22例发生医源性下呼吸道感染,感染率为55.0％;气管切开术后患者中死亡3例,死亡率为7.5％;单因素分析结果显示,使用三代头孢菌素、机械通气时间、插管保留时间为气管切开术后医源性感染相关因素.结论 合理使用抗菌药物、控制和减少呼吸机的使用、科学有效的循证护理可有效降低气管切开术后医源性感染的发生率;医院应建立完善的感染管理制度,组织相关护理人员进行医院感染相关知识的培训学习,严格遵守消毒技术规程,提高控制医院感染意识,以期达到预防医院感染的目的.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.