Comparison of the WISC-R and PPVT-R with Navajo children

Explored the relationship between the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) for a sample of Native American children who reside on the Navajo Reservation. The sample consisted of 37 children aged 6 to 12−4 (M = 8−9, SD = 1−10). The PPVT-R standard scores correlated significantly (p < 0.001) with the WISC-R Verbal IQ (0.87). Performance IQ (0.52), and Full Scale IQ (0.82). The mean PPVT-R standard score was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than all of the mean WISC-R IQ scores. Implications of these findings for the use of the PPVT-R are discussed.     

Alternate form reliability and concurrent validity of the PPVT-R for referred rehabilitation agency adults

This study investigated the relationships among the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) alternate forms and, also, the relationship of each PPVT-R form with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) for a referred sample of 60 adult clients of the California State Department of Rehabilitation. Clients ranged in age from 18-3 to 37-7 (M = 25-7, SD = 5-9). PPVT-R alternate forms r = .88 was significant at p less than .001. Correlations with the WAIS-R VIQ were .82 for L, .78 for M; with PIQ, .46 for L, .38 for M; with FSIQ, .77 for L, .67 for M. All correlations with both forms of the PPVT-R were significant. PPVT-R mean scores did underestimate significantly all WAIS-R mean scores. Implications are discussed.     

Stability,concurrent and predictive validity of the PPVT-R

Explored the relationship between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT), and pretest PPVT-R standard scores administered about 7 months earlier for a sample of 29 mentally retarded children between the ages of 5-5 and 12-7 (X = 9-6, SD = 1–11). Pretest PPVT-R scores correlated moderately with PIAT standard scores (Median r = 0.43) and with posttest PPVT-R scores (r = 0.81). There was no significant difference between the mean pre and post PPVT-R scores (60.3 and 58.5, respectively). The PPVT-R and PIAT Total Test Score administered in the same session correlated 0.71 (Median r with the PIAT's subtests = 0.64). Implications are discussed in light of the stability and predictive and concurrent validity of the PPVT-R for this sample.     

Comparison of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Third Edition and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition with university students

This study examined the relationship between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Third Edition (PPVT-III) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) using 40 adults who ranged in age from 18 to 41 (mean age of 22 years). Participants were administered the PPVT-III and WAIS-III in counterbalanced fashion to control for order effects. Results revealed that the PPVT-III score was related to the WAIS-III Verbal IQ (VIQ) and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores but unrelated to the Performance IQ (PIQ) score. In addition, analyses indicated that, while there were no significant differences between the PPVT-III score and WAIS-III mean FSIQ and PIQ scores, the PPVT-III mean score was significantly lower than the WAIS-III VIQ. Further analysis indicated that the PPVT-III adequately estimated WAIS-III FSIQ and VIQ scores for participants who were classified as Average or High Average on the WAIS-III. However, for participants in the Superior range, the PPVT-III tended to underestimate FSIQ and VIQ scores by approximately 10 points.     

Use of the WISC-R and PPVT-R with mentally retarded children

Explored the relationship between the Revised Peabody Picture Vocabulary test (PPVT-R) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) for a sample of 38 mentally retarded children between the ages of 5–5 to 12–7. The PPVT-R correlated significantly with the WISC-R Verbal (.58), Performance (.48) and Full Scale (.59) IQ scores. There was no significant difference between the mean PPVT-R Standard Score Equivalent (59.9) and the mean WISC-R Verbal (59.5), Performance (62.4), or Full Scale (57.7) IQ scores. Implications of these findings for the use of the PPVT-R are discussed.     

Relationship between the standard scores of Peabody Picture Vocabulary test-revised and wide range achievement test

This investigation explored the relationship between the Revised Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Wide Range Achievement Test. The sample included 37 children and youth referred for special education services. Pearson product movements (rs) and correlated t values were employed in the data analysis. The PPVT-R standard score correlated positively and significantly with the WRAT Reading standard score. The concurrent validity of the PPVT-R is discussed.     

Clinical utility of considering Digits Forward and Digits Backward as separate components of the wechsler adult intelligence Scale-Revised

This study investigated the utility of considering Digits Forward (DF) and Digits Backward (DB) as separate components of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). Protocols of WAIS-Rs, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Tests-Revised (PPVT-Rs), and Standard Progressive Matrices (SPMs) were examined (N = 50). Pearson correlations of Forward and Backward digit repetition and scores from PPVT-Rs and SPMs were calculated. Repetitions of DF were correlated significantly (p < .01) with SPM performance. Repetitions of DB were correlated significantly with performance on the PPVT-R (p < .02), although a stronger correlation was obtained between DB and SPM performance (p < .001). These findings indicate that although DF and DB tasks are related, the combination of these tasks into a single score might obscure important information.     

Construct validity of the PPVT with neuropsychological, intellectual, and achievement measures

The present investigation examined the construct validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) with learning-disabled children. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the Wide Range Achievement Test, and the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery were administered to 934 learning-disabled children. Seven factors were isolated on the basis of a principal-components factor analysis and Varimax rotation. PPVT scores were found to load on a factor similar to what has been labeled verbal comprehension on the WISC-R with little secondary loadings on any of the remaining six factors. Implications for practitioners and further research were discussed.     

Implications of regression analysis and correlational data between subtests of the WISC-R and the PPVT-R for a delinquent population

Computed correlations between the subscales of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) using as a sample 72 adjudicated male delinquents aged 13-10 to 16-11. Significant relationships at the .0001 level were obtained for 10 subtests with only one, Object Assembly, computed at the .001 level. A forward selection multiple regression analysis resulted in six subtests of the WISC-R correlating to the PPVT-R with a R2 value of .78. The significance and the implications of this relationship for the juvenile delinquent population were discussed.     

Relationship between Wechsler scales and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised scores among disability applicants

Relationships, including age, race, gender, and IQ level, between the Wechsler intelligence scales (WISC-R, WAIS-R) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) were studied among 206 applicants for disability benefits in a private practice setting. We found that the PPVT-R seriously underestimated WISC-R IQs by an average of 5 points and WAIS-R IQs by an average of 12 points. Results were discussed in terms of psychometric findings and clinical application. The study demonstrates that psychologists in private practice settings can use the product of their daily work to address important questions that require empirical answers, which, in turn, can influence clinical practice.     

Prediction of Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence IQ scores for preschool children using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-R and the Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test

As part of a comprehensive preschool screening program, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-R, and the Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test were administered to 51 young children, who varied in age form 45 to 76 months (M = 57.5, SD = 4.9). The sample consisted of 21 females and 30 males, of whom 80% were White, 18% Black, and 2% Native Americans. Stepwise regression was used with the WPPSI Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs as criterion variables (dependent variables) and the PPVT-R and EOWPVT as the predictor (independent variables). The stepwise regression technique was helpful in identifying the specific combination of independent variables that could best be used to predict WPPSI scores. Results indicated that the PPVT-R and QT can be used successfully as predictors of the WPPSI IQs for young preschool children. Implications and limitations for the use of regression equations by clinicians are discussed.     

Analysis of a short test battery for children

Explored the hierarchical structure of mental abilities by comparing principal component analysis with a hierarchical cluster analysis algorithm on a short test battery for children. This short test battery included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT), the Beery Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Scores from 182 children (116 boys and 66 girls) with a mean age of 10.83 were analyzed. The structure of the test battery included general intelligence, attention, academic achievement and perceptual-motor eye-hand coordination. Both the linear principal component analysis and the nonlinear hierarchical clustering analysis confirmed the hierarchical organization of mental abilities.     

Comparison of the PPVT-R and WAIS-R in state hospital psychiatric patients

This study examined the relationship between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) in 40 adult psychiatric inpatients. The tests were administered to the patients in counterbalanced order as part of their overall psychological evaluation. Mean scaled scores were obtained for both tests. There were no significant differences between PPVT-R scores and WAIS-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores. Significant correlations between the PPVT-R and all three WAIS-R scores also were obtained. However, further analysis indicated a great deal of variability between individual PPVT-R and WAIS-R Full Scale scores. In addition, the PPVT-R was found to underestimate significantly the WAIS-R IQ scores of a subgroup (N = 13) of mildly mentally retarded subjects. A tendency for the PPVT-R to overestimate the WAIS-R as IQ improved also was noted.     

A comparison of the WISC-R and the WAIS-R with special education students

The results from Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-R (WAIS-R) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-R (WISC-R) with a sample of exceptional adolescents (N = 28) were compared over a 3-year period to determine whether the subjects can be expected to obtain similar subtest scores and similar VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ scores. Results indicated that the sample scored higher on the WAIS-R Verbal and WAIS-R Full Scale than on the WISC-R Verbal and Full Scale. The findings are discussed in terms of the clinical application, especially as they relate to retesting exceptional children and youth with the WAIS-R.     

The PPVT-R: Validity as a quick screen of intelligence in a postacute rehabilitation setting for brain-injured adults

The utility of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) as a surrogate for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test-Revised (WAIS-R) was investigated in 61 brain-injured adult participants in a postacute rehabilitation setting. Idiographic comparison revealed substantial disagreement in clinical classification between the two instruments, and it is concluded that the PPVT-R is not a good surrogate for the WAIS-R for this purpose. In contrast, the PPVT-R was judged an adequate surrogate for the WAIS-R for the purpose of group comparison, as is common in biomedical research. Finally, contrary to prior report, the PPVT-R was demonstrated to measure more than simply Vocabulary. As such, in the absence of independent validation research, perhaps the most parsimonious conclusion regarding what the PPVT-R is measuring is that like each of the various subtests of the WAIS-R, the PPVT-R shares some of the variance of the construct termed intelligence, as well as demonstrates some unique variance that is likely comprised of error and, perhaps, a unique or different facet of intelligence. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 877–884, 1998.     

Development of the WAIS-III estimate of premorbid ability for Canadians (EPAC)

This study developed regression algorithms for estimating IQ scores using the Canadian WAIS-III norms. Participants were the Canadian WAIS-III standardization sample (n = 1,105). The sample was randomly divided into two groups (Development and Validation groups). The Development group was used to generate 12 regression algorithms for FSIQ and three algorithms each for VIQ and PIQ. Algorithms combined demographic variables with WAIS-III subtest raw scores. The algorithms accounted for 48-78% of the variance in FSIQ, 70-71% in VIQ, and 45-55% in PIQ. In the Validation group, the majority of the sample had predicted IQs that fell within a 95% CI band (FSIQ=92-94%; VIQ=93-95%; PIQ=94-94%). These algorithms yielded reasonably accurate estimates of FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ in this healthy adult population. It is anticipated that these algorithms will be useful as a means for estimating premorbid IQ scores in a clinical population. However, prior to clinical use, these algorithms must be validated for this purpose.     

Validity of the peabody picture vocabulary test-revised with mentally retarded adults

Investigated the validity of using the PPVT-R with mildly mentally retarded adults. The PPVT-R, PPVT, and WAIS-R were administered to 21 Ss, and WAIS scores were obtained from client files. Results indicated that the revised Peabody tended to yield significantly lower estimates of functioning than did the other measures. Implications are discussed.     

Comparison of various WISC-R summary scores for a psychiatric sample

Compared two sets of summary scores for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). The traditional scores used to summarize information about WISC-R performance (i.e., Verbal IQ (VIQ), Performance IQ (PIQ) and discrepancy between VIQ and PIQ) were compared to scores based on the three factors identified by Kaufman (1975) (i.e., Verbal Comprehension (VC), Perceptual Organization (PO) and Freedom from Distractibility (FD). Ss were 260 psychiatric outpatients who were administered the WISC-R during a 4-year period. The independent variables were sex and DSM II diagnosis. There were significant main effects for diagnosis for the VC and FD scales. There was a significant interaction for VIQ and nonsignificant results for the VIQ-PIQ discrepancy score. The groups did not differ in perceptual organization skills as assessed by PO and PIQ. Delinquents performed particularly poorly on the VC scale; hyperactive children had the highest VC score and relatively low scores on the FD factor; learning disabled children had low VC and FD scores. These findings suggest that the scores based on Kaufman's factors provided important clinical summary information that was not available from the traditional scores.     

Predicting WAIS-R scores from the shipley institute of living scale in a homogeneous sample

Forty-one young normal adults were administered the Shipley Institute of Living Scale (SILS) and the WAIS-R as part of a validation study of previously published procedures for estimating WAIS-R Full-Scale IQ scores from SILS Vocabulary and Abstraction Scores. Correlations between SILS scores and WAIS-R scores were lower than expected from the literature. Prediction of WAIS-R FSIQ from SILS Vocabulary and Abstraction scores was poor (r = .46, p < .01). Partial support for the use of new procedures for estimating WAIS-R IQ from SILS was obtained. Implications for interpreting SILS scores obtained from subjects similar to those studied were discussed.     

The relationship between psychometric intelligence and the five-factor model of personality in a rehabilitation sample

WAIS-R and NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) scores obtained from 85 rehabilitation clients of the Evaluation and Development Center of Southern Illinois University's Rehabilitation Institute were utilized to examine the relationship between psychometric intelligence and personality. Correlational analyses revealed that the NEO-PI Openness domain and its six facets significantly correlated with WAIS-R FSIQ, VIQ, PIQ, and 9 of the 11 subtests. Multiple regression analyses showed that the five NEO-PI domains accounted for significant proportions of WAIS-R, FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ score variance. The NEO-PI Openness domain was found to be the best predictor of WAIS-R FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ scores. The study concludes with a discussion of the meaning and implications of the findings and suggestions for future research.