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1.
Clara Pretus PhD Marisol Picado PhD Josep Antoni Ramos‐Quiroga MD PhD Susana Carmona PhD Vanesa Richarte MD PhD Jordi Fauquet PhD Óscar Vilarroya MD PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(9):731-740
Aim
Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) neuroimaging studies have identified substantial differences in reward‐related circuits on a trial‐by‐trial basis. However, no research to date has evaluated the effect of motivational context on neural activity in settings with intermittent reward in ADHD. The present study was designed to identify neural processes underlying both immediate effects of reward and sustained effects of reward associated with motivational context in adult ADHD patients.Methods
We used a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm, including a time estimation task with constant versus intermittent reward conditions, in a sample of 21 medication‐naïve adults with combined ADHD and 24 healthy adults.Results
Although no between‐group neural differences were detected, orbitofrontal activity dropped in association with high ADHD symptom severity during the transition from initial non‐reward context blocks to subsequent reward context blocks. In turn, ADHD symptom severity predicted higher orbitofrontal activity in response to immediate reward versus no reward within reward context blocks.Conclusion
These results suggest that high ADHD symptom severity scorers adopted a ‘just‐in‐time’ strategy, involving the recruitment of reward processing brain areas in the face of immediate reward rather than a sustained response to motivational context.2.
Yoko Hoshi Jinghua Huang Shunji Kohri Yoshinobu Iguchi Masayuki Naya Takahiro Okamoto Shuji Ono 《Journal of neuroimaging》2011,21(2):e94-e101
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUNDS AND PURPOSE
The aim of this study is to develop a near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)‐based system that recognizes pleasant and unpleasant human emotions based on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in order to understand the minds of patients whose brain function is severely impaired. The forehead region is easily accessible to NIRS measurements, whereas the role of the anterior prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the processing of emotion remains to be elucidated.METHODS
Initially, using event‐related NIRS we examined changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy‐Hb) as an indicator of regional CBF changes, which reflect brain activity directly related to emotions, but not to cognitive operations in the anterior frontal regions, during viewing affective pictures. The event‐related potentials (ERPs), systemic blood pressure, and pulse rate were also measured simultaneously.RESULTS
The event‐related analysis of changes in oxy‐Hb for a 6 s‐picture presentation period showed that very unpleasant emotion was accompanied by an increase in oxy‐Hb in the bilateral ventrolateral PFCs, while very pleasant emotion was accompanied by a decrease in oxy‐Hb in the left dorsolateral PFC. There were no significant differences in either ERPs or autonomic nervous system activities between the two emotional states.CONCLUSION
These findings suggest the possibility of recognizing patients’ emotions from CBF changes.3.
Evaluation of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio,platelet/lymphocyte ratio,and mean platelet volume as inflammatory markers in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Sibelnur Avcil MD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(7):522-530
Aim
The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and mean platelet volume (MPV) have recently been used as indicators of a systemic inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the relations of the NLR, PLR, MLR, and MPV with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods
The study group consisting of 82 children diagnosed with ADHD was compared with a healthy control (HC) group of 70 age‐, sex‐, and body‐mass‐index‐matched subjects. The NLR, PLR, MLR, and MPV were measured according to the complete blood count.Results
The NLR, PLR, MLR, MPV, and neutrophil count of the ADHD group were significantly higher than those of the HC group. The lymphocyte counts of the patients were significantly lower than those of the HC group.Conclusion
Inflammation might play a role in the etiopathogenesis of ADHD. The NLR, PLR, MLR, and MPV may be potential inflammation markers for ADHD in children.4.
Akihiro Nakajima MD Naomi Matsuura PhD Keiichiro Mukai MD PhD Kyosuke Yamanishi MD PhD Hisashi Yamada MD PhD Kensei Maebayashi MD PhD Kazuhisa Hayashida MD PhD Hisato Matsunaga MD PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(7):502-512
Aim
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a well‐known chronic illness. This study retrospectively investigated 10‐year outcomes and associated clinical factors in Japanese OCD patients. We focused on the impact of several sociocultural factors, including medical expenses and insurance systems specific to each country, on the differences or biases in follow‐up procedures of OCD.Methods
Seventy‐nine patients diagnosed with OCD who received a standardized combination of treatments for 10 continuous years were divided into three groups according to their improvement rates on the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale after 10 years of treatment.Results
A survival analysis revealed that the rate of patients achieving full remission increased every year. Following 10 years of treatment, 56% of OCD patients experienced ‘full remission’ for at least 1 year. Consequently, 48% exhibited full remission, and 37% exhibited partial remission at the end‐point of this study. We identified several factors that were predictive of poorer outcomes, including lower Global Assessment of Functioning Scale scores and the presence of hoarding symptoms or involvement behaviors. In addition, improvement rates after 1 year significantly predicted better 10‐year outcomes.Conclusion
Our findings highlight the transcultural nature of long‐term outcomes of OCD treatment, which appear to be independent of sociocultural differences.5.
An open‐label extension long‐term study of the safety and efficacy of aripiprazole for irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder in Japan
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Hironobu Ichikawa MD PhD Michio Hiratani MD PhD Akihiro Yasuhara MD PhD Noa Tsujii MD PhD Takashi Oshimo MD PhD Hiroaki Ono BSc Yoshihiro Tadori PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(2):84-94
Aim
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long‐term safety and efficacy of aripiprazole in treating irritability in pediatric patients (6–17 years) with autistic disorder (AD) in Japan.Methods
In this open‐label extension study, patients who had completed a previous randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled 8‐week study were enrolled and were flexibly dosed with aripiprazole (1–15 mg/day) until the new indication of irritability in pediatric autism spectrum disorder was approved in Japan.Results
Seventy (81%) out of 86 enrolled patients completed week‐48 assessments. The mean duration of treatment was 694.9 days. The mean daily dose of aripiprazole over the treatment period was 7.2 mg and the mean of the final dose was 8.5 mg. The most common treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAE; ≥20%) included nasopharyngitis, somnolence, influenza, and increased weight. The majority of these TEAE were mild or moderate in severity, and there were no deaths, and no clinically relevant findings in laboratory values except prolactin decrease, vital signs, height, or ECG parameters. At week 48 (observed case), the mean change from baseline in the Irritability subscale score for the Aberrant Behavior Checklist Japanese Version was ?6.3 in prior placebo patients and ?2.6 in prior aripiprazole patients.Conclusion
Aripiprazole was generally safe, well tolerated, and effective in the long‐term treatment of irritability associated with AD in Japanese pediatric patients.6.
Increase of frontal cerebral blood volume during transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression is related to treatment effectiveness: A pilot study with near‐infrared spectroscopy
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Toshikazu Shinba MD Nobutoshi Kariya MD Saori Matsuda BS Hanae Matsuda MS Yusuke Obara BS 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(8):602-610
Aim
Alterations of cerebral blood flow have been reported in studies of depression treated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, the relation between these changes in activity during stimulation and the effectiveness of TMS is not known. The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in frontal cerebral blood volume measured as frontal hemoglobin concentration (fHbC) during TMS are correlated with clinical outcomes of treatment.Methods
Fifteen drug‐resistant patients with depression underwent a standard treatment regimen of TMS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We recorded fHbC during stimulation at the start and end of the TMS treatment series using near‐infrared spectroscopy. Symptom severity was determined using the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale.Results
At the start of the TMS series, fHbC increased during stimulation in a majority of patients with no relation to symptom severity. However, at the end of the series, fHbC increase during stimulation was negatively correlated with the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score and positively with the score reduction. Patients showing a decreasing response of fHbC during TMS at the end of the series experienced less clinical improvement.Conclusion
These results suggest that the maintenance of frontal activation during stimulation in the course of TMS series is related to the effectiveness in the treatment of depression. Measurement of fHbC during stimulation is informative in the clinical use of TMS.7.
Effect of phase‐encoding direction on group analysis of resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging
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Yasuo Mori MD Jun Miyata MD PhD Masanori Isobe MD PhD Shuraku Son MD PhD Yujiro Yoshihara MD PhD Toshihiko Aso MD PhD Takanori Kouchiyama PhD Toshiya Murai MD PhD Hidehiko Takahashi MD PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(9):683-691
Aim
Echo‐planar imaging is a common technique used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); however, it suffers from image distortion and signal loss because of large susceptibility effects that are related to the phase‐encoding direction of the scan. Despite this relation, the majority of neuroimaging studies has not considered the influence of phase‐encoding direction. Here, we aimed to clarify how phase‐encoding direction can affect the outcome of an fMRI connectivity study of schizophrenia (SCZ).Methods
Resting‐state fMRI using anterior to posterior (A–P) and posterior to anterior (P–A) directions was used to examine 25 patients with SCZ and 37 matched healthy controls (HC). We conducted a functional connectivity (FC) analysis using independent component analysis and performed three group comparisons: (i) A–P versus P–A (all participants); (ii) SCZ versus HC for the A–P and P–A datasets; and (iii) the interaction between phase‐encoding direction and participant group.Results
The estimated FC differed between the two phase‐encoding directions in areas that were more extensive than those where signal loss has been reported. Although FC in the SCZ group was lower than that in the HC group for both directions, the A–P and P–A conditions did not exhibit the same specific pattern of differences. Further, we observed an interaction between participant group and the phase‐encoding direction in the left temporoparietal junction and left fusiform gyrus.Conclusion
Phase‐encoding direction can influence the results of FC studies. Thus, appropriate selection and documentation of phase‐encoding direction will be important in future resting‐state fMRI studies.8.
Optimal cut‐off score of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for major depressive episode during pregnancy in Japan
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Kentaro Usuda PhD Daisuke Nishi MD PhD Emi Okazaki MA Miyuki Makino MA Yo Sano MD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2017,71(12):836-842
Aim
Depression during pregnancy adversely affects both mother and child. As antenatal depression is a predictor of postnatal depression, early detection might prevent postnatal depression. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is frequently used during the perinatal period, but the cut‐off score during pregnancy has not been verified for the Japanese population. We aimed to clarify the optimal EPDS cut‐off score in mid‐pregnancy in Japan.Methods
We recruited pregnant women aged 20 years or older at 12–24 gestational weeks and those who scored ≥9 on the EPDS were invited to participate in this study. In parallel with the EPDS, the Japanese version of the Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview was administered to determine diagnosis of major depressive episode. We then calculated the receiver–operator curve, sensitivity and specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the EPDS.Results
All 210 participants were in the second trimester except for one (12 gestational weeks). Twenty participants were diagnosed with major depressive episode. With a cut‐off score set at 13 points, the area under the curve was 0.956; sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% and 92.1% [Correction added on 10 November 2017, after first online publication: The percentage for specificity has been corrected from 79.0% to 92.1%.], respectively; and positive and negative predictive values were 54.5% and 98.9%, respectively.Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first study to clarify the optimal EPDS cut‐off score in the second trimester for Japan. This finding will be helpful for appropriate screening for antenatal depression in Japan.9.
Association between iron‐deficiency anemia and depression: A web‐based Japanese investigation
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Shinsuke Hidese MD PhD Kenji Saito MSc Shinya Asano MSc Hiroshi Kunugi MD PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(7):513-521
Aim
This web‐based survey aimed to examine the relation between iron‐deficiency anemia and depression in 11 876 Japanese participants.Methods
Participants consisted of 1000 individuals with self‐reported history of depression (mean age, 41.4 ± 12.3 years; 499 women) and 10 876 population‐based controls (mean age, 45.1 ± 13.6 years; 5185 women). The 6‐item Kessler Scale (K6) score was used as a psychological distress scale. The design of the study was cross‐sectional.Results
The rate of self‐reported lifetime history of iron‐deficiency anemia was higher in the depression group in both men (depression, 7.2%; control, 4.0%; P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR], 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30–2.68) and women (depression, 33.4%; control, 25.8%; P < 0.001; OR, 1.45; 95%CI, 1.19–1.76). The K6 score in participants with self‐reported history of iron‐deficiency anemia was higher in both the depression (P = 0.004) and control (P < 0.001) groups. In addition, in all participants, the rate of individuals who showed a K6 cut‐off score of 13 or more was higher in those with a self‐reported history of iron‐deficiency anemia (P < 0.001; OR, 1.47; 95%CI, 1.31–1.65). Logistic regression analyses revealed that self‐reported history of depression and the K6 score were positively associated with self‐reported history of iron‐deficiency anemia (all P < 0.01).Conclusion
Self‐reported history of iron‐deficiency anemia was associated with self‐reported history of depression. Furthermore, self‐reported history of iron‐deficiency anemia was associated with higher psychological distress.10.
Naohisa Tsujino MD PhD Hiromi Tagata MD Yoko Baba MD PhD Akiko Kojima MA Taiju Yamaguchi MD PhD Naoyuki Katagiri MD PhD Takahiro Nemoto MD PhD Masafumi Mizuno MD PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(6):391-398
Aim
The importance of early intervention in psychiatry is widely recognized among psychiatrists. However, it is unknown whether precise knowledge of at‐risk mental state has been disseminated. With this survey, we aimed to reveal how Japanese psychiatrists diagnose patients with at‐risk mental state and prescribe treatment strategies for them.Methods
Using fictional case vignettes, we conducted a questionnaire survey of psychiatrists (n = 1399) who worked in Tokyo. We mailed study documents to all eligible participants in November 2015 with a requested return date in December.Results
Two hundred and sixty (19.3%) psychiatrists responded to the survey. Their correct diagnosis rates for the patients in the at‐risk mental state vignettes were low (14.6% for the vignette describing at‐risk mental state with attenuated positive symptom syndrome; 13.1% for the vignette describing at‐risk mental state with brief intermittent psychotic syndrome). Many psychiatrists selected pharmacotherapy and antipsychotics to treat patients in the at‐risk mental state vignettes. The psychiatrists who correctly diagnosed patients in the at‐risk mental state vignettes had significantly fewer years of clinical psychiatric experience than did those who diagnosed them as having a non‐at‐risk mental state (12.5 years vs 22.7 years for the vignette describing at‐risk mental state with attenuated positive symptom syndrome, P < 0.01; 14.3 years vs 22.2 years for the vignette describing at‐risk mental state with brief intermittent psychotic syndrome, P < 0.01).Conclusion
This study suggests that precise knowledge of at‐risk mental state has not been disseminated among Japanese psychiatrists.11.
Altered gray matter volume and disrupted functional connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in men with heroin dependence
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Huang‐Chi Lin MD MS Peng‐Wei Wang MD MS Hung‐Chi Wu MD Chih‐Hung Ko MD PhD Yi‐Hsin Yang PhD Cheng‐Fang Yen MD PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(6):435-444
Aim
Chronic heroin use can cause various neuropathological characteristics that may compromise brain function. The present study evaluated the alteration of gray matter volume (GMV) and its resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) among male heroin users.Methods
Thirty heroin‐dependent men undergoing methadone maintenance therapy and 30 educational‐level‐ and age‐matched male controls were recruited for this study. To assess their GMV and rsFC, the participants were evaluated using spoiled gradient echo and gradient‐recalled echo planar imaging sequences with a 3‐Tesla General Electric MR scanner under resting state.Results
The heroin‐dependent men showed lower GMV over the right DLPFC in comparison with the controls. Further evaluation of the rsFC of the right DLPFC revealed a marked decrease in interhemispheric DLPFC connectivity among those with heroin dependence under control of head movement and GMV of the right DLPFC.Conclusion
Although the mechanism remains unclear, the present study shows that chronic heroin use is associated with alteration of morphology as well as rsFC over the right DLPFC. As the DLPFC plays an imperative role in various domains of cognitive function, service providers for heroin users should consider the impacts of possible DLPFC‐related cognitive deficits on treatment effectiveness.12.
MEF2C mRNA expression and cognitive function in Japanese patients with Alzheimer's disease
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Tomoko Sao MD Yuta Yoshino MD PhD Kiyohiro Yamazaki MD PhD Yuki Ozaki MD Yoko Mori MD PhD Shinichiro Ochi MD PhD Taku Yoshida MD PhD Takaaki Mori MD PhD Jun‐ichi Iga MD PhD Shu‐ichi Ueno MD PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(3):160-167
Aim
Despite continuing research into Alzheimer's disease (AD), its pathological mechanisms and modulating factors remain unknown. Several genes influence AD pathogenesis by affecting inflammatory pathways. Myocyte‐enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) is one such candidate gene for AD.Methods
We examined MEF2C mRNA expression levels and methylation rates of CpG on its promoter region in peripheral leukocytes from Japanese AD patients compared with age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects.Results
In peripheral leukocytes, MEF2C mRNA expression levels in AD subjects were significantly lower than those in control subjects (0.86 ± 0.25 vs 0.99 ± 0.27, respectively, P = 0.007) and were correlated with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (r = ?0.345, P = 0.049) and the Mini Mental State Examination (r = 0.324, P = 0.02). No significant differences were found in methylation rates between AD and control subjects.Conclusion
MEF2C mRNA expression in leukocytes may be a biological marker for cognitive decline in AD.13.
Efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole for the treatment of acute schizophrenia in Japan: A 6‐week,randomized, double‐blind,placebo‐controlled study
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Jun Ishigooka MD PhD Shuichi Iwashita MSc Yoshihiro Tadori PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(9):692-700
Aim
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of brexpiprazole compared to placebo in Japanese patients with acute schizophrenia (SCZ).Methods
We conducted a 6‐week, multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase 2/3 study in Japan. Patients with acute SCZ were randomized (1:1:1:1) to receive brexpiprazole 1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg, or placebo once a day. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline to week 6 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores.Results
In the 459 patients that were randomized, brexpiprazole 2 mg showed a significant improvement versus placebo (treatment difference: ?7.32, P = 0.0124), although brexpiprazole 4 mg showed numerical improvements (treatment difference: ?3.86, P = 0.1959), and brexpiprazole 1 mg showed only minimal change (treatment difference: ?0.63, P = 0.8330). Treatment‐emergent adverse events with an incidence of ≥5% and ≥2 times the rate of placebo in the brexpiprazole groups were vomiting, elevated blood prolactin, diarrhea, nausea, and dental caries. Most treatment‐emergent adverse events were mild or moderate in severity. There were no clinically significant changes in electrocardiogram parameters, bodyweight, laboratory values, or vital signs in the brexpiprazole groups.Conclusion
Brexpiprazole was efficacious and well tolerated in Japanese adult patients with acute SCZ.14.
15.
Diagnostic consistency and interchangeability of schizophrenic disorders and bipolar disorders: A 7‐year follow‐up study
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Yen‐Ni Hung PhD Shu‐Yu Yang PhD Chian‐Jue Kuo MD PhD Shih‐Ku Lin MD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(3):180-188
Aim
The change in psychiatric diagnoses in clinical practice is not an unusual phenomenon. The interchange between the diagnoses of schizophrenic disorders and bipolar disorders is a major clinical issue because of the differences in treatment regimens and long‐term prognoses. In this study, we used a nationwide population‐based sample to compare the diagnostic consistency and interchange rate between schizophrenic disorders and bipolar disorders.Methods
In total, 25 711 and 11 261 patients newly diagnosed as having schizophrenic disorder and bipolar disorder, respectively, were retrospectively enrolled from the Psychiatric Inpatient Medical Claims database between 2001 and 2005. We followed these two cohorts for 7 years to determine whether their diagnoses were consistent throughout subsequent hospitalizations. The interchange between the two diagnoses was analyzed.Results
In the schizophrenic disorder cohort, the overall diagnostic consistency rate was 87.3% and the rate of change to bipolar disorder was 3.0% during the 7‐year follow‐up. Additional analyses of subtypes revealed that the change rate from schizoaffective disorder to bipolar disorder was 12.0%. In the bipolar disorder cohort, the overall diagnostic consistency rate was 71.9% and the rate of change to schizophrenic disorder was 8.3%.Conclusion
Changes in the diagnosis of a major psychosis are not uncommon. The interchange between the diagnoses of schizophrenic disorders and bipolar disorders might be attributed to the evolution of clinical symptoms and the observation of preserved social functions that contradict the original diagnosis. While making a psychotic diagnosis, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of the change in diagnosis in the future.16.
Sparse multiple factor analysis to integrate genetic data,neuroimaging features,and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder domains
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Natàlia Vilor‐Tejedor Silvia Alemany Alejandro Cáceres Mariona Bustamante Marion Mortamais Jesús Pujol Jordi Sunyer Juan R. González 《International journal of methods in psychiatric research》2018,27(3)
Objectives
We proposed the application of a multivariate cross‐sectional framework based on a combination of a variable selection method and a multiple factor analysis (MFA) in order to identify complex meaningful biological signals related to attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and hyperactivity/inattention domains.Methods
The study included 135 children from the general population with genomic and neuroimaging data. ADHD symptoms were assessed using a questionnaire based on ADHD‐DSM‐IV criteria. In all analyses, the raw sum scores of the hyperactivity and inattention domains and total ADHD were used. The analytical framework comprised two steps. First, zero‐inflated negative binomial linear model via penalized maximum likelihood (LASSO‐ZINB) was performed. Second, the most predictive features obtained with LASSO‐ZINB were used as input for the MFA.Results
We observed significant relationships between ADHD symptoms and hyperactivity and inattention domains with white matter, gray matter regions, and cerebellum, as well as with loci within chromosome 1.Conclusions
Multivariate methods can be used to advance the neurobiological characterization of complex diseases, improving the statistical power with respect to univariate methods, allowing the identification of meaningful biological signals in Imaging Genetic studies.17.
Masanao Shirahama MD Takeshi Terao MD PhD Nobuyoshi Ishii MD PhD Koji Hatano MD PhD Hirofumi Hirakawa MD Kentaro Kohno MD PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(5):322-328
Aim
In order to resolve the equivocal relationship between anxious temperament rated by the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego‐Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS‐A) and harm avoidance rated by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the present study aimed to investigate whether the anxious temperament scale and the harm avoidance scale are significantly associated with adjustment of relevant factors. Our hypothesis was that anxious temperament might be associated with harm avoidance.Methods
From the database of our previous studies, the data of 111 healthy subjects who had both TCI and TEMPS‐A scores were extracted for the present study. Two multiple regression analyses were performed: one to predict variance in anxious temperament scores without and with harm avoidance scores, and relevant factors; and another to predict variance in harm avoidance scores without and with anxious temperament scores, and relevant factors.Results
Anxious temperament was significantly and positively associated with depressive temperament, irritable temperament, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression whereas harm avoidance was significantly and negatively associated with hyperthymic temperament, novelty seeking, persistence, and self‐directedness, although both were significantly and positively associated with each other.Conclusion
These findings support our hypothesis and suggest that anxious temperament may have ‘depressive proneness’ whereas harm avoidance may have ‘passive proneness.’18.
Prevalence rate of Internet addiction among Japanese college students: Two cross‐sectional studies and reconsideration of cut‐off points of Young's Internet Addiction Test in Japan
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Masaru Tateno MD PhD Alan R. Teo MD MS Masaki Shiraishi MD Masaya Tayama MS Chiaki Kawanishi MD PhD Takahiro A. Kato MD PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(9):723-730
Aim
Due to variation in estimates of the prevalence of Internet addiction (IA) in prior research, we conducted two cross‐sectional studies over 2 years investigating the prevalence rate of IA in college students in Japan and reconsidered appropriate cut‐off points of a self‐rating scale to screen possible IA.Methods
This study was composed of two parts: survey I in 2014 and survey II in 2016, which were conducted in the same schools with an interval of 2 years. The study questionnaire included questions about demographics and Internet use, and Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Additionally, the subjects in survey II were asked about self‐reported IA.Results
There were 1005 respondents in total with a mean age (± SD) of 18.9 ± 1.3 years. The mean IAT scores remained stable between 2014 and 2016: 45.2 ± 12.6 in survey I and 45.5 ± 13.1 in survey II (overall mean IAT score of 45.4 ± 13.0). With respect to self‐reported IA in survey II, a total of 21.6% admitted to having IA (score of 5 or 6 on a 6‐point Likert scale). We categorized these subjects as IA, and the remainder as non‐IA. The mean IAT score showed a significant difference between these two groups (57.8 ± 14.3 vs 42.1 ± 10.7, P < 0.001).Conclusion
The severity of IA symptoms among Japanese college students has appeared stable in recent years, with mean IAT scores of over 40. Our results suggest that a screening score cut‐off of 40 on the IAT could be reconsidered and that 50 might be proposed for the cut‐off.19.
Understanding the roles of glutamine synthetase,glutaminase, and glutamate decarboxylase autoantibodies in imbalanced excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission as etiological mechanisms of autism
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Najat O. Hamed MsC Laila Al‐Ayadhi MD Mohamed A. Osman PhD Abdalla O. Elkhawad PhD Hanan Qasem MsC Majida Al‐Marshoud BsC Nada M. Merghani MsC Afaf El‐Ansary PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(5):362-373
Aim
Autism is a heterogeneous neurological disorder that is characterized by impairments in communication and social interactions, repetitive behaviors, and sensory abnormalities. The etiology of autism remains unclear. Animal, genetic, and post‐mortem studies suggest that an imbalance exists in the neuronal excitation and inhibition system in autism. The aim of this study was to determine whether alterations of the measured parameters in children with autism are significantly associated with the risk of a sensory dysfunction.Methods
The glutamine synthetase (GS), kidney‐type glutaminase (GLS1), and glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody levels were analyzed in 38 autistic children and 33 age‐ and sex‐matched controls using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.Results
The obtained data demonstrated significant alterations in glutamate and glutamine cycle enzymes, as represented by GS and GLS1, respectively. While the glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies levels were remarkably increased, no significant difference was observed compared to the healthy control participants.Conclusion
The obtained data indicate that GS and GLS1 are promising indicators of a neuronal excitation and inhibition system imbalance and that combined measured parameters are good predictive biomarkers of autism.20.
Safety and efficacy from a 6‐week double‐blind study and a 52‐week open‐label extension of aripiprazole in adolescents with schizophrenia in Japan
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Hideo Matsumoto MD PhD Jun Ishigooka MD PhD Hiroaki Ono BSc Yoshihiro Tadori PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(9):701-712