纳米氧化镁对小鼠血清生化指标的影响

目的探讨纳米镁材料对小鼠血清生化指标的影响。方法按照固定剂量(5g/kg)法以镁粉、微米氧化镁和纳米氧化镁一次经口灌胃。14d后处死动物取血清观察常规生化指标的变化。结果纳米氧化镁组小鼠血清LDH和ALP明显低于微米氧化镁组(P<0.05),但与对照组相比无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论纳米氧化镁对血清LDH和ALP的影响与微米氧化镁材料有明显差别,其生化毒性作用可能与微米氧化镁材料有所不同。     

Effect of Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl on Natural Plankton of the Seyhan Dam: A Microcosm Study

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, a herbicide that is commonly used in Cukurova region, was studied for possible adverse impacts on the Seyhan dam plankton and water quality variables in laboratory microcosms for 40 days. Water containing natural plankton, and sediment were collected from the Seyhan dam. The herbicide was added to six microcosms in 0.1, 1, and 10 mg L(-1) concentrations. Two microcosms were used as reference groups. The results indicate that pennat diatom, Cladocera, and Copepoda at 10 mg L(-1) contaminations and centric diatom and Chlorophyta at 1 mg L(-1) contamination were affected. This herbicide did not alter water quality.     

加替沙星与4种喹诺酮类药物体外抗菌活性比较

目的比较加替沙星与环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、罗美沙星的体外抗菌活性,为临床提供用药依据. 方法采用K-B纸片法对2003年以来,我院分离的金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MSSCN)、肠球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌等共659株进行了体外药敏试验,并将结果用WHONET5.0进行分析. 结果发现加替沙星对除铜绿假单胞菌以外的其他分离菌株的敏感性,普遍高于其他4种药物;对MSSA、MSSCN、MRSA、MRSCN、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌的敏感率分别为100%、96.2%、37.5%(中度敏感率为56.2%)、77%、65.9%、18.2%、32%、84.3%、56.2%、72.1%. 结论加替沙星在这5种药中敏感性最高,是高效、广谱抗菌药物,可以广泛应用于临床各种感染性疾病.     

四种中药抗结核分枝杆菌药物敏感性的初步研究

目的初步探讨四种中药抗结核分枝杆菌的药物敏感性。方法对长沙市中心医院2009年1月-2010年3月确诊的结核病患者培养分离结核分枝杆菌,进行药物敏感性试验。采用改良罗氏培养基制备四种中药药物培养基,未加中药的改良罗氏培养基作为对照,分别观察结核分枝杆菌在四种中药药敏培养基上的生长情况。结果 1号中药培养基检测临床分离株79株,中药药物敏感性试验38株敏感,敏感率为48.10%;2号中药培养基检测临床分离株78株,中药药物敏感性试验62株敏感,敏感率为79.49%;3号中药培养基检测临床分离株41株,中药药物敏感性试验36株敏感,敏感率为87.80%;4号中药培养基检测临床分离株34株,中药药物敏感性试验31株敏感,敏感率为91.18%。四种中药对结核分枝杆菌药物敏感性不同,以3号和4号的抗菌效果最佳(χ2=35.82,P0.01)。结论 2号、3号和4号中药培养基均显示出良好的抑菌效果,其中3号和4号中药效果更好。可以进行临床用药进一步证实2种药在人体内对结核分枝杆菌的作用。     

Effect of Parathion-Methyl on Amazonian Fish and Freshwater Invertebrates: A Comparison of Sensitivity with Temperate Data

Parathion-methyl is an organophosphorous insecticide that is widely used in agricultural production sites in the Amazon. The use of this pesticide might pose a potential risk for the biodiversity and abundance of fish and invertebrate species inhabiting aquatic ecosystems adjacent to the agricultural fields. Due to a lack of toxicity data for Amazonian species, safe environmental concentrations used to predict the ecological risks of parathion-methyl in the Amazon are based on tests performed with temperate species, although it is unknown whether the sensitivity of temperate species is representative for those of Amazonian endemic species. To address this issue, the acute toxic effect (LC₅₀–96 h) of parathion-methyl was assessed on seven fish and five freshwater invertebrate species endemic to the Amazon. These data were used to compare their pesticide sensitivity with toxicity data for temperate species collected from the literature. The interspecies sensitivity was compared using the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) concept. The results of this study suggest that Amazonian species are no more, or less, sensitive to parathion-methyl than their temperate counterparts, with LC₅₀ values ranging from 2900 to 7270 μg/L for fish and from 0.3 to 319 μg/L for freshwater arthropods. Consequently, this evaluation supports the initial use of toxicity data of temperate fish and freshwater invertebrate species for assessing the effects of parathion-methyl on Amazonian freshwater ecosystems.     

Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplementation on Growth in Children with Undernutrition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are used to promote catch-up growth in children with undernutrition. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the evidence of ONS intervention effects on growth for 9-month- to 12-year-old children who were undernourished or at nutritional risk. Eleven randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria; trials compared changes in anthropometric measures in children using ONS or ONS + DC (dietary counselling) to measures for those following usual diet or placebo or DC alone. The RCTs included 2287 children without chronic diseases (mean age 5.87 years [SD, 1.35]; 56% boys). At follow-up time points up to 6 months, results showed that children in the ONS intervention group had greater gains in weight (0.423 kg, [95% confidence interval 0.234, 0.613], p < 0.001) and height (0.417 cm [0.059, 0.776], p = 0.022) versus control; greater gains in weight (0.089 kg [0.049, 0.130], p < 0.001) were evident as early as 7–10 days. Longitudinal analyses with repeated measures at 30, 60, and 90 days showed greater gains in weight parameters from 30 days onwards (p < 0.001), a trend towards greater height gains at 90 days (p = 0.056), and significantly greater gains in height-for-age percentiles and Z-scores at 30 and 90 days, respectively (p < 0.05). Similar results were found in subgroup analyses of studies comparing ONS + DC to DC alone. For children with undernutrition, particularly those who were mildly and moderately undernourished, usage of ONS in a nutritional intervention resulted in significantly better growth outcomes when compared to control treatments (usual diet, placebo or DC alone).     

热化疗对肺部肿瘤细胞生长影响的研究

[目的]研究热化疗联合对肺部肿瘤细胞生长的影响。[方法]构建人谷胱甘肽硫转移酶P1(glutathione- s-transferase P1,GSTP1)基因的真核表达载体,转染人肺腺癌A549细胞,然后按临床常用剂量,用6．25、12．50、25．00、50．00、100．00、200．00μg/L紫杉醇处理转染和未转染的A549细胞,并联合43℃加热,用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT法)和流式细胞术(FCM)检测转染前后A549细胞在不同条件下的生长和细胞周期分布,并运用SPSS 11．5对数据进行统计分析。[结果]两种细胞在6．25、12．50、25．00、50．00、100．00μg/L浓度的紫杉醇作用下,未转染细胞增殖率低于转染细胞(P< 0．05)。43℃加热,两种细胞在6．25、12．50、25．00、50．00、100．00、200．00μg/L浓度的紫杉醇作用下,未转染细胞增殖率高于转染细胞(P<0．05);流式细胞仪检测两种细胞的生长周期,与未转染细胞相比,转染细胞的G0／G1期(53．30％与67．40％)和G2M期(8．82％与19．60％)延长,S期缩短(37．90％与13．00％),均P<0．05。[结论]热化疗联合治疗可以逆转肺部肿瘤细胞的耐药,为进一步研究预防肺癌发生及其与职业性肺癌的关系奠定了基础。     

4种二氯炔戊菊酯异构体对蚊蝇蜚蠊的毒效观察

目的测定药物分别为5.0mg*ai/m2的4种二氯炔戊菊酯异构体在油漆三合板面上对蚊、蝇和蜚蠊的毒杀效果.方法强迫接触法.结果顺式二氯炔戊菊酯对蚊、蝇的KT50为9.50和9.22min,反式二氯炔戊菊酯为6.82和8.72min,右旋反式二氯炔戊菊酯为8.06和10.89min,左旋反式二氯炔戊菊酯为5.75和10.44min;除顺式二氯炔戊菊酯外,其余接触面所试蚊、蝇的24h死亡率均达92%～100%.4种二氯炔戊菊酯异构体对德国小蠊的毒杀效果均不理想,72h死亡率均未超过80%.结论4种二氯炔戊菊酯异构体对蚊、蝇均具有较好的毒杀效果,但不同异构体对蚊、蝇的毒杀效果存在差异;对德国小蠊的毒杀效果均不理想.     

Effect of Fortified Formula on Growth and Nutritional Status in Young Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Previous reviews of the effect of young child formulas on health outcomes in infants and toddlers have been inconclusive. In this study, we undertook a contemporary synthesis of studies investigating the effects of consuming fortified milk beverages (compared to cow’s milk or unfortified comparator formula) on growth and/or nutritional status in children 1–3 years of age. Five electronic databases were searched (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library) for randomised controlled trials comparing fortified milk against control milk in young children (9–48 months), published between January 1990 and June 2022. Outcomes were growth, body composition, biochemical markers, and/or nutritional status. Mean differences (MD) were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis where there were ≥3 studies. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Nineteen articles (12 studies; n = 4795) met the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity was substantial, likely attributable to considerable variation in study characteristics. Fortified milk was associated with increased weight gain (MD = 0.14 kg [95% CI 0.06, 021], p = 0.0003) compared with control milk. Subgroup analyses demonstrated increases in weight in lower-income countries, and in studies with intervention periods > 6 months. There were no effects of fortified milks on other anthropometric measures. Haemoglobin (MD = 3.76 g/L [95% CI 0.17, 7.34], p = 0.04) and ferritin (MD = 0.01 nmol/L [95% CI 0.00, 0.02], p = 0.02) concentrations were increased in infants consuming fortified milks. Fortified milk beverages appear to offer a safe and acceptable source of complementary nutrition as a short-term strategy for addressing nutritional deficits and may modestly promote weight gain in vulnerable populations when provided for periods > 6 months. This study was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022339920) and funded by the Infant Nutrition Council.     

The Effect of Growth Rate during Infancy on the Risk of Developing Obesity in Childhood: A Systematic Literature Review

The prevalence of childhood obesity has been trending upwards over the last few decades. Recent evidence suggests that infant growth rate has the potential to increase the risk of obesity development during childhood. This systematic literature review aimed to summarise the existing evidence on the relationship between infant growth rate and subsequent childhood obesity. Studies were sought for that assessed the effect of infant growth rate on outcomes of overweight, obesity, BMI, waist circumference or body composition measures among a population group of children aged 2 to 12 years old. Data sources included PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and MedLine. Twenty-four studies were identified as eligible and included in this review, out of 2302 publications. The ADA Quality Checklist was used to assess the quality of individual studies. Ten studies received a positive result and 14 studies a neutral result. A narrative synthesis was completed to present study characteristics and results. Several independent positive associations were determined between rapid growth at different stages during infancy and overweight, obesity, BMI, waist circumference and body composition in childhood. Further investigation is required to determine if a specific period of infancy carries greater associations of risk with childhood outcomes. Determining an ideal rate of infants’ growth as a means to minimise the future risk of childhood obesity should be the focus of future research that will also inform early life obesity prevention strategies. Registration no.: CRD42021244029.     

The impact of bam earthquake on substance users in the first 2 weeks: A rapid assessment

In the final days of the year 2003, an earthquake in the city of Bam, Iran, led to the death of some 35,000 of its inhabitants. The rate of opium abuse, which had been high among the male population in this city, caused problems after the earthquake. The aim of the following study was to examine the status of substance abusers during the first 2 weeks after the earthquake. The study was carried out in the city of Bam, one of its nearby villages and eight hospitals admitting earthquake victims. One hundred and sixty-three individuals were interviewed, including substance abusers, their family members, people living in Bam, service providers, and the authorities. During the first 2 weeks after the earthquake, about half of drug-dependent interviewees suffered from withdrawal symptoms. About half reported their problems to health care providers and asked for morphine or other analgesics. Around one third had used opium on the first day and two thirds in the course of the second day to the end of the second week after the earthquake. Although smoking had been the most common means of abuse before the earthquake, oral intake has become the most prevalent route after the disaster. Almost all obtained their opium from inhabitants of other cities as gifts. Members of rescue and health delivery systems had a lot of encounters with opium abusers, especially in the first 3 days after the earthquake, and had prescribed morphine and other analgesics. In societies with a considerable prevalence of substance abuse, this issue becomes a matter of utmost health care and social importance at times of disasters, and the necessary arrangements to deal with it should be present beforehand.     

Understanding the impact of the installation of outdoor fitness equipment and a multi-sports court on park visitation and park-based physical activity: A natural experiment

IntroductionThis natural experiment examined the impact of the installation of outdoor fitness equipment and one multi-sports court in a park located in Melbourne, Australia on park visitation and park-based physical activity compared to a control park. Barriers and facilitators to use of this equipment among adult park visitors were also explored.MethodsPark visitation and moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in the two parks were assessed before (T1, 2016) and after the intervention (T2, 2019) using observations of park visitors from children to older adults across four days (7.30am-5.00pm). The relative change in observed counts in visitors from T1-T2 in the intervention park compared to the control park was used to assess the effect of the park refurbishment. Intercept surveys regarding barriers and facilitators were conducted with adult park visitors.ResultsOver the three-year period, total visitor counts increased by 16% and the number of park visitors observed engaging in MVPA increased by 24% in the intervention park. However, there were no significant intervention effects on total visitor counts (IRR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.62, 1.30) or MVPA (IRR = 0.80, 95%CI: 0.53, 1.19) relative to the control park. Examples of frequently mentioned facilitators to increase use of the sports court and fitness equipment included having someone to use the facilities with and instructional signage, and common barriers included poor weather and lack of time.ConclusionsThe impact of the park upgrade on visitation and MVPA was not significant. A better understanding of the broader appeal of outdoor fitness equipment and a multi-sports court among different segments of the population is needed.     

乳腺癌自然史模型研究系统评价:现状及构建中国人群特异性模型面临的挑战

目的 系统评价全球乳腺癌自然史模型研究及相关参数,为构建我国人群特异性模型提供参考。方法 检索PubMed和Cochrane Library数据库1980-2015年乳腺癌自然史模型研究,根据纳入排除标准分别开展文献筛选及资料提取,归纳乳腺癌自然史状态及相关参数。结果 共纳入文献36篇,首篇文献发表于1990年;研究集中于欧美国家,仅2篇涉及中国人群;其中筛查项目评价有32篇,方法多采用为Markov模型（32篇）。模型设置状态包括"健康"（36篇）、乳腺导管原位癌（DCIS,17篇）、浸润癌（36篇）和死亡（27篇）。明确报道浸润癌分类系统主要有肿瘤大小（9篇）和TNM分期（9篇,其中3篇报道有1年进展概率）：DCIS发展为Ⅰ期、Ⅰ~Ⅱ期、Ⅱ~Ⅲ期、Ⅲ~Ⅳ期乳腺癌的概率M值（范围）依次是0.279（0.259~0.299）、0.150（0.069~0.430）、0.100（0.060~0.128）和0.210（0.010~0.625）。有15篇报道乳腺癌从临床前期到临床出现症状的平均时间为1.95~4.70年,且随年龄增加逐渐延长;7篇报道了DCIS对应时长。结论 目前乳腺癌疾病自然史模型研究渐受关注,但未见不典型增生等癌前病变的报道;导管原位癌出现症状时长参数有待合理转化;采用浸润癌分类系统多样但进展概率参数有限,对构建我国人群特异性模型有一定参考但也提出挑战。     

The Effect of Organism Density on Bioaccumulation of Contaminants from Sediment in Three Aquatic Test Species: A Case for Standardizing to Sediment Organic Carbon

Laboratory methods for measuring bioaccumulation of organic contaminants from sediment into aquatic organisms continue to improve, but some aspects are still in need of standardization. From a review of published methods, we noted that the loading density of organisms was determined inconsistently and was primarily based on either sediment volume or total organic carbon (TOC). The rationale mainly expressed for standardizing to TOC was to minimize the depletion of sediment contaminants. However, even when density was standardized to TOC, the relative amount of TOC provided (i.e., ratio of TOC to organism dry weight [dw]) was highly variable. In this study, we examined the effect of organism density (standardized to sediment TOC or volume) on bioaccumulation in three freshwater organisms. The oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, mayfly nymph Hexagenia spp., and fathead minnow Pimephales promelas were exposed for 28 days to two field-contaminated sediments that varied in concentration of PCBs and TOC. Densities tested were 50:1 and 27:1 ratios of TOC to organism dw and 140 ml sediment/g wet weight (ww) biomass, yielding low to high organism densities. Bioaccumulation in Hexagenia spp. was significantly higher at the lowest organism density compared with the highest organism density when exposed to site 2 sediment (1.1% TOC) but only with tissue concentrations expressed on a ww basis. Otherwise, there was no significant effect of density on bioaccumulation in organisms exposed to sediments from site 1 (12% TOC) or site 2. Survival of Hexagenia spp. was adversely affected at the highest organism density when the relative amount of TOC was low. The results of this study support the recommendation of standardizing organism density relative to a particular amount of TOC for invertebrate species. A 27:1 ratio of TOC:organism dw was selected as a standard organism density for a new bioaccumulation method because survival, growth, and bioaccumulation were not impacted relative to a 50:1 ratio, and less sediment was required. This density is recommended as an appropriate ratio for sediment bioaccumulation assessments in general.     

Mixed Beverage of Fruits and Vegetables: Effect of Refrigerated Storage on Antioxidant Capacity and Acceptance

The aim of this work was to prepare a mixed beverage containing kale, ginger, coconut water, and orange, which is similar to the recipes found in the informal media, and to determine the effect of refrigerated storage on antioxidant, physical and chemical properties, ascorbic acid content, and sensory acceptance. The refrigeration of the mixed beverage for up to seven hours preserved the antioxidant properties, phenolic compounds, soluble solids, and titratable acidity but led to reduction of green color, pH, and ascorbic acid content. However, in the refrigeration for up to 25 hours, it was observed that antioxidant activity, color, pH, and ascorbic acid were not preserved. The beverage was considered appropriate by mean the sensory acceptance test, after microbiological analysis. The beverages refrigerated for 0, 13, and 25 hours were accepted, with maximum scores of 7 (10 cm scale), besides purchase intention above 3 on a 5-point scale.     

三价铬和六价铬小鼠急性毒性及致突变性研究

目的比较不同价态铬化合物急性毒性及致突变毒性。方法采用鼠伤寒沙门菌／微粒体试验（Ames）实验、小鼠急性毒性实验和小鼠骨髓微核实验检测铬化合物的急性毒性和致突变毒性。结果K2Cr2O2的LD50明显高于CrCl3;Ames试验CrCl3呈阴性结果,K2Cr2O7呈阳性结果。小鼠骨髓微核实验CrCl3呈阴性结果;K2Cr2O7各剂量组微核率明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。CrCl3和K2Cr2O1各剂量组骨髓细胞PCE／RBC比值随剂量的增高均呈现下降趋势,但均高于0．1。结论本实验表明CrCl3不具有致突变作用,K2Cr2O3不但急性毒性明显高于CrCl3,而且具有致突变作用。