英语语感的培养与训练

语感(lingu istic sense)是人们对语言的直接感觉,是系统综合的语言感知能力;是直接、敏锐的语言领悟能力。语感又是语言的发展开始走向成熟期的一种心理现象,是对语言的语音、语义、语法、语气等综合运用所自然产生的激活效应,是对语言熟练掌握而自然生成的、不假思索的语言敏     

Focal adhesion kinase antisense oligodeoxynucleotides inhibit human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells proliferation and promote human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells apoptosis

Background Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation plays an important role in pulmonary vessel structural remodelling. At present, the mechanisms related to proliferation of PASMCs are not clear. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a widely expressed nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase. Recent research indicates that FAK is implicated in signalling pathways which regulate cytoskeletal organization, adhesion, migration, survival and proliferation of cells. Furthermore, there are no reports about the role of FAK in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs). We investigated whether FAK takes part in the intracellular signalling pathway involved in HPASMCs proliferation and apoptosis, by using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to selectively suppress the expression of FAK protein. Methods Cultured HPASMCs stimulated by fibronectin (4μg/ml) were passively transfected with ODNs, sense FAK, mismatch sense and antisense-FAK respectively. Expression of FAK, Jun NH2-temlinal kinase (JNK), cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK 2) and caspase-3 proteins were detected by immunoprecipitation and Western blots. Cell cycle and cell apoptosis were analysed by flow cytometry. In addition, cytoplasmic FAK expression was detected by immunocytochemical staining. Results When compared with mismatch sense group, the protein expressions of FAK, JNK and CDK 2 in HPASMCs decreased in antisense-FAK ODNs group and increased in sense-FAK ODNs group significantly. Caspase-3 expression upregulated in HPASMCs when treated with antisense ODNs and downregulated when treated with sense ODNs. When compared with mismatch sense ODNs group, the proportion of cells at G1 phase decreased significantly in sense ODNs group, while the proportion of cells at S phase increased significantly. In contrast, compared with mismatch sense ODNs group, the proportion of cells at G1 phase was increased significantly in antisense-FAK ODNs group. The level of cell apoptosis in antisense-FAK group was higher than in the mismatch sense group and the latter was higher than sense-FAK group. In addition, the sense-FAK ODNs group was strongly stained by immunocytochemistry, whereas the antisense-FAK ODNs group was weakly stained. Conclusions The results suggest that FAK relates to the proliferation of HPASMCs Antisense-FAK ODNs inhibit HPASMCs proliferation and facilitate their apoptosis. It is possible that FAK via JNK, CDK 2 signalling pathways enhances HPASMCs proliferation and via caspase-3 inhibits HPASMCs apoptosis.     

Difference in Second Language and ForeignLanguage

Second language (L2), in a broad sense, is alanguage learned or acquired after the native lan-guage. The term has a narrow sense when it con-trasts to the term“foreign language“ (FL), inwhich second language“functions as a recognizedmeans of communication among members who     

Effect of Antisense FosB and CREB on the Expression of Prodynorphin Gene in Rats with Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias

The effects of antisense FosB and CREB intra-striatum injection on the expression of prodynorphin (PDyn) gene in striatal neurons of Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) rats with Parkinson disease (PD) were explored. PD model in rats was established by 6-OHDA microinjection stereotaxically. The rats were treated with chronic intermittent Levodopa celiac injection for 28 days to get the LED rats. Antisense FosB and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were injected into striatum of all rats respectively. In situ hybridization was used to measure the changes in the expression of PDyn mRNA in striatum and behavior changes were observed. The results showed after administration of antisense FosB, abnormal involuntary movement (AIM) was decreased and the expression of PDyn mRNA in striatum was increased in LID rats as compared with sense FosB group (P<0.01, respectively). As compared with the control group, the expression of PDyn mRNA in striatum was decreased by antisense CREB-treated LID group (P<0.01) and compared with sense CREB treated LID group, antisense CREB-treated LID group showed no changes in AIM scores and the expressions of PDyn mRNA (both P>0.05). In conclusion, FosB protein, which replaced the CREG, could regulate the expression of PDyn mRNA and play critical role in the pathogenesis of LID.     

Clinical Characteristics of Macular Hole and Macular Epiretinal Membrane in Dominant and Nondominant Eyes

<正>Ocular dominance(OD) is referred to the superiority of one eye over the other when the visual sense is produced^[1]. This condition can be considered as a preference for the particular laterality of the eye during a mono-visual task or the relative contributions of visual signal transduction between eyes[2]. Empirically, OD tendencies are exhibited in habitual and subconscious behavior.     

Construction and transfection of sense／antisense eukaryotic expression vectors for human cathepsin L gene

Objective: To obtain sense/antisense eukaryotic expression vectors for human cathepsin L gene, and study the biological effects on human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 after transfection. Methods:Cathepsin L gene sense/antisense eukaryotic expression vectors were constructed with recombinant technology and transfected into the human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63. The expression of cathepsin L gene mRNA was examined with RT-PCR and the expression of cathepsin L was examined with Western blot. Results: The sense/antisense recombinant eukaryotic expression vectors for cathepsin L were successfully constructed and transfected into MG-63 cell. Conclusion: Antisense cathepsin L gene can significantly inhibit the expression of cathepsin L mRNA and protein.     

本科护生专业承诺、学习倦怠与学业自我效能感的关系研究

Objective To explore the relationship among professional commitment, learning burnout and academic self-efficacy of undergraduate nursing students. Methods 506 undergraduate nursing students were investigated with the three Questionnaires of college students: professional commitment questionnaire, learning burnout inventory and academic self-efficacy scale. Results The scores of affective commitment, ideal commitment, normative commitment and continued commitment of the undergraduate nursing students were (28.229 ± 5.327), (20.348 ±4. 507), (19. 405 ± 3. 730), (18. 148 ± 2. 954) and( 86. 130 ± 13. 421), respectively. And the scores of depression, misconduct, low sense of accomplishment, total bumrnut of the undergraduate nursing students were(21.733 ±5.338), (18.459 ±3. 918) , (17.083 ±3. 596)and(57. 275 ±9. 766) , respectively. As well as the scores of learning ability of self-efficacy, learning behavior of self-efficacy and total self-efficacy were(35.765 ±5.835), (35.247 ±4.840)and (71.012 ±9.659), respectively. The affective commitment,ideal commitment and normative commitment of professional commitment were negatively correlated with the dimensions of learning bumout. And the continued commitment was significant correlated with the low sense of accomplishment. Otherwise, the dimensions of professional commitment were positive correlated with the dimensions of academic self-efficacy. However, the dimensions of academic self-efficacy were significant negative correlated with the dimensions of learning burnout (P＜ 0. 01). Conclusions The professional commitment, learning bumout of undergraduate nursing students are closely related with the academic self-efficacy of undergraduate nursing students. The higher the levels of professional commitment and academic self-efficacy are, the lower the level of learning bumout is.     

亚甲蓝在吻合器痔上黏膜环切术中的应用

目的 观察亚甲蓝对吻合器痔上黏膜环切术(PPH)后常见并发症的临床价值.方法 选择100例行PPH的患者,随机分为试验组和对照组,分别在术中应用和不应用亚甲蓝治疗,观察比较术后早期并发症包括肛门坠胀感、肛门疼痛、尿潴留等的发生率.结果 试验组和对照组相比,术后疼痛和肛门坠胀感的发生率显著降低(P<0.05),而尿潴留等并发症比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 PPH术中亚甲蓝的应用可有效减少肛门部疼痛、肛门坠胀并发症,提示在临床诊疗中应推广亚甲蓝应用,以利于减少患者痛苦. Abstract： Objective To observe the clinical value of methylthioniniun chloride on common cornplications of procedure for prolase and hemorrhoids.Methods One hundred patients underwent procedure for prolase and hemorrhoids were divided into experimental group and control group. During the PPH, methylthioniniun chloride was used or not used in different groups. The incidence of the complications of PPH such as sense of anal bulge, anal pain, and urinary retention were observed in the two groups. Results Compared with control group, the incidence of sense of anal bulge and anal pain were significantly decreased, but for the urinary retention complication, there was no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusions The use of methylthioniniun chloride in procedure for prolase and hemorrhoids may decrease the complications of PPH and alleviate the suffering of the patients.     

Apoptotic Sensitivity to Irradiation Increased after Transfection of chk1 Antisense Chain to HL-60 Cell Line

Summary： The HL-60 cells were transfected with chkl antisense and sense chain, and 24 h later subjected to irradiation. Twenty-four h after irradiation, the changes in the chk1 protein expression was assayed by Western blot, and the cell cycles and apoptosis rate detected by FCM. The irradiated apoptosis sensitivity was increased by antisense blocking of chk1 gene in HL-60 cell line with the apoptosis rate being 26.31 %, significantly higher than that by the sense blocking （10.34 %, 0. 025〈P〈0.05）. In HL-60 cells transfected with chkl antisense chain, the G2/M phase arrest was attenua：ted and the cells in G2/M phase were accounted for 38.42 %, significantly lower than those of the cells transfected with chkl sense chain （54.64 %, 0. 005〈P〈0.01）. It was concluded that antisense blocking of chk1 gene could increase the apoptosis sensitivity to irradiation.     

英语教学中的语感培养

语感作为对语言的直觉,它是对阅读心理的一种描述。它以感觉为起点,即以语言表层意义的感受为起点,将现实现象与音义结合,形成浅层直觉;浅层直觉通过各种途径(如下所述)得到深化,达到对语言的深层意义的理解。这种理解经过强化,在言语主体内部成为一种条件反射性的语言习惯和心理习惯,使表层意义立即反映到与之对应深层意义上,形成语感。这一完整而具体的过程是瞬间完成的。作为语言所表达的内容,是经过感官化了的;而真实思想的注入,又扬弃了浅薄的感官的追求,感官又反过来提升思想,最终在感官上留下最真实的思想情感的内涵。也可以说,浅层…     

英汉语言歧义的结构现象分析

1　引　言歧义是语言中普遍存在的现象。早在两千三百年之前 ,古希腊哲学家亚里士多德 (Aristoteles)就在他的《工具论·辨谬篇》中 ,探讨了语言的歧义问题 ,亚里士多德对歧义的研究是为哲学辩论中的语言应用服务的。 1930年 ,恩普森 (W.Empson )发表了《歧义的七种类型》(Seven Types of Ambi-guity)一书 ,开始从语言理论的角度研究歧义问题。著名的语言学家 L ayons(1977)在 Introduction to Theoretical L in-guistics中给歧义下了这样的定义 :“Ambiguity may be ei-ther of the distribution classification of the elem ents or …     

Study on measuring burden of disease

DALY（Disability Adjusted Life Years) was recommended as a new indicator to measure burden of disease(BOD) .Although BOD combines information from both morbidity and mortality,it only reflects the burden from the patients themselves because of their illness or death.As a common indicator.BOD should not only include the burden from the patients,but also the burden to the society around the patients.such as the input and support from the society to the ill person,and the losses from the related events.The aim of this study is to explore the scope and the magnitude of the burden to the society using stroke as an example.Results show that the burden due to time lost for caring for patients in hospitals accounts for 2.4% of total BOD (in a narrow sense),which indicates that BOD may be underestimated if the burden to the society is ignored.     

Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotide to Annexin Ⅱ on the t—PA—mediated Plasminogen Activation in vitro

Summary: In order to study the role of annexin Ⅱ , a recombinant expression vector, pZeoSV2 (+)ANN Ⅱ , containing the annexin Ⅱ cDNA, was developed. The 1.1-kb-length annexin ⅡeDNA was inserted into a expression vector, PZeoSV(+) and transfected into HL-60 cells which had low baseline expression of Ann- I. pZeoSV(+) ANN I was analyzed by restriction mapping and the Ann-I sequence identified. The ability of the transfected cells, non-transfected and mock-transfected cells to stimulate t-PA-depend plasminogen activation was compared. The results showed that HL-60 with pZeoSV (+)ANN I transfection could significantly increase the plasminogen activation (8. 9± 1.2 U) in vitro with the difference being significant as compared with non-transfected (1.5±0. 4 U) and mock-transfected cells (4.2±0. 9 U), respectively. Antiannexin Ⅱ oligonucleotides significantly inhibited the binding ability of t-PA and plasminogen to annexin Ⅱ , and obviously reduced the plasminogen activation in vitro. The above findings showed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with sense or missense oligonucleotides indicated no significant change in binding of t-PA and PLG. Treatment of HUVECs with antian nexin Ⅱ oligonucleotides could significantly reduce the plasminogen activation by 2.4± 0. 3 U as compared with sense oligonucleotide group in binding of t-PA and PLG. These results, therefore,suggest that Ann- Ⅱ can bind plasminogen and participate in the stimulation of t-PA-dependent ac tivation of plasminogen, and that interference with Ann- Ⅱ mRNA by antisense oligonucleotidemay be a new strategy for the therapy of bleeding in patients with hyperfibrinolysis.     

Alterations of serum phospholipids in patients with multiple sclerosis.

The total phospholipids in serum and the percentages of major phospholipid classes of phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanol-amine (PE) and sphingomyelin (SM) were studied based on 21 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 18 healthy subjects. Serum samples were extracted with isopropanol, then major phospholipid classes were separated by thin-layer chromatography, finally, the samples were quantitated by CS-910 densitometer. Though the results were insignificantly different in the concentration of total phospholipid between the MS patients and the controls, there was partial reduction of the concentrations of PS and PE (P < 0.01), moreover, the percentages of PS and PE were relatively lower, correspondingly, the percentage of PC was higher as compared with control group. The results suggest that there should exist an abnormality in the metabolism of phospholipids in patients with MS in the sense of the alterations of phospholipid compositions in serum samples.

     

交互作用语言教学中阅读诸变量对阅读教学的启示

二十世纪六十年代末七十年代初,美国语言学家克拉申(S.D.Krashen)就提出了语言输入理论(lan-guage input hypothesis)。他认为,只有当人们得到了可理解输入(comprehensible input)才能习得语言。之后,语言学家Long(1983,cited in E llis,1994)更是进一步提出了“交互假设”(Interaction Hypothesis)理论,指出在可理解语言输入的重要性的同时,特别强调意义协商(negotiation of mean ing)对语言习得的促进作用。Long认为如果说话者有条件接受和参与交互调整,就会扩大第二语言习得的机会。他还着重强调“双向交际”(two-way commun ication)将更能促进交互调整和意义协商,从而提高语言输入的可理解性。现在,我们可发现语言学习与语言教学确实发生了巨大的变化,尤其是外语界对第二语言及学习过程的本质的认识发生了质的飞跃。“交互作用语言教学”理论的产生与发展则是这一飞跃的标志,将该理论应用于外语阅读教学对我们颇具启迪意义。一、交互作用语言教学理论与阅读阅读既是一种语言活动,又是一种思维活动,是把...     

动物词语的象征含义与文化差异

语言是社会的一面镜子 ,它承载着丰厚的文化内涵。语言一方面是一个民族观察世界的方式和工具 ,另一方面是一个民族文化发展的结果 ,在它身上无疑高度凝聚着民族文化精神。正如伟大的语言学家萨丕尔 (Sapir)所说 :“语言的背后是有东西的 ,而且语言不能离开文化而存在 ,所谓文化就是社会遗传下来的习惯和信仰的总和 ,由它可以决定我们的生活组织。”而语言的文化意义又最集中、最显露地体现在词汇意义上。语言学家共同认识到 ,词汇意义不仅包含了理性意义(或指称意义、概念意义、认知意义 ) ,而且携带着具有浓厚的民族文化色彩的象征意义。…     

Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes angiogenesis in gastric carcinoma

Objective: To explore the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the angiogenesis and development of human gastric carcinoma. Methods: The expressions of VEGF and its receptor KDR (ki-nase-domain insert containing receptor) in human gastric cancer tissue and SGC-7901 cells were detected with immunohistochemical staining. Microvessel density (MVD) was obtained after immunostaining for Factor-VIII. VEGF in SGC-7901 cell line was detected with Western blot. VEGF levels were manipulated in human gastric cancer cell by using eukaryotic expression vector containing the complete VEGF165 complimentary DNA in either the sense or antisense orientation. Finally the biological characteristics of the transfectants were identified. Results: VEGF-positive rate in TNM grade I and IV gastric carcinomas (19. 0%) were significantly higher than that in grade I and I (72. 4%) (P<0. 05). Increased MVD was found in VEGF-positive tumors (16. 4±6. 7). which is significantly larger than in VEGF-negative tumors (6.     

The prevention and treatment of restenosis in the era of drug-eluting stent

Ever since the first percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty （PTCA） was completed successfully by Gruentzig in 1977, postoperational restenosis （RS） has been puzzling constantly the progress of percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）, and it is known as the Achilles Heel of PCI. In a certain sense, the development history of PCI is also the history of continually overcoming RS.     

无机化学设计性实验双语教学的实践与探索

双语教学是一种全新的学科教学方式,它的意义在于用外语来学习好专业课,发挥英语这门国际语言的真正意义——交流。因此要创造更多接触和使用外语的机会,让学生在潜移默化中学习外语,用教学语言来促进学生语言能力的发展。当然,双语教学不是语言教学,它是以第二种语言为教学的语言和手段,来讲授专业学科内容,达到帮助学习者掌握语言的目的。我们根据广东药学院的实际,在药学专业无机化学实验教学中的设计性实验开展了双语教学模式的初步探索。     

Effects of different pacing algorithms on cumulative ventricular pacing proportion in patients with pacemakers

Background  It is well known that increased cumulative ventricular pacing proportion (CumVP%) is one of the most important causes for adverse cardiovascular events. Therefore, how to reduce CumVP% has been a treatment issue in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different pacing algorithms on CumVP% in patients with pacemakers.

Methods  Pacemakers with three pacing algorithms, i.e., conventional dual chamber rate adaptive pacing (DDDR), search atrioventricular conduction plus (SAV+) and managed ventricular pacing (MVP), were implanted in 42 patients including 41 with bradycardia arrhythmias and one with ventricular tachycardia. Pacemakers were programmed to work in conventional DDDR, SAV+ and MVP during the follow-up periods of the first, the second and the third month. In each pacing algorithm, the time percentages of four pacing and sense status including atrial sense-ventricular sense (AS-VS), atrial sense-ventricular pacing (AS-VP), atrial pacing-ventricular sense (AP-VS) and atrial pacing-ventricular pacing (AP-VP) were calculated. Cumulative ventricular pacing proportions were compared in the three pacing algorithms in the first, the second and the third month postoperatively.

Results  In the DDDR algorithm AS-VS, AS-VP, AP-VS and AP-VP were 2.4%, 52.3%, 2.5% and 42.8% respectively, while in SAV+ they were 19.3%, 34.9%, 33.9% and 12.0%, in MVP they were 38.9%, 13.2%, 41.6% and 6.4%. In the above the DDDR, SAV+ and MVP algorithms, cumulative ventricular pacing proportions were 95.1%, 46.9% and 19.6%, respectively (P <0.05) and the percentages of CumVP% <40% in patients were 0, 23.8% and 95.2.0% (P <0.05).

Conclusions  Compared with the conventional DDDR algorithm, both SAV+ and MVP significantly reduced the CumVP%, especially the MVP algorithm. Patients may benefit from MVP algorithm due to reduced CumVP%.