反社会型人格障碍共病边缘型人格障碍特质的影响因素

目的:探讨反社会型人格障碍(ASPD)共病边缘型人格障碍(BPD)的人口学及心理环境影响因素.方法:对1804名服刑人员使用人格障碍诊断问卷(PDQ-4)进行评估,筛选出反社会型、边缘型及共病人群,采用自编一般资料问卷、患者健康问卷抑郁量表(PHQ-9)、广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)、儿童期虐待量表(CTQ-SF)、冲...     

海洛因依赖与人格障碍共病调查

目的：调查海洛因依赖者的人格障碍共病状况。方法：采用美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）系统轴Ⅱ人格障碍访谈问卷（SCID-II）（第2版）对90例海洛因依赖者进行评定及相关统计分析。结果：79例（87.8%）符合至少一种人格障碍,常见的为偏执型、强迫型、反社会型、未加标明组（被动攻击型及抑郁型）、边缘型、回避型、自恋型等,人均患2.5种人格障碍。以戏剧化-情绪组人格障碍最常见。结论：在海洛因依赖者中人格障碍共病现象相当普遍。     

海洛因依赖者的人格障碍及性别差异分析

目的了解海洛因依赖者的人格障碍及其性别差异。方法用DSM-Ⅲ-R人格障碍用定式临床检查手册,调查了93名自愿戒毒的海洛因依赖者DSM-Ⅲ-R轴Ⅱ人格障碍的诊断情况并对其进行不同性别间比较。结果轴Ⅱ人格障碍发生率达到89．2％。边缘型人格障碍(62．4％)和强迫型人格障碍(59．1％)最常见,其次是偏执型人格障碍(52．7％)。除反社会型人格障碍外,其它类型人格障碍不同性别间未发现显著性差异。结论海洛因依赖者存在各种类型的人格障碍。反社会型人格障碍更多见于男性患者。为了加强治疗效果预防复吸应针对不同性别个体采取个性化的治疗方法。     

边缘型人格障碍的共病研究

本文复习和综述了近十年来国外关于边缘型人格障碍与轴I精神障碍及其他类型人格障碍共病研究的新进展。     

边缘型人格障碍患者儿童期虐待、冲动及与自杀意念的关系

目的:探讨边缘型人格障碍(BPD)患者儿童期虐待、冲动与自杀意念的关系。方法:对1 864名服刑人员应用人格障碍诊断问卷第4版(PDQ-4)进行评估,对筛选出的BPD患者应用儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ-SF)、Barratt冲动性量表第11版(BIS-11)和自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)进行问卷调查。结果:共有163名服刑人员符合BPD;其中90人有自杀意念(SIOSS≥12分)。结构方程模型显示,儿童期情感忽视对自杀意念具有直接效应,并通过无计划冲动对自杀意念产生间接效应;儿童期情感虐待通过注意力冲动对自杀意念产生间接效应。结论:BPD患者自杀意念的形成与儿童期虐待、冲动性的部分因子相关。     

北京市城区中学生人格障碍倾向的分布特点

目的了解北京市中学生人格障碍倾向的检出率及其年龄、性别分布。方法以现况调查整群抽样的方法，采用人格诊断问卷（PDQ－R）调查北京市海淀区1148名中学生。结果IDQ－R总分为23．94±7．42，总分大于均值1信标准差的问卷占14．3％，年龄和性别对PDQ-R总分有交互作用；表演型与反社会型人格障碍倾向阳性率分别为最高（25．4％）和最低（4％）。结论北京市城区中学生人格障碍倾向的检出率较高，年龄和性别对其有交互作用。对青少年出现的人格障碍倾向应引起重视。     

人格障碍评估量表在精神分裂症患者中的临床应用

目的探讨人格障碍评估（PDA）在精神分裂症患者中的临床应用价值。方法用PDA和PDQ-4^＋分别对39例精神分裂症患者和80例正常人进行评估。结果在PDA中,精神分裂症组的9种类型的人格障碍项目分和总分均高于正常组,都达到极显著性差异,精神分裂症组各人格障碍类型的发生率分布中,C类群占有相当的比例,其中回避型占53．85％,强迫型占41．02％,A类群中,偏执型占18．42％,在PDQ-^4＋中,也是回避型和强迫型所占的比例最高,分别为42．10％,和36．80％,在因素分析中,采用主成份分析及方差极大旋转的方法,提取了3个公因子,它们的方差累计贡献率为63．54％,旋转前的因子距陈显示9个分量表都有中等以上的负荷。结论PDA可反映出精神分裂症患者的人格障碍共病情况,有临床应用价值。     

人格障碍倾向者的童年创伤经历研究

目的 研究人格障碍和童年创伤经历的相互关系,探索与人格障碍关系比较密切的童年创伤经历。方法 在1402例咨客中,对其中人格障碍诊断问卷第四版（Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire,PDQ^4＋）筛查阳性的987例人格障碍高危人群进行童年期创伤性经历问卷的评分,并利用SAS（Statistics Analysis System）统计软件包对资料进行典型相关分析。结果 典型相关分析的男女结果有所差异,男性组第1、2对典型变量（相关系数：0．4528和0．2568）、女性组第1对典型变量（相关系数：0．4395）的相关性有统计学意义。男性被试人格障碍的典型变量W1主要由反社会型和分裂型决定,创伤经历的典型变量V1主要由情感虐待和躯体虐待决定;女性被试人格障碍的典型变量W1主要由反社会型和边缘型决定,创伤经历的典型变量V1主要由情感虐待和性虐待决定。结论 男性被试童年时期的情感虐待和躯体虐待的经历对其成年后反社会型和分裂型人格障碍倾向的影响较明显。女性被试童年时期的情感虐待和性虐待的经历对其成年后反社会型和边缘型人格障碍倾向的影响较明显。     

等级诊断和多轴诊断体系在人格障碍诊断中的应用

目的 了解等级诊断和多轴诊断体系在人格障碍诊断中的应用.方法 对随机抽样的3075例精神科门诊患者进行人格障碍调查.以人格障碍诊断问卷为筛查工具,采用美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)配套的轴Ⅱ人格障碍临床访谈(SCID-Ⅱ)对筛查阳性者进行面检并作出诊断.同时,根据中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准(CCMD-3)对患者的PD患病情况作出临床诊断.结果 根据DSM-IV多轴诊断体系,3075例门诊患者中982例(31.93%)符合人格障碍诊断标准,以回避型(8.10%)和强迫型(7.58%)人格障碍最为常见,其中44.40%(436/982)合并两种或以上人格障碍.而根据CCMD-3诊断体系明确诊断人格障碍的仅9例(0.3%).结论 精神专科医院门诊患者中人格障碍较为常见,DSM-Ⅳ诊断体系对人格障碍的诊断较国内目前的临床诊断体系敏感.     

躯体形式障碍患者的人格障碍倾向调查

目的:探讨躯体形式障碍(SD)患者的人格障碍倾向。方法:对64例SD患者(SD组)和52名正常对照者(NC组)进行人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4)评估和比较。结果:SD组中,人格障碍筛查阳性为37例(57.81%),介于阳性与阴性间10例(15.6%);以C组人格障碍类型中的强迫型最常见。NC组中,人格障碍筛查阳性4例(7.7%),介于阳性与阴性间4例(7.7%)。SD组人格障碍筛查阳性率显著高于NC组(χ2=31.54,P0.001)。结论:SD患者人格障碍筛查阳性率较高,提示人格特质异常可能与SD的发病机制密切相关。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。