肾损伤因子-1在肾上皮性肿瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的 明细胞癌、乳头状肾细胞癌、肾嫌色细胞癌、Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌和转移性透明细胞癌中的表达率分别是77.8%(49/63)、90.9%(20/22)、1/13、7/7和87.5%(21/24),7例嗜酸细胞腺瘤均阴性.在原发性肾透明细胞癌中,KIM-1弥漫阳性表达更易发生于Furhman细胞核Ⅲ/Ⅳ级的病例(P=0.010).肾特异性钙黏蛋白主要表达于嫌色细胞癌和嗜酸细胞腺瘤.结论 KIM-1仅表达于损伤的近曲小管和由其起源的肿瘤,对原发性和转移性肾透明细胞癌、乳头状肾细胞癌及Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌具有高度的特异性和敏感性,与肾特异性钙黏蛋白合用可以提高原发性肾脏上皮性肿瘤组织学分类的准确性和转移性肾透明细胞癌的诊断率.     

肾黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌伴Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌1例并文献复习

目的探讨肾黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌(mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma,MTSCC)伴Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌(renal carcinomas associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions,Xp11.2 RCC)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析1例MTSCC伴Xp11.2 RCC的影像学、组织学及免疫表型特点,并复习相关文献。结果患者女性,60岁,增强CT检查示左肾中极见一直径约2.3 cm的圆形低密度区,界淸。镜下见肿瘤呈浸润性生长,由两种不同的形态组成:梭形细胞区和乳头状区。梭形细胞区肿瘤细胞梭形,胞质红染,可见紧密排列的小管结构;乳头状区肿瘤细胞乳头状排列,可见大量透明细胞及砂粒体。免疫表型:两种区域肿瘤细胞均表达vimentin、CK7、CK19、RCC、CD10,乳头状区肿瘤细胞表达TFE3。结论 MTSCC及Xp11.2 RCC均是临床少见的肿瘤,两种肿瘤组成的混合型肾细胞癌罕见。诊断依据组织学形态及免疫表型。     

乳头状肾细胞癌17例临床病理观察

目的探讨乳头状肾细胞癌(papillary renal cell carcinoma,PRCC)的临床病理特征、免疫表型及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析17例PRCC的临床病理特征、组织学分型及免疫组化检测结果。结果 17例PRCC患者中男性10例,女性7例;中位年龄54岁(18~64岁),肿瘤直径2~7 cm。13例行根治性肾切除术,4例行楔形切除保留肾单位手术。pTNM分期:pT1a N0M0患者5例,pT1b N0M0患者12例。镜下见PRCC主要由多少不等的乳头状和管状结构构成,被覆单层或假复层柱状肿瘤细胞,乳头或间质内可见多少不等的泡沫样巨噬细胞。组织学分型Ⅰ型11例,细胞呈立方形或短柱状,胞质少,淡染;Ⅱ型6例,细胞高柱状,假复层排列,胞质丰富嗜酸性。Fuhrman分级:Ⅰ级3例,Ⅱ级14例。免疫表型:6例表达CD10,13例表达vimentin,14例表达CK(AE1/AE3),15例弥漫性表达CK7,17例均表达AMACR,17例均不表达CD117、CK34βE12及TFE3。结论 PRCC是一种少见的起源于肾小管上皮细胞的肾细胞癌亚型,具有独特的病理形态特征,确诊时需与透明细胞性肾细胞癌、透明细胞PRCC和Xp11.2/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌鉴别,联合应用免疫组化标志物CK7、CD10、vimentin及AMACR可协助诊断。     

成人Xp11.2异位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌1例临床病理分析

目的探讨1例成人Xp11. 2异位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的临床病理学特征。方法采用免疫组化及荧光原位杂交检测1例Xp11. 2易位/TFE3基因融合相关肾细胞癌,分析其影像学特点、组织学特征,并复习相关文献。结果CT示右肾下极占位,考虑为透明细胞型肾癌可能;行机器人辅助腔镜下右肾肿瘤切除,显微镜下见肿瘤境界清楚,有纤维组织包膜;肿瘤细胞上皮样胞质嗜酸性,由大小两种细胞组成,肿瘤组织中见散在钙化及砂粒体形成,少数细胞含有色素。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞vimentin、E-cadherin、P504S均呈强阳性,TFE3部分阳性,其他标志物均为阴性。FISH检测:(1)可见TFE3基因断裂;(2) TFE3基因断裂阳性。结论Xp11. 2异位性肾细胞癌属于罕见的恶性肾肿瘤,诊断主要依靠组织病理学特征和免疫表型及基因检测,以手术治疗为主,部分可辅助靶向治疗。     

P70S6K在Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌中的表达及临床意义

目的检测P70S6K在Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌(renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion,TFE3 RCC)中的表达,探讨其在TFE3 RCC发生、发展中的作用及临床意义。方法采用免疫组化法检测23例确诊的TFE3 RCC、14例肾透明细胞癌(clear cell RCC,CCRCC)和6例乳头状肾细胞癌(papillary RCC,PRCC)组织中P70S6K的表达,观察其表达与三种RCC的关系,同时观察P70S6K表达与TFE3 RCC发生、发展和相关临床病理参数的关系。结果 P70S6K在TFE3 RCC组织中的表达(91.3%)明显高于其在CCRCC组织(64.2%)和PRCC组织中的表达(66.6%),差异有显著性(P0.05)。P70S6K在TFE3 RCC组织中阳性表达水平的H-score评分值(88.2±9.8)亦显著高于其在CCRCC组织(54.4±7.6)和PRCC组织(43.7±6.2)中阳性表达水平的H-score评分值,差异具有显著性(P0.05)。P70S6K表达与TFE3 RCC患者年龄、有无淋巴结转移和脉管瘤栓有关,与患者性别、肿瘤直径等临床病理参数无关。结论与CCRCC和PRCC组织相比,TFE3 RCC组织中P70S6K表达显著增高,有助于TFE3 RCC的鉴别诊断。P70S6K在TFE3 RCC组织中高表达,同时提示mTOR信号通道在TFE3 RCC的发生、发展中可能起重要作用。为TFE3 RCC的靶向治疗寻找潜在药物靶点提供一定的理论基础。     

MiT家族异位肾细胞癌18例临床病理特征及VHL基因分析

目的探讨MiT家族异位肾细胞癌(MiT family translocation renal cell carcinoma, MiTF RCC)的临床病理学特征及VHL基因分析。方法回顾性分析18例MiTF RCC的临床病理学特征,并复习相关文献;采用FISH技术检测VHL基因。结果 18例MiTF RCC包括16例TFE3异位肾细胞癌(TFE3 translocation renal cell carcinoma, TFE3t RCC)和2例TFEB异位肾细胞癌(TFEB translocation renal cell carcinoma, TFEBt RCC),患者年龄14～60岁,平均36岁,10例因腰部不适或无痛肉眼血尿入院。眼观:MiTF RCC切面灰黄色。镜检:肿瘤可见部分纤维包膜,4例包膜钙化,由上皮样透明细胞、嗜酸细胞构成的乳头状、巢状及腺泡状结构。TFE3t RCC可见砂砾体,TFEBt RCC未见双相形态中的小细胞。免疫表型:18例中15例上皮标记阳性,15例CD10阳性,10例vimentin阳性,8例CK7阳性。18例TFE3均阳性。12例中5例HMB-45或者Melan A阳性。4例中1例PD-L1弥漫强阳性。16例VHL基因中1例3倍体。患者均接受手术切除,术后随访14例,随访13～44个月,平均30个月,均生存。结论 MiTF RCC是较为少见的RCC,确诊依赖分子检测,目前以手术切除为主,预后尚未明确。     

通过TFE-3融合变异体分析Xp11易位癌之间的临床病理关系

正Xp11易位癌包括Xp11易位性肾细胞癌(RCC)、Xp11易位性血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤(PEComa)以及色素性Xp11易位肾癌。在Xp11易位癌中,TFE3与一些不同基因伴侣的融合,从而激活TFE3致癌基因;然而不同的融合变异体对Xp11易位癌的临床病理特点影响尚不清楚。本文使用定制的细菌人工染色体探针来建立TFE3融     

Cyclin D1与claudin7联合检测在肾上皮性肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨Cyclin D1和claudin7在常见肾上皮性肿瘤中的表达及鉴别诊断中的价值。方法采用组织芯片技术联合免疫组化染色检测Cyclin D1和claudin7蛋白在309例常见肾上皮性肿瘤及20例正常肾组织中的表达,比较分析两种抗体对肾肿瘤诊断及鉴别诊断的价值。结果 Cyclin D1在肾嗜酸细胞瘤(renal oncocytoma,RO)、嫌色细胞癌(chromophobe renal cell carcinoma,ChRCC)、透明细胞肾细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,CCRCC)、乳头状肾癌(papillary renal cell carcinoma,PRCC)、Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌和透明细胞管状乳头状肾癌(clear cell tubulopapillary renal cell carcinoma,CCTPRCC)中的阳性率分别为86.2%(50/58)、8.2%(4/49)、70.0%(98/140)、8.8%(3/34)、42.9%(6/14)和71.4%(10/14)。RO分别与ChRCC、PRCC相比(χ~2=64.72、52.56,P0.000 1),CCRCC与ChRCC(χ~2=55.87,P0.000 1),PRCC与Xp11.2易位性肾细胞癌(χ~2=4.28,P=0.039),CCTPRCC与ChRCC(χ~2=21.69,P0.000 1)各组间比较,差异均具有统计学意义。claudin7在RO、ChRCC、CCRCC、PRCC、Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌和CCTPRCC中的阳性率分别为20.7%(12/58)、87.8%(43/49)、8.6%(12/140)、50%(17/34)、14.3%(2/14)、57.1%(8/14)。RO与ChRCC(χ~2=47.82,P0.000 1)、CCRCC与CCTPRCC(χ~2=26.57,P0.000 1)、PRCC与Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌(χ~2=5.29,P0.05),各组间相比差异均有统计学意义。Cyclin D1阳性/claudin7阴性对于RO的敏感性和特异性分别为69.0%和95.9%,而Cyclin D1阴性/claudin7阳性对ChRCC诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为83.7%和96.6%。Cyclin D1阳性/claudin7阴性对CCRCC的敏感性和特异性分别为65.7%和71.4%,而Cyclin D1阳性/claudin7阳性对CCTPRCC的敏感性和特异性分别为42.9%和95.0%。结论 Cyclin D1和claudin7在不同组织类型肾肿瘤中的表达有差异,联合检测对RO与ChRCC、CCRCC与ChRCC、PRCC与Xp11.2易位性肾细胞癌的鉴别诊断具有重要作用。     

肾细胞癌的临床病理与免疫表型研究

目的 研究肾细胞癌的临床病理特征、预后及免疫表型特点.方法 复习114例肾细胞癌的临床病理资料、HE切片,按2004年WHO肾肿瘤分类标准重新分类、随访并进行免疫组织化学染色.结果 114例.肾细胞癌包括5个类型,肾透明细胞癌77例(67.5%)、乳头状肾癌11例(9.6%)、肾嫌色细胞癌14例(12.3%)、Xp11.2易位_/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌10例(8.8%)、未能分类肾肿瘤2例(1.8%).免疫组织化学结果,肾透明细胞癌主要表达CK(93.5%,72/77)、CD10(93.5%,72/77)、波形蛋白(75.3%,58/77),乳头状肾癌主要表达α-甲酰基辅酶A消旋酶(AMACR,11/11),肾嫌色细胞癌主要表达CD117(11/14),Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌TFE3、AMACR、CD10和CK的阳性率分别为10/10、10/10、9/10和7/10.结论 肾癌是一组形态学上各有特征的异质性肿瘤,在形态学基础上,CD10、波形蛋白、CD117、AMACR、CK7、TFE3有助于亚型的诊断.     

儿童肾细胞癌3例临床病理分析

目的：探讨儿童肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)的临床病理特征、分类、诊断与鉴别诊断。方法：收集2003年~至今湖南省儿童医院3例儿童RCC病例,其中男性2例,女性1例,年龄5.5~9岁。进行光镜及免疫组化检测重新分类。结果：1例镜下以乳头状结构排列胞浆透亮的癌细胞为主,乳头间可见纤维、血管及炎细胞浸润,伴有较多钙化小体结构;其余2例镜下均以实性巢索状、腺管状排布的嗜酸性颗粒癌细胞为主,灶性区域有少量透明癌细胞排列成不典型乳头状结构,未见钙化小体;免疫组化结果：其中1例表达TFE3、Vimentin、CK-pan和CEA;第2例表达Vimentin、CK-pan、CEA及p53;第3例表达Vimentin、CK-pan、CEA、NSE、CgA、Syn及Ki-67。结论：儿童RCC较少见,HE形态下以乳头状结构排列的透明癌细胞类型需结合TFE3免疫组织化学或基因检测等手段明确诊断。术前采用静脉化疗能提高肿瘤完整切术率。儿童RCC整体预后与成人相比较好,但Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌(Xp11 RCC)预后较透明细胞性肾细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,CCRCC)差,由于其在儿童期多表现为惰性进展,需长期的随访观察。     

Carbonic anhydrase IX expression in renal neoplasms: correlation with tumor type and grade

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a hypoxia-induced protein, is expressed in some renal tumors. We evaluated its immunohistochemical expression in 317 primary and 42 metastatic renal neoplasms (186 clear cell, 52 papillary, 35 chromophobe, 47 unclassified, and 15 Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinomas [RCCs]; 26 oncocytomas; 2 metanephric adenomas; 1 urothelial carcinoma; 1 mixed epithelial and stromal tumor; and 1 angiomyolipoma); 7 neoplasms were unknown as to whether they were primary or metastatic. We also correlated expression with tumor type and grade. Variable staining was seen in clear cell, papillary, unclassified, and Xp11.2 translocation carcinomas. One chromophobe carcinoma had focal expression. No staining was seen with other tumors. An association was found between high expression and clear cell vs non-clear cell carcinomas with all cases (P < .01) and primary (P < .01) cases. An association between CAIX expression and grade (P < .01) in primary clear cell carcinomas was found. CAIX expression is more common in clear cell RCC than other renal tumor types and is associated with grade.     

Recent classification of renal epithelial tumors

The recent classification of renal tumors is based on genetic evidence as well as on histologic features. Malignant tumor includes clear cell renal carcinoma (RCC), multilocular cystic RCC, papillary RCC, chromophobe RCC, carcinoma of the collecting duct of Bellini, renal carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions and mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma. Benign tumor is subdivided into papillary adenoma, renal oncocytoma and metanephric adenoma. Recently, new disease entities such as acquired cystic disease-associated RCC, clear cell papillary RCC and renal carcinoma with t(6;11)(p21:q12) have been discovered. In this article, we briefly review and introduce the clinical, morphological and genetic features of these tumor entities.     

Renal cell carcinoma in children and young adults: analysis of clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics with an emphasis on the spectrum of Xp11.2 translocation-associated and unusual clear cell subtypes

Aims: Recent studies suggest that paediatric renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may represent a distinct group of tumours; however, its biological behaviour and classification remain poorly understood. The aim was to analyse 13 RCCs from patients ≤23 years of age to determine their clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics. Methods and results: The histological spectrum included: Xp11.2 translocation‐associated (6/13 patients, 46%), clear cell (5/13 patients, 38%), papillary (1/13 patients) and unclassified (1/13 patients) types. The Xp11.2 translocation‐associated RCCs had a wide morphological spectrum, with high nuclear grade cells with abundant cytoplasm ranging from clear to granular and architecture ranging from solid to papillary. These tumours lacked cytokeratin expression and were confirmed by nuclear reactivity for TFE3 protein. Most of these translocation‐associated tumours presented at high stage and had an unfavourable outcome. Three clear cell RCCs had unusual features that have not been previously characterized, including solid and cystic architecture, cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm yet low nuclear grade and focal cytoplasmic inclusions, resembling oncocytoma. Deletion of subtelomeric 3p25 was observed in two of these RCCs. Conclusions: Xp11.2 translocation‐associated RCC represents a predominant and aggressive subtype in the paediatric age group. Increased awareness of this subtype is important due to its heterogeneous morphology.     

Das Translokationskarzinom

The MiT family of translocation-associated renal cell carcinomas comprise approximately 40?% of renal cell carcinomas in young patients but only up to 4?% of renal cell carcinomas in adult patients. The Xp11.2 translocation-associated tumors are the most frequent and were included in the 2004 World Health Organization (WHO) classification. They contain a fusion of the TFE3 gene with ASPSCR1, PRCC, NONO, SPFQ or CLTC resulting in an immunohistochemically detectable nuclear overexpression of TFE3. The Xp11.2 translocation-associated renal cell carcinomas are characterized by ample clear cytoplasm, papillary architecture and abundant psammoma bodies. The TFEB translocation-associated renal cell carcinomas are much rarer and show a biphasic architecture. Fluorescence in situ hybridization permits the detection of a translocation by means of a break apart probe for the TFE3 and TFEB genes and is recommended for the diagnosis of renal cell carcinomas in patients under 30 years of age. The TFE3 and TFEB translocation-associated tumors are classified as MiT family translocation carcinomas in the new WHO classification.The rare renal cell carcinomas harboring an ALK rearrangement with fusion to VCL in young patients with sickle cell trait show a characteristic morphology and are listed in the new WHO classification as a provisional entity.     

Cyto‐histological correlation of Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion associated renal cell carcinoma: Report of a case with review of literature

The MiT family translocation renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are relatively rare in comparison to the conventional RCC. The cytologic features overlap with conventional clear cell RCC and papillary RCCs, thereby making the diagnosis extremely challenging. Here, we describe a case of TFE3 translocation associated RCC in a 58‐year‐old patient, with emphasis on cytomorphologic features and clues toward this diagnostic entity. Correlating the cytohistologic findings and review of touch imprints revealed that presence of hyaline nodules resembling leisegang rings and psammoma bodies in cytologic smears from kidney tumors serve as an important clue in raising a suspicion for the diagnosis of MiT family translocation RCCs.