低氧预适应小鼠脑组织内P38 MAPK磷酸化水平增高

目的探讨P38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,P38 MAPK)在小鼠脑低氧预适应形成过程中的作用。方法用成年雄性BALB/c小鼠制备小鼠整体低氧预适应模型,小鼠随机分为正常对照(H0)、早期(H1～H4)和延迟性(H5～H6)低氧预适应等7组;应用Westernbolt并结合GelDoc凝胶成像系统,定量检测小鼠脑组织内P38MAPK磷酸化水平和蛋白表达量。结果与H0组小鼠相比,H2~H6组的海马和皮层及H3～H6组的下丘脑中P38MAPK磷酸化水平明显增高(P<0·05,每组n=6);H1~H6组的皮层、海马和下丘脑中P38MAPK蛋白表达量无明显变化。结论P38MAPK磷酸化激活而非蛋白表达量的变化可能参与了小鼠脑低氧预适应的发生、发展过程。     

低氧预适应鼠脑海马组织内与cPKCγ相互作用的ERK1/2磷酸化水平降低

目的探讨与经典型蛋白激酶Cγ(cPKCγ)相互作用的细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)的磷酸化水平在小鼠脑低氧预适应形成过程中的变化。方法用成年雄性BalB/c小鼠制备整体低氧预适应模型,将小鼠随机分为正常对照(H0)、早期低氧预适应(H3)和延迟性低氧预适应(H6)3组。应用免疫共沉淀,Western blot等方法检测胞质和膜相关成分中与cPKCγ相互作用的ERK1/2的磷酸化水平。结果小鼠海马组织中ERK1/2能与cPKCγ免疫共沉淀,且与H0组相比,H3及H6组ERK1/2的204位酪氨酸磷酸化水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论小鼠海马组织中,cPKCγ与ERK1/2存在相互作用,且可能参与了脑低氧预适应的发生和发展。     

低氧预适应小鼠脑内ERK1/2磷酸化水平和蛋白表达量的改变

目的：初步探讨细胞外信号调节激酶（Extraeellular signal-regulated kinases，ERK1／2）在脑低氧预适应发生发展过程中的作用。方法：按已建小鼠整体低氧预适应模型，将BALB／C小鼠（18-22g，雌雄不限）随机分为正常对照（H0）、早期（H1-H4）和延迟性（U5-H6）低氧预适应等7组（每组至少6只动物）。应用SDS-PAGE和Western blot等生化技术，并结合Gel Doc凝胶成像系统，半定量检测小鼠脑组织内ERK1／2的磷酸化水平和蛋白表达量。结果：①早期低氧预适应形成过程中，随低氧暴露次数的增加（H1-H4），小鼠海马和皮层组织内ERK1／2磷酸化水平显著降低（P〈0．05，n=6），而ERK1／2蛋白表达量并无显著变化；②延迟性低氧预适应中（H5-H6），小鼠大脑皮层和海马组织内ERK1／2的蛋白表达量显著降低（P〈0．05，n=6）。结论：ERK1／2的活性降低（磷酸化水平降低），以及ERK1／2蛋白表达量下调可能分别参与了脑早期低氧预适应和晚期延迟性低氧预适应的发生发展过程。     

重复性低氧增高小鼠脑组织内CREB的磷酸化水平

为探讨cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)在小鼠脑低氧预适应形成过程中的作用,本研究应用Westernblot技术结合GelDoc凝胶成像系统,半定量检测了整体低氧预适应模型小鼠脑组织内CREB的磷酸化水平和非磷酸化水平的表达水平。结果显示:(1)随低氧暴露次数(H1H4)的增加,小鼠海马组织内CREB的磷酸化水平(激活程度)明显增高(P<0.05;n=7);同样,大脑皮层内CREB的磷酸化水平也随低氧暴露次数(H1H4)的增加而明显增高(P<0.05,n=7);(2)随低氧暴露次数(H1H4)的增加,CREB的蛋白表达量无论在小鼠海马组织还是皮层组织内均无明显变化。以上结果提示CREB磷酸化水平的增高(激活)可能参与了脑低氧预适应的形成过程。     

低氧预适应鼠脑内核糖体S6激酶磷酸化水平和蛋白表达量的变化

探讨核糖体S6激酶(ribosomal S6kinase,RSK)Ser221(PDK1磷酸化位点)和Thr359/Ser363(ERK1/2磷酸化位点)的磷酸化水平以及总RSK蛋白表达量在小鼠脑低氧预适应发生发展过程中的变化。将成年雄性BALB/c小鼠(18～22g)随机分为正常对照(H0)和重复性低氧1～4次(H1～H4)等5组(每组n=6)。应用蛋白凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和蛋白印迹(Western blot)技术,定量检测整体低氧预适应小鼠海马和皮层组织内Ser221位点(p-Ser221 RSK)和Thr359/Ser363位点(p-Thr359/Ser363 RSK)的磷酸化水平以及总RSK蛋白表达量。结果表明,随着低氧暴露次数增加,小鼠海马和皮层组织内p-Ser221 RSK磷酸化的水平显著增高(P<0.05,n=6),伴随着p-Thr359/Ser363 RSK磷酸化的水平明显降低(P<0.05,n=6);而RSK总蛋白的表达量则无明显改变。结果提示,Ser221 RSK磷酸化水平增高和Thr359/Ser363 RSK磷酸化水平降低可能参与了小鼠脑低氧预适应的发生发展过程。     

低氧预适应小鼠脑组织内CaMKⅡ磷酸化水平增高

目的探讨钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶(CaMKⅡ)在小鼠脑低氧预适应(HPC)发生发展中的作用。方法成年雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常对照(H0)、早期(H1～H4)和延迟性(H5～H6)低氧预适应等共计7组,制备小鼠HPC模型;用Western blot并结合GelDoc凝胶成像系统,检测小鼠脑组织内CaMKⅡ磷酸化水平和蛋白表达量;用免疫组化检测小鼠脑皮层和海马CaMKⅡ磷酸化水平。结果与H0组小鼠相比,H3～H5组海马和皮层的CaMKⅡ磷酸化水平明显升高(P<0.05);而H1～H6组的皮层和海马的CaMKⅡ蛋白表达量无明显变化;H3、H6组皮层和海马p-CaMKⅡ阳性细胞数目增多和灰度增强。结论CaMKⅡ磷酸化水平的升高可能参与了小鼠脑HPC的发生发展过程。     

低氧预适应鼠脑内MSK1磷酸化水平的变化

目的:初步探讨丝裂原和应激激活的蛋白激酶1(mitogen-and stress-activated protein kinase 1,MSK1)在脑低氧预适应(HPC)发生发展过程中的作用。方法:按我们已建小鼠整体HPC模型,将健康成年BALB/c小鼠(18～22g,雄性)随机分为正常对照(H0)、早期(H1-H4)和延迟性(H5-H6)HPC等7组(每组n=6)。应用SDS-PAGE和Western blot技术,并结合Gel Doc凝胶成像系统,定量检测小鼠脑海马和皮层组织内MSK1第645位苏氨酸(p-Thr645-MSK1)和第375位丝氨酸(p-Ser375-MSK1)的磷酸化水平,以及MSK1总蛋白表达量的变化。结果:在脑早期(H1-H4)和延迟性(H5-H6)HPC形成过程中,随重复性低氧暴露次数的增加,H1-H6组小鼠海马和皮层组织内p-Thr645-MSK1及p-Ser375-MSK1的磷酸化水平较正常对照组(H0)显著增高(P<0.05);然而,小鼠海马和皮层组织内MSK1总蛋白表达量在H0-H6组中无明显变化。结论:MSK1磷酸化水平增高可能参与了小鼠脑HPC的发生发展过程。     

低氧预适应增加小鼠脑组织蛋白激酶C膜转位

初步探讨蛋白激酶C(PKC)在脑低氧预适应发生机制中的作用，以我室建立的小鼠低氧预适应模型，结合SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、蛋白印迹(Western bolt)等生化技术，观察了低氧预适应对小鼠大脑皮层及海马组织内PKC膜转位的影响。结果表明，在小鼠大脑皮层和海马组织内的PKC膜转位均随着低氧次数(小鼠低氧耐受时间)的增加而增高。特别是低氧3次的海马组织和低氧4次的大脑皮层和海马组织内，PKC膜转位的增加有统计学显著意义。结果提示，PKC的激活可能在脑低氧预适应发生机制中具有重要的作用。     

延迟性低氧预适应降低小鼠脑皮质cPKCγ蛋白表达

目的探讨cPKCα和γ膜转位水平及蛋白表达量在延迟性脑低氧预适应形成过程中的变化。方法应用SDS-PAGE和Western bolt等技术,并结合Gel Doc凝胶成像系统,半定量检测延迟性脑低氧预适应小鼠(H5和H6组)脑组织内cPKCα和γ的膜转位水平及蛋白表达量。结果延迟性低氧预适应(H5和H6组)明显降低小鼠脑皮质组织内cPKCγ蛋白表达量(P<0.05),而膜转位(活性)水平变化不显著。对海马cPKCγ、大脑皮质和海马cPKCα蛋白表达量及膜转位水平的影响均不显著。结论大脑皮质cPKCγ蛋白表达量的改变可能参与延迟性脑低氧预适应形成,且可能与皮质和海马低氧选择易损性的差异有关。     

低氧预适应对小鼠脑组织内cPKCβI和Βii膜转位水平的影响

目的:通过观察重复性低氧刺激对蛋白激酶CβI和βII亚型(cPKCβI,cPKCβII)膜转位水平(或激活程度)的影响,初步探讨cPKCs特定亚型在脑低氧预适应发生发展过程中的作用。方法:按我室已建立的小鼠低氧预适应模型方法,制备重复性低氧1-4次小鼠(H1-H4)。应用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶蛋白电泳(SDS-PAGE)、蛋白印迹(Western blot)等生化技术,并结合应用Gel Doc凝胶成像系统,半定量检测小鼠海马和大脑皮层组织内cPKCβI和βII的膜转位水平。结果:随低氧刺激次数(H1-H4)的增加,小鼠海马组织内cPKCβII的膜转位水平升高,H4组膜转位水平显著高于H0(100%,n=10)和H1(79·5%±10·7%,n=10)组(173·3%±21·3%,P<0·01,n=10);同样,大脑皮层内cPKCβII膜转位水平也随低氧次数的增加而升高,H3(119·8%±7·7%,n=6)和H4(131·8%±4·7%,n=6)组膜转位水平均显著高于H0(100%,n=6)组(P<0·05,n=6);而cPKCβI亚型的膜转位水平无论在大脑皮层还是海马组织内的变化均不显著(P>0·05,n=8)。结论:cPKCβII膜转位(激活)可能在脑低氧预适应的发生发展过程中发挥着重要作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.