五华县地方性氟中毒病情现状调查分析

目的掌握五华县地方性氟中毒的病情现状，为今后预防地方性氟中毒提供科学依据。方法在19个病区村中随机抽取9个，采用分层整群抽样方法，对轻、中、重病区分别随机抽取各3个病区村为调查点。调查8-12岁儿童氟斑牙、成人氟骨症患病情况；检测饮水氟含量、8～12岁儿童尿氟含量；调查改水情况。结果8～12岁儿童的氟斑牙总患病率为18．03％，未检出重度氟骨症患者；饮水氟平均浓度为0．54mg／L；8～12岁儿童尿氟含量的几何均值为1．02mg／L；调查点总改水率100％。结论五华县地方性氟毒病情基本得到控制，原有氟中毒患者病情逐渐减轻的趋势，个别病区村的改水设施需要进一步加强管理。     

四平市地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的了解病区县及监测点的改水现状及地方性氟中毒病情。方法检测病区县及监测点防氟井使用情况、居民饮水氟含量。采用Dean氏法调查监测点8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率；调查监测点16岁以上人群氟骨症患病情况和8～12岁儿童、16岁以上人群尿氟含量。结果病区县79个防氟井中，有29眼（36．71％）完好并可正常使用，其中有20眼（68．97％）饮水氟含量正常。2个监测点饮水氟含量分别为4．78mg／L和0．68mg／L；8～12岁儿童尿氟均值分别为4．53mg／L和1．89mg／L；8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率分别为96．88％和33，33％；16岁以上人群氟骨症检出率分别为8．00％和3．67％；氟骨症患者尿氟均值分别为4．39mg／L和2．17mg／L。结论病区县大多数病区饮水氟含量超标，地方性氟中毒防治形势严峻。防氟改水是控制地方性氟中毒的有效方法，应进一步加强。     

吉林省地方性氟中毒重点病区调查结果分析

目的 掌握吉林省地方性氟中毒病情现状，为今后地方性氟中毒防治提供科学依据。方法 在3个重点病区县中，按非、轻、中、重病区总人口的10％抽取调查点，调查8～12岁儿童氟斑牙、成人重度氟骨症患病情况；检测饮水氟含量、8—12岁儿童尿氟含量；调查改水情况。结果 8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率为45．23％，未查出重度氟骨症患；水氟含量的中位数为1．49mg／L，8～12岁儿童尿氟含量的中位数为1．57mg／L；病区改水率为33．21％，使用率为67．34％。结论 吉林省地方性氟中毒病情有转轻的趋势，防氟改水工作需进一步加强。     

吉林省2001～2005年地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的系统地掌握全省地方性氟中毒防治现状，为防治工作提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法，在全省14个病区县的轻、中、重病区抽取有代表性的屯作为监测点；用氟离子电极法检测监测点居民水氟含量和8～12岁儿童尿氟；采用Dean氏法调查监测点8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率。结果改水监测点8～12岁儿童氟斑牙平均检出率达到病区控制标准。有13个改水监测点儿童尿氟达到≤1．5mg／L的控制标准。改水病区氟骨症患病率明显低于未改水病区（X^2=119．61，P〈0．05）。结论改水病区8～12岁儿童的氟斑牙检出率、平均尿氟水平及成人氟骨症患病率均得到较好控制，未改水病区氟中毒病情仍较严重，需加大改水力度，控制氟源，预防地方性氟中毒的发生发展。     

2004年和2005年河北省三河市地方性氟中毒监测结果报告

目的了解河北省三河市地方性氟中毒（简称地氟病）防治效果及降氟设施使用情况。方法按《全国地方性氟中毒重点监测方案》对三河市100个改水工程的使用情况进行调查；对三河市燕郊镇赵辛庄村和皇庄镇皇庄村进行地氟病病情监测，儿童氟斑牙检查用Dean法，水氟、尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法。结果三河市100个集中式改水设施，饮水含氟量在1．0mg／L以下的仅有54个，占54％。2004、2005年燕郊镇赵辛庄村水氟均值分别为0．53、0．45mg／L，8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为19．5％、21．7％，儿童尿氟分别为1．51、1．15mg／L；皇庄镇皇庄村水氟均值分别为0．57、0．68mg／L，8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为26．7％、24．5％，儿童尿氟分别为1．41、1．38mg／L。结论三河市2个地氟病病区村的饮水含氟量均符合国家标准．8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率等主要监测指标已降至非病区水平，监测点氟中毒病情得到有效控制。     

2002年凌海市地方性氟中毒监测报告

目的：掌握凌海地区两个国家监测点地方性氟中毒的病情动态，改水措施运行情况以及改水防氟效果。方法：水氟和尿氟用氟离子选择电极法测定，儿童氟斑牙调查采用Dean法进行诊断。结果：老窝、巧女两村水氟分别为0．76mg／L和1．68mg／L；8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率分别为3．97％和41．67％；8～12岁儿童尿氟分别为1．79mg／L和4．06mg／L；成人氟骨症临床症状和体征检出率分别为17．54％和16．39％；成人氟骨症X线检出率，分别为16．67％和27．02%。结论：巧女村水氟仍超过国家饮水标准，该村没有摆脱高氟的危害，病情没能得到有效控制。而老窝村改水后，防氟措施运行良好，居民一直饮用合格的低氟水源，改水效果明显，现已达到控制病区标准。今后应继续加强防氟措施的管理和建设，只有长期提供合格的低氟水，病情才能得到有效控制。     

山东省梁山县地方性氟中毒5年监测结果分析

目的 了解梁山县改水降氟措施的落实情况和监测点徐东村地方性氟中毒病情变化，观察采取防治措施产生的预防效果。方法 儿童氟斑牙检查采用Dean法，水、尿测定氟采用氟离子选择电极法，成人氟中毒的体征、症状及氟骨诊断标准依照卫生部地病司《地方性氟中毒防治手册》执行。结果 梁山县共落实改水降氟措施131个病区村(109处工程)，占全部氟病村的60．9％，受益人口10余万人。已落实防治措施病村中正常运转的改水工程63处，含74个病村，占已改水病区村的56．5％。监测点东徐村8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率由1997年的68．9％降至2001年的32，2％，尿氟水平由1997年的1．31mg／L减低至2001年的1．06mg／L，成人氟骨症的患病率随改水时间的延长明显降低，且病变程度显著减轻。结论 改水降氟是控制饮水型地方性氟中毒切实可行的重要措施，改水设施的运行正常与否，是保证预防效果的关键。     

2004—2013年平凉市饮水型地方性氟中毒改水降氟后病情监测结果分析

目的掌握改水降氟后氟中毒病情动态变化规律,评价改水降氟的效果。方法按《全国饮水型地方性氟中毒监测方案》要求,在未完成改水前的2003年,对监测村的水源水、居民户饮用水（末梢水）水氟含量,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙、尿氟,16岁以上成人氟骨症、尿氟进行监测;2004-2013年每年4～5月份按上述监测内容进行连续监测。结果监测点所在村改水前饮用水水氟含量（3．62±0．08）mg／L,居民户水氟含量（末梢水）（3．67=t：0．43）mg／L;改水工程后的10年,水源水和居民户饮用水（末梢水）水氟含量均〈1．0mg／L;改水前8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率87．35％,氟斑牙指数1．93;改水后氟斑牙检出率随改水时间的延长氟斑牙检出率和氟斑牙指数逐渐降低;改水前8～12岁儿童尿氟均数（3．24±1．86）mg／L,改水1年后尿氟均数（1．08±0．71）mg／L,改水后8～12岁儿童尿氟均数均小于正常值1．4mg／L;改水前监测点成人临床氟骨症检出率8．43％,改水后5年氟骨症检出率5．24％,改水后10年氟骨症检出率4．81％,改水后5年成人临床氟骨症检出率与改水前比较差异有统计学意义（Х^2=9．6985,P〈O．05）;改水前成人尿氟均数（5．05±2．36）mg／L,改水后5年降至（1．75±1．29）mg／L,差异有统计学意义（t=-5．5663,P〈0．05）。结论监测点饮用改水工程水源水以后,水源水和居民户饮用水（末梢水）水氟含量在监测年度均〈1．0mg/L;随改水时间的延长氟中毒病情呈逐年下降趋势,改水8年后儿童氟斑牙病情达到了控制标准,成人氟骨症病情得到有效控制;在落实改水降氟措施的氟中毒病区,成人氟骨症患者的防治将成为以后工作的重点。     

运城市改水降氟10年监测结果分析

目的 了解运城市地方性氟中毒病区改水后居民氟中毒病情现状。方法 采用流行病学调查方法。结果 重度病区侯家卓改水后饮水氟10年间稳定在1．0mg／L以下，8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率及氟斑牙指数，随改水时间的延长而逐渐降低，改水12年后无新病例发生，儿童尿氟保持在1．0～1．4mg／L，成人氟骨症检出率明显降低。中度病区杜东庄改水后水氟为1．25mg／L，超过改水标准，虽然以上几种指标呈下降趋势，但都高于侯家卓。结论 饮水型地方型氟中毒病区改水后保证水源水氟稳定在1．0mg／L以下，是防治此病的关键。     

2010年山东省地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 了解山东省地方性氟中毒的病情现状,为制订防制策略提供科学依据.方法 按照国家《2009年地方病防治项目技术实施方案》和《饮水型地方性氟中毒监测方案(试行)》的要求,选择10个县,了解改水工程进度和运行效果;每个县选择3个村,测定饮用水含氟量,对8～ 12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检杏,对25岁以上成人进行氟骨症检查.水氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,氟骨症诊断依据《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》(WS 192-2008).结果 在10个县中,共有改水降氟工程687个,改水率为83.34％(3247/3896).调查84个改水工程中,运行基本正常的工程占98.81％(83/84);水氟≤1.20 mg/L的工程有41个,合格率为48.81％(41/84),水氟最大值为5.76 mg/L.调查26个已改水村,水氟均值≤1.20 mg/L的村有15个,占57.69％(15/26);水氟均值＞1.20 mg/L的村有11个,占42.31％(11/26),水氟最大值为5.58 mg/L.调查4个未改水村中,水氟均值≤1.20 mg/L的村1个,＞1.20 mg/L的村3个,水氟最大值为2.92 mg/L.检查已改水村8～ 12岁儿童1331人,氟斑牙检出率为59.73％(795/1331),氟斑牙指数为1.17,缺损率为10.14％(123/1331).检查未改水村8～ 12岁儿童138人,氟斑牙检出率为51.45％(71/138),氟斑牙指数为0.95,缺损率为0.72％(1/138).已改水村和未改水村25岁以上成人的氟骨症X线检出率分别为8.80％(113/1284)和3.05％(6/197).结论 山东省改水降氟工程水氟超标严重,地方性氟中毒尚未得到有效控制.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.